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59th  CONGRESS    :   •:    1st  SESSION 

DECEMBER   4,  1905-JUNE  30,  1906 


WASHINGTON  :  :  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE  :  :  1906 


Cn 


CONTENTS 


Xo. 

200.  Geological  Survey,  professional  paper  44;  underground  water  resources  of  Long  Island,  X.  Y. 

201.  same,  45;  geography  and  geology  of  Alaska. 

3 


59th  Congress,  )         HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES.  J  Document 

1st  Session.     )    ,  I   No.  200. 


Professional  Paper  No.  44  Series  {  J  uXSndwiteA 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOE 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

CHARLES  1).  VVALCOTT,  DIRECTOR 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES 
OE  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK 

BY 

A.  C.  VEATCH,  C.  S.  SLICHTER,  ISAIAH  BOWMAN, 
W.  O.  CROSBY,  and  R:  E.  HORTON 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING  OFFICE 

19  0  6 


66 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal   13 

Chapter  I.  Outlines  of  the  geology  of  Long  Island,  by  A.  C.  Veatch   15 

Introduction   15 

Topography   15 

Literature   16 

The  basement  rocks  •-   16 

Cretaceous   18 

Conditions  of  deposition   18 

Character  of  deposits   18 

Structural  relations.   18 

Present  distribution   19 

Stratigraphic  succession.    ,   20 

Relation  to  adjacent  areas   21 

Age  of  the  Raritan  formation.   25 

Summary  :   26 

Tertiary     26 

General  conditions   26 

Eocene  erosion   27 

Miocene  submergence  ,  ,   27 

Distribution  of  Miocene  deposits   27 

Earl}'  Pliocene  erosion   28 

Lafayette  submergence   28 

Late  Pliocene  (post-Lafayette)  erosion   28 

Development  of  topographic  features   28 

Wolds  and  vales   30 

Deflection  of  the  rivers  in  Hightstown  Vale   31 

Quaternary   33 

Mannetto  gravel   33 

Conditions  of  deposition    33 

Character  of  deposits   34 

Present  distribution   34 

Post-Mannetto  and  pre-Jameco  interval   34 

Jameco  gravel   34 

Conditions  of  deposition   34 

Character  of  deposits     34 

Present  distribution   35 

Sankaty  formation   36 

Conditions  of  deposition   36 

Character  of  deposits   36 

Present  distribution    36 

Gay  Head  folding   37 

Description   37 

Cause  of  folding   38 

Gardiner  interval   40 

Tisbury  (Manhasset)  gravel   41 

Conditions  of  deposition  _   41 

Character  of  deposits   41 

Present  distribution  _  _   41 


3 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Chapter  I.  Outlines  of  the  geology  of  Long  Island,  by  A.  C.  Veatch — Continued.  Page. 
Quaternary — Continued. 

Vineyard  interval   43 

Character  of  surface  at  beginning  of  interval   43 

Major  drainage   43 

Reexcavation  of  north  shore  valleys   43 

Length  of  interval   44 

Wisconsin  epoch   44 

General  conditions  of  deposition   44 

Character  of  deposits   45 

Thickness   45 

Development  of  topographic  features   46 

Transportation  and  deposition   47 

Erosion   47 

Folding   47 

Post-Glacial  and  Recent   48 

Summary   48 

Geologic  history   48 

Topographic  history   50 

Chapter  II.  Underground  water  conditions  of  Long  Island,  by  A.  C.  Veatch   53 

General  principles   53 

Source  of  underground  water   53 

Transmission   53 

Ground-water  table   54 

Requisite  conditions  for  flowing  wells   54 

Conditions  on  Long  Island   55 

Geologic  conditions.   55 

Ground-water  tables   57 

Perched  water  tables   57 

The  main  water  table   58 

Springs   58 

Springs  dependent  on  perched  water  tables   58 

Springs  dependent  on  the  main  water  table  '. .  58 

Mineral  springs   59 

Streams...   60 

Origin   "  60 

Water  powers   60 

Ponds  and  lakes   61 

Ponds  and  lakes  dependent  on  perched  water  tables   61 

Ponds  and  lakes  dependent  on  the  main  water  table   62 

Artesian  and  deep  wells   63 

Shallow  north-shore  artesian  wells   63 

Cause   63 

Distribution   64 

Predictions   64 

The  Jameco  artesian  wells   64 

Cause  1   64 

Distribution   65 

Predictions   65 

The  Cretaceous  artesian  wells   65 

Cause  ;   65 

Distribution   65 

Predictions   67 

Requisite  conditions  for  successful  wells  on  Long  Island   67 

Source  of  the  underground  water  on  Long  Island   67 


CONTENTS.  5 

Chapter  II.  Underground  water  conditions  of  Long  Island,  by  A.  C.  Veatch — Continued.  Page. 
Conditions  on  Long  Island — Continued. 

Causes  producing  fluctuations  of  the  ground-water  table   69 

Natural  causes                                                                               -  -   69 

Rainfall   69 

.    Tides   71 

Thennometric  and  barometric  changes   72 

Artificial  causes   73 

Dams   73 

Pumping   73 

Blowing  wells   7-1 

Waterworks   74 

Chapter  III.  Measurements  of  velocity  of  underflow  on  Long  Island,  by  Charles  S.  Slichter   86 

District  investigated   86 

Apparatus  used   88 

Test  wells   88 

Forms  of  meters   90 

Direct-reading  meters  —  .  90 

Application  of  principles   92 

Self-recording  meter   97 

Principles  involved   99 

Results  and  conclusions   100 

Existence  of  underflow   100 

Effect  of  rainfall  on  rate  of  motion  of  ground  water   104 

Effect  of  seepage  water  from  ponds  and  reservoirs  on  rate  of  motion   106 

Effect  of  pumping  on  rate  of  motion   Ill 

Specific  capacity   114 

Conclusion   115 

Chapter  IV.  Well  records,  compiled  by  A.  C.  Veatch  and  Isaiah  Bowman   116 

Introduction   116 

Acknowledgments   1 16 

Representative  wells   118 

Descriptive  notes   168 

Chapter  V.  Results  of  sizing  and  filtration  tests,  by  W.  O.  Crosby.   338 

Sizing  tests   338 

Filtration  tests   354 

Chapter  VI.  The  surface  streams  of  Long  Island,  by  R.  E.  Horton   361 

Character  of  Long  Island  streams  _   361 

Utilization  of  Long  Island  streams   362 

Water  supply  of  Brooklyn   363 

Gagings  of  Long  Island  streams   365 

East  Meadow  Brook  near  Freeport   368 

Newbridge  streams  near  Merrick   370 

Wantagh  streams  at  Wantagh   370 

Massapequa  Creek  at  Farmingdale  and  Freeport   371 

Carlls  River  at  Babylon   373 

Sampawams  Creek   375 

Orowoc  and  Doxsee  creeks,  Islip   376 

Connetquot  Brook,  near  Great  River   378 

Lake  Ronkonkoma  and  adjacent  streams   379 

Carmans  River  (or  Connecticut  River  of  Long  Island)   380 

Peconic  River   381 

Hydrologic  conditions  on  Long  Island  during  1903   383 

Index   387 


TABLES. 


Page. 


I.  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formations  of  New  Jersey   21 

II.  Pleistocene  formations  on  Long  Island   33 

III.  Tbirkness  of  lnte  Pleistocene  deposits  in  well-;  on  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island   42 

IV.  Thickness  of  Wisconsin  deposits  on  Long  Island   46 

V.  Wells  in  the  Lloyd  gravel   65 

VI.  Analyses  showing  difference  between  water  from  the  Lloyd  sand  and  from  the  rock  wells  of 

Connecticut  .'   68 

VTL  The  effect  of  ground-water  pumping  in  diminishing  stream  flow  from  1873  to  1889  in  the  old 

watershed  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks,  comparing  qve-year  periods   73 

VIII.  Waterworks  systems  on  Long  Island   76 

IX.  Station  No.  1 ,  Massapequa,  Long  Island,  June  21,  1903:  Field  record  of  electric  current  reading 

in  amperes,  obtained  with  direct-reading  underflow  meter    9o 

X.  Underflow  measurements  on  Long  Island    104 

XI.  Representative  wells  on  Long  Island   118 

XII.  Results  of  sizing  tests   339 

XIII.  Results  of  filtration  tests   354 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 


Plate  I.  Map  showing  data  bearing  on  the  position  of  bed  rock  in  western  Long  Island,  and  vicinity  16 
II.  Map  showing  structure  of  the  basal  Cretaceous  beds  on  Long  Island,  and  their  relation  to 

the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey   18 

III.  Map  showing  the  distribution  of  the  Cretaceous  on  western  Long  Island   20 

IV.  A,  Mannetto  gravel  near  top  of  Melville  section;  B,  Cretaceous  sand  near  the  base  of  the  Mel- 

ville section   22 

V.  Comparative  cross  sections  of  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  along  lines  shown  in  fig.  8,  show- 
ing relations  of  the  topographic  features   30 

VI.  Development  of  the  major  drainage  of  the  North  Atlantic  coastal  plain   32 

VII.  Broken  Grounds,  near  Fresh  Pond,  Long  Island   38 

VIII.  A  and  B,  King's  sand  pit,  Hempstead  Harbor,  showing  the  Manhasset  bowlder  bed   40 

LX.  A,  A  portion  of  the  Harbor  Hill  outwash  plain  over  the  Tisbury  terrace,  south  of  Huntington, 

N.  Y.;  B,  A  bowldery  portion  of  the  Harbor  Hill  moraine  near  Creedmoor,  N.  Y   44 

X.  Hooked  sand  spit  at  entrance  to  Smithtown  Harbor,  Long  Island   52 

XI.  Cross  sections  of  Long  Island,  along  lines  given  on  PI.  XII  .*   58 

XII.  Map  showing  position  of  the  main  ground-water  table  on  Long  Island, on  July  1, 1903. .  In  pocket. 

XIII.  Views  showing  head  developed  in  the  north  shore  artesian  wells:  A,  At  Oyster  Bay,  Burgess 

well ;  B,  At  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  Jones  well   64 

XIV.  Head  developed  by  a  40-foot  artesian  well,  near  Douglaston,  IS.  Y   66 

XV.  Map  of  Long  Island,  showing  north  shore  and  Jameco  artesian  well  areas   66 

XVI.  Map  of  Long  Island,  showing  probable  Cretaceous  artesian  well  area,  and  depth  of  Lloyd 

gravel  below  sea  level   68 

XVII.  Fluctuations  of  the  main  ground-water  table  on  Long  Island   70 

XVIII.  Examples  of  fluctuations  due  to  thermometric  and  barometric  changes   72 

XLX.  Waterworks  systems  of  Long  Island   In  pocket. 

XX.  Electrode  and  perforated  brass  buckets  used  in  charging  wells   90 

XXI.  A,  Underflow  meter  showing  connections  when  used  as  direct  reading  apparatus;  B,  Commu- 
tator clock  for  use  with  recording  ammeter   92 

XXII.  A,  Commutator  clock  for  use  with  recording  ammeter  ;  B,  View  of  recording  ammeter,  commu- 
tator clock,  and  battery  box  in  use  in  the  field   98 

XXIII.  Charts  made  by  recording  ammeter   100 

XXIV.  Map  of  Long  Island,  showing  locations  of  wells.   In  pocket. 

XXV.  Plan  and  longitudinal  section  of  strata  encountered  in  the  South  Brooklyn  sewer  tunnel   168 

XXVI.  Test  borings  of  Rapid  Transit  Railroad  Commission  across  East  River   170 

XXVII.  Test  borings  of  Rapid  Transit  Railroad  Commission  from  East  River  to  De  Kalb  avenue, 

Brooklyn   172 

XXVIII.  Map  and  diagram  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad  tun- 
nel, Thomson  avenue  to  Arch  street,  Long  Island  City   182 

XXLX.  Map  and  diagram  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad  tun- 
nel, Arch  street  to  Vernon  avenue,  Long  Island  City   182 

9 


10 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Pago. 


Plate  XXX.  Map  and  diagram  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad 

tunnel,  Vernon  avenue  to  East  River,  Long  Island  City   184 

XXXI.  Map  and  diagram  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad 

tunnel,  eastern  half  of  East  River   184 

XXXII.  Map  and  diagram  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad 

tunnel,  western  half  of  East  River   186 

XXXIII.  Map  and  diagram  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad 

tunnel,  East  River  to  First  avenue,  New  York  City   186 

XXXIY.  Record  of  test  borings  made  at  Long  Island  City  pumping  station  No.  3  (No.  99)   188 

Fig.    1.  Sections  from  Hudson  River  to  Long  Island,  showing  the  general  folded  and  eroded  character 

of  the  bed  rock  underlying  Long  Island   17 

2.  Map  showing  dip  of  Cretaceous  beds  near  Setauket,  N.  Y   19 

3.  Section  from  Delaware  River  to  Pipers  Corner.  N.J   22 

4.  Sketch  map  showing  known  distribution  of  the  Miocene  near  Long  Island   27 

5.  Stereogram  of  eastern  England  showing  the  development  of  wolds  and  vales   28 

6.  Diagram  showing  the  three  uses  of  "escarpment"'  as  applied  to  wold   29 

7.  Diagram  showing  relations  of  wold,  vale,  cuesta,  and  bajada   29 

8.  Sketch  map  showing  locations  of  sections  shown  on  PI.  Y   30 

9.  Comparative  maps,  showing  deflection  of  streams  in  the  Hightstown  Yale,  and  the  deflection 

which  would  be  produced  by  the  large  Texas  bars  if  the  land  were  elevated   32 

10.  Section  from  near  Ridgewood,  Brooklyn,  to  Valley  Stream,  showing  position  of  the  Wisconsin, 

Tisbury,Sankatv,  Jameco,  and  Cretaceous  beds, and  the  east  side  of  the  Sound  River  Valley  34 

11.  Section  near  middle  of  northeast  shore  of  Gardiners  Island,  New  York   35 

12.  Section  on  west  side  of  the  hollow  which  afforded  the  section  in  fig.  11,  about  200  feet  farther 

west   35 

13.  Section  from  Wards  Island  to  Barnums  Island,  showing  fold  at  Rockaway  Ridge  (Hewlett), 

and  relations  of  the  (1)  Sankaty,  (2)  Jameco,  (3)  Cretaceous,  and  (4)  "bed  rock"   36 

14.  Section  at  Tobacco  Point,  east  side  of  Gardiners  Island,  New  York   37 

15.  Section  near  Cherry  Hill  Point,  Gardiners  Island,  showing  location  of  fossil-bearing  stratum  .  .  37 

16.  Cross  section  through  Oyster  Bay  and  Center  Island,  showing  relations  of  clay  and  water- 

bearing horizons  encountered  in  the  Oyster  Bay  wells  to  the  Cretaceous  clays  and  Lloyd 

gravel  in  the  Center  Island  wells   38 

17.  Cross  section  at  Gay  Head,  Marthas  Vineyard   39 

18.  Sections  exposed  at  Browns  Point,  after  storm  of  October  11  and  12,  1836    39 

19.  Diagram  illustrating  factors  giving  spring  phenomena  great  power  in  reexcavating  the  north 

shore  valleys  :   43 

20.  Sketch  map  showing  relative  positions  of  the  ice  during  the  Ronkonkoma  and  Harbor  Hill 

stages  of  the  Wisconsin  period   44 

21.  Diagram  showing  ground-water  table  unaffected  by  surface  features   54 

22.  Diagram  showing  water  table  cut  by  valleys   54 

23.  Diagram  showing  common  arrangement  of  factors  producing  artesian  wells   55 

24.  Diagrammatic  cross  section  of  Long  Island,  showing  general  water  conditions  and  cause  of  flow- 

ing wells   56 

25.  Diagram  showing  perched  water  table  on  north  side  of  West  Hills,  and  source  of  Mountain 

Mist  Springs   57 

26.  Diagrams  showing  analog}-  between  a  well  and  a  channel  that  cuts  the  ground-water  table...  58 

27.  Sketch  map  showing  increase  in  spring  flow  along  Hempstead  Brook.    From  data  collected 

by  the  Brooklyn  waterworks   59 

28.  Sketch  map  of  Long  Island,  showing  distribution  of  water  power  developments,  1800-1900. .  60 

29.  Lake  Success:  an  example  of  a  kettle-hole  lake  depending  on  local  impervious  strata   61 

30.  Diagram  showing  effect  of  a  pond  on  the  ground-water  table,  and  the  consequent  decrease  in 

spring  flow  on  southern  Long  Island   62 

31.  Diagram  showing  loss  of  water  by  leakage  from  pond  whose  surface  is  above  the  adjacent 

ground-water  table   62 


ILLUSTRATIONS.  1 1 

Page. 

Fig.  32.  Lake  Ronkonkoma;  an  example  of  a  kettle-hole  lake  depending  on  the  main  ground-water 

table   63 

33.  Artesian  well  or  spring  (No.  335)  at  Manhasset.  from  a  drawing  by  J.  H.  L'Hommedieu   64 

34.  Autograph  record  of  water  level  in  a  386-foot  well  at  Long  Beach,  X.  Y..  showing  fluctua- 

tions due  to  tides   70 

35.  Record  of  water  level  in  a  40-foot  well  of  the  Citizens'  Water  Supply  Company  at  Douglaston, 

N.  Y.,  and  tidal  record  in  adjacent  creek   71 

36.  Diagram  showing  cone  of  depression  produced  by  a  pumping  station,  and  its  efl'ect  on  a  nearby 

pond  and  well   72 

37  Map  of  southern  Long  Island  showing  location  of  underflow  stations  at  which  determinations  of 

the  rate  of  flow  of  underground  water  were  made   87 

38.  Plan  of  arrangement  of  test  wells  used  in  determining  the  velocity  and  direction  of  motion  of 

ground  water   88 

39.  Diagram  showing  electric  method  of  determining  the  velocity  of  underground  water   89 

40.  Curve  of  velocity  and  underflow  measurements.  San  Gabriel  River,  California   91 

41.  Curves  showing  the  possibility  of  using  direct-reading  apparatus  when  well  points  are  not  used.  92 

42.  Diagram  showing  manner  in  which  the  electrolyte  spreads  in  passing  downstream   93 

43.  Diagram  showing  spread  of  electrolyte  from  a  well  in  which  the  water  is  moving  about  twice  as 

fast  as  in  fig.  42   94 

44.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Wantagh  pumping 

station   98 

45.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Agawam  pumping 

station  (station  5)   99 

46.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Agawam  pumping 

station  (station  6)   100 

47.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  East  Meadow  Brook 

and  Babylon  road  (station  7)   101 

48.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  near  Merrick  pumping 

station  (station  8)   102 

49.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Cedar  Brook 

(station  10)   103 

50.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Grand  avenue  and 

Newbridge  Brook  (station  12)   105 

51.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Bellevue  road 

(station  14)   106 

52.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Bellevue  road 

(station  15)   107 

53.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Bellevue  road 

(station  15x)   108 

54.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  south  of  Wantagh 

Pond  (station  13)   109 

55.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Wantagh  Pond 

(station  16x)   110 

56.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Wantagh  Pond 

(station  17)   Ill 

57.  Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  above  Wantagh  Pond 

(station  21)   112 

58.  Map  showing  locations  of  stations  5  and  6  with  reference  to  Agawam  pumping  station  and 

East  Meadow  Pond   113 

59.  Vertical  section  through  stations  5  and  7  and  test  wells  in  Agawam  Pond,  shown  in  fig.  58. .  113 

60.  Map  showing  locations  of  stations  2,  13,  16,  and  17,  near  Wantagh  pumping  station  and 

Wantagh  Pond   114 

61.  Sketch  map  showing  location  of  deep  wells  of  the  Fleischmann  Manufacturing  Company  at 

Long  Island  City   180 


12 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Fig.  62  Index  map  showing  location  of  Pis.  XXVIII-XXXIII   182 

63.  Type  of  well  used  at  the  Montauk  waterworks  plant,  at  Dunton,  X.  Y   213 

64.  Sketch  map  showing  location  of  test  borings  at  Bayside  pumping  station   217 

65.  Sketch  map  giving  locations  of  wells  of  the  Queens  County  Water  Company,  shown  in  fig.  66. .  223 

66.  Sections  of  wells  of  the  Queens  County  Water  Company,  by  Charles  R.  Bettes,  chief  engineer.  225 

67.  Sketch  map  showing  location  of  wells  described  at  Oyster  Bay   281 

68.  Long  Island  marsh  stream  valley   362 

69.  Ideal  Long  Island  stream  profile   362  . 

70.  Temporary  gaging  station  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Orowoc  Creek,  Islip,  Long 

Island,  June  7,  1903.    Plan  shows  bridge  floor  removed   367 

71.  Weir  on  private  pond,  Cutting  Creek,  near  Great  River,  Long  Island   378 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Department  of  the  Interior. 

United  States  Geological  Survey, 

Hydrographic  Branch, 
Washington,  D.  C,  July  7,  1904. 
Sir:  I  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  a  paper  entitled  "The  Underground 
Water  Resources  of  Long  Island,  New  York,"  by  Messrs.  A.  C.  Veatch,  Charles  S. 
Slichter,  Isaiah  Bowman,  W.  O.  Crosby,  and  R.  E.  Horton.  The  field  work  upon 
which  the  report  is  based  formed  a  part  of  a  detailed  investigation  of  the  geology 
and  water  resources  of  the  island  conducted  by  Mr.  M.  L.  Fuller,  chief  of  the  eastern 
section  of  the  division  of  hydrology,  assisted  by  Mr.  Veatch,  to  whom  was  given 
the  immediate  supervision  of  problems  relating  to  underground  waters. 

The  paper  deals  with  an  area  in  which  the  problems  relating  to  underground 
waters  are  of  great  importance,  especially  as  they  affect  city  and  town  supplies. 
Great  interest  is  manifested  in  such  waters  throughout  the  area,  and  it  is  thought 
that  the  report,  which  is  the  result  of  unusually  detailed  work,  will  prove  of  great 
value  to  engineers  and  others  who  may  be  interested  in  public  or  private  supplies 
from  underground  sources. 

A  separate  report,  treating  the  geology  of  the  island  in  more  detail,  has  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  Fuller  and  will  soon  be  transmitted  for  publication. 
Very  respectfully, 

F.  H.  Newell, 

Chief  Engineer. 

Hon.  Charles  D.  Walcott, 

Director  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

13 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND, 

NEW  YORK. 


By  A.  C.  Veatch,  Charles  S.  Slighter,  Isaiah  Bowmax,  TV.  O.  Crosby, 

and  R.  E.  Hortox. 


CHAPTER  I. 

OUTEIXES  OF  THE  GEOLOGY  OF  LONG  IfSLAXD. 

By  A.  C.  Veatch.*1 
INTRODUCTION. 

As  Long  Island  is  the  largest  island  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States, 
and  is  of  such  size,  120  miles  long  and  23  miles  wide,  that  it  is  a  more  or 
less  noticeable  feature  on  even  very  small-scale*  maps,  little  need  be  said  of  its 
general  geographic  position. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

In  shape  Long  Island  resembles  a  huge  fish,  with  the  head  toward  New  York. 
This  rude  resemblance  caused  the  early  whalers  to  apply  the  names  North  Fluke 
and  South  Fluke  to  the  two  projections  which  form  the  tail. 

A  range  of  hills  having  a  relief  of  from  100  to  200  feet  gives  topographic  expres- 
sion to  each  of  the  flukes;  and  continuing  westward,  these  ranges  coalesce  north  of 
the  center  of  the  island  near  the  Suffolk-Nassau  county  line,  where  they  reach  their 
maximum  elevation  of  420  feet  at  High  Hill.  Westward  a  group  of  rolling  hills, 
occasionally  reaching  a  height  of  over  300  feet,  and  not  separable  into  distinct 
lines,  continues  to  the  Narrows  at  Brooklyn.  South  of  these  hill  ranges  the  land 
is  comparatively  level  and  slopes  off  gently  to  the  sea  or  forms  more  or  less  elevated 
table-lands  between  the  two  lines  of  hills.  The  northern  shore,  skirted  by  the  hills, 
is  rugged  and  precipitous,  with  long,  narrow  bays,  while  the  southern  shore  passes 
gradually  from  a  gently  sloping  plain  into  a  salt  marsh  inclosing  broad,  shallow 
bays,  beyond  which  is  a  barrier  beach. 


"  A  more  detailed  report  on  the  geology  of  Long  Island  is  now  in  preparation,  and  the  discussion  of  local  data,  as 
well  as  questions  of  correlation,  has  therefore  been  omitted  in  this  outline,  which  has  been  condensed  from  the  writer's 
complete  report  on  the  geology. 


16         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


The  hills  are  very  irregular  and  even  the  plains  between  the  two  ranges  of 
hills  are  by  no  means  level,  but  are  pitted  by  somewhat  circular  depressions  found 
in  glaciated  regions  and  commonly  called  "kettle  holes."  On  Long  Island  many 
of  those  contain  water,  forming  charming  little  lakes  and  ponds,  which  add  much 
to  the  picturesqueness  of  the  region. 

In  general  the  topography  has  a  glacial  aspect,  and  the  glacial  forms  are  so 
prominent  that  the  fact  that  the  major  topographic  features  are  of  pre-Glacial 
origin  is  commonly  overlooked. 

LITERATURE. 

The  literature  dealing  with  the  geology  and  water  resources  of  Long  Island 
is  very  extensive,  and  will  be  presented  in  detail  in  a  paper  on  the  Geology  of  Long 
Island,  now  in  preparation.  Only  a  few  of  the  more  important  titles  are  presented 
in  the  accompanying  list : 

Mather,  W.  W.    Geology  of  the  first  geological  district.    Geol.  New  York,  pt.  1,  1843. 
Lewis,  E.    Ups  and  downs  of  Long  Island.    Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  10,  1877.  pp.  434-446. 
Upham,  Warren.    Terminal  moraines  of  the  North  American  ice  sheet.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  18, 
1879,  pp.  81-92,  197-209. 

Dana,  J.  D.    Long  Island  Sound  in  the  Quaternary  age,  with  observations  on  the  submarine  Hudson  River 

channel.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  40,  1890,  pp.  425-437. 
Merrill,  F.  J.  H.    Geology  of  Long  Island.    Annals  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  1886,  pp.  341-364. 
Hollick,  Arthur.    Preliminary  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Cretaceous  formation  of  Long  Island 

and  eastward.    Trans.  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  1893,  pp.  222-237. 
  Some  further  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island.    Trans.  New  York  Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  13,  1894,  pp.  122-130. 

  Dislocations  in  certain  portions  of  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain  strata  and  their  probable  causes.  Trans. 

New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  14,  1894,  pp.  8-20. 
De  Varoxa,  I.  M.    History  and  description  of  the  water  supply  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn.    1896,  306  pp., 

8  tables,  45  pis. 

(Gives  bibliography  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  on  pp.  301-306.) 
Freeman-,  John  R.    Report  upon  New  York's  water  supply.    New  York,  1900,  .587  pp.,  113  figs. 
The  Merchants'  Association.    The  water  supply  of  the  city  of  New  York.    1900,  62  pp.,  25  pis. 
Ries,  Heixrich.    Clays  of  New  York.    Bull.  New  York  State  Mus.,  No.  35,  1900,  pp.  495,  572,  573,  595-607, 

692,  817-822" 

Woodworth,  Jay  Backus.    Pleistocene  geology  of  portions  of  Nassau  County  and  Borough  of  Queens.  Bull. 

New  York  State  Mus.,  No.  48,  1901. 
Salisbury,  R.  D.    Description  of  New  York  City.    Geologic  Atlas  U.  S.,  folio  83,  O.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1902. 
Spear,  Walter  E.    Long  Island  sources.    Rept.  Commission  on  Additional  Water  Supply  for  the  City  of  New 

York,  Nov.  30,  1903,  New  York,  1904,  appendix  7,  pp.  617-806. 

THE  BASEMENT  ROCKS. 

Although  bed  rock  underlies  all  Long  Island  at  a  greater  or  less  depth,  it 
outcrops  only  along  East  River,  at  Long  Island  City  and  Astoria,  where  Merrill 
has  recognized  two  divisions — the  Fordham  gray  gneiss  and  the  Stockbridge  dolo- 
mite, the  former  of  probable  pre-Cambrian  and  the  latter  of  Silurian  or  Cambro- 
Silurian  age/'  In  the  Fordham  gray  gneiss  are  occasional  dikes  and  bosses  of 
granite  and  intrusions  of  diorite. 

These  rocks  are  the  remnants  of  strata  which  were  profoundly  altered  by 
pressure  and  heat,  by  folding  and  faulting,  and  then  reduced  by  erosion  (fig.  1),  dur- 


a  Merrill,  F.  J.  H.,  Description  New  York  City,  Geologic  Atlas  U.  B„  folio  83,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1902,  pp.  3-5. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  44    PL  I 


LEGEND 


7100' 


MAP  SHOWING  DATA  BEARING  OX  THE  POSITION  OF  BED  ROCK 
IN  WESTERN  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK,  AND  VICINITY. 

By  A.  C.  Veatch. 
1904. 
Scale 

5  0  5  10  miles 


zp 


BASEMENT  EOCKS. 


17 


ing  the  ages  that  elapsed  between  the  Silurian  and  the  Cretaceous  periods.  The 
many  changes  of  this  old  land  surface  and  its  topographic  aspect  at  different  stages 
before  the  Cretaceous  can  only  be  partly  outlined,  but  the  history  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Cretaceous  can  be  inferred  more  or  less  completely. 

The  surface  of  these  older  beds,  so  far  as  it  has  been  revealed  on  Long  Island 
by  borings  that  penetrate  the  mantle  which  has  protected  it  from  erosion  since 
the  early  Cretaceous,  has  a  few  minor  irregularities,  but,  on  the  whole,  slopes 
gently  to  the  south  and  east  at  a  rate  of  about  100  feet  per  mile.  The  unevenness 
of  the  present  surface  is  very  slight  when  compared  with  the  great  irregularity 
(fig.  1)  indicated  by  the  structure.  On  PI.  I  is  shown  the  depth  to  bed  rock  in 
the  western  portion  of  the  island;  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island  the  depths  at 
which  bed  rock  was  encountered,  at  655  feet  at  Greenport  (892")  and  at  150  feet 
at  Fishers  Island  (919°),  show  a  similar  slope. 


Scale 

0                 )4                  1  2  miles 

I  I  I  , — — i 

Pig.  1. — Sections  from  Hudson  River  to  Long  Island,  showing  in  a  general  way  the  folded  and  eroded  character  of  bed  rock 
underlying  Long  Island  (Merrill  1902);  fgn.  Fordham  gneiss  (pre-Cambrian) ;  6Ss,  Stockbridge  dolomite  (Cambro- 
Silurian);  Sh,  Hudson  schist  (Silurian). 

This  sloping  surface,  with  its  minor  irregularities,  was  probably  at  one  time 
nearly  horizontal  and  formed  a  part  of  the  great,  almost  level,  plain  known  as 
the  Schooley  peneplain,*  which  extended  over  a  large  part  of  the  eastern  United 
States  and  which  resulted  from  long-continued  erosion  under  very  uniform  con- 
ditions. It  owes  its  present  slope  or  dip  to  the  very  broad  folding  which  began 
near  the  beginning  of  the  Cretaceous  and  which,  after  several  minor  halts  and 
fluctuations,  elevated  the  Schooley  Mountain  in  New  Jersey  1,500  feet  and  depressed 
the  old  surface  in  the  Long  Island  region. 

"■The  numbers  given  in  parentheses  throughout  this  paper  correspond  with  those  used  on  PI.  XXIV  and  in  Chapter  IV, 
where  detailed  records  are  given. 

f>Davis,  W.  M.,  and  Wood,  J.  W.,  Geographic  development  of  northern  New  Jersey:  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
24,  1890,  pp.  365-423.  Willis,  Bailey,  The  northern  Appalachians:  Mon.  Nat.  Geog.  Soc,  vol.  1,  No.  6,  pp.  1G9-202,  1895;  Salis- 
bury, R.  D.  Phys.  Geog.  New  Jersey:  Final  report  State  geologist  New  Jersey,  vol.  4,  1898,  pp.  83-85. 


1- 


UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


CRETACEOUS. 

CONDITIONS  OF  DEPOSITION. 

Bv  this  change  of  level  at  the  beginning  of  the  Cretaceous  period  the  sea 
again  covered  this  area,  and  the  rejuvenated  streams  carried  into  it  the  deeply 
weathered  material  from  the  surface  of  the  old  Schooley  peneplain.  The  strata 
for  300  or  400  feet  above  the  bed  rock  are  therefore  composed  almost  entirely 
of  the  products  of  long-continued  weathering  and  present  a  peculiar  mingling  of 
sand  and  plastic  clays,  often  brightly  colored,  which  are  more  or  less  distinct 
from  the  beds  that  follow. 

CHARACTER  OF  DEPOSITS. 

These  irregular-bedded  varicolored  clays  with  light-colored  quartz  sands  and 
gravels,  which  characterize  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous  system  in  this  region,  show 
an  increasing  percentage  of  sand  in  their  upper  portions,  and  pass  more  or  less 
gradually,  on  the  north  shore,  into  the  light-colored  quartz  sands  with  occasional 
irregular  clay  beds  which  form  the  upper  strata  of  the  pre-Pleistocene  series,  and, 
on  the  south  shore,  into  the  fine  gray  lignite-bearing  sands  and  clays  of  the  same 
age.  The  thick  greensand  marls  of  the  New  Jersey  section  are  almost  wholly 
absent,  their  presence  being  merely  suggested  in  the  West  Hills,  at  Quogue  and 
Bridgehampton.  The  absence  of  greensand  marls,  the  extreme  scarcity  of  marine 
fossils,  and  the  presence  of  plant  remains,  indicate  shoal  water,  or  near-shore 
conditions  during  the  several  epochs  in  which  these  rocks  were  deposited. 

As  a  result  of  the  long-continued  weathering  to  which  all  the  material  compos- 
ing these  beds  has  been  subjected,  the  sand  beds  lack  the  readily  broken-down 
minerals  so  common  in  glacial  deposits,  and  the  gravel  beds  do  not  contain 
compound  crystalline  or  transported  clastic  pebbles.  The  gravels  from  the  lowest 
to  the  highest  (with  but  one  doubtful  exception)  are  composed  of  quartz  or  locally 
derived  quartz-conglomerate,  with  occasional  very  much  decomposed  milk-white 
chert  fragments.  This  difference  in  composition  is  the  most  serviceable  criterion 
for  separating  the  pre-Pleistocene  from  the  Pleistocene  beds  in  this  region. 

STRUCTURAL  RELATIONS. 

These  Cretaceous  beds  are  now  not  only  almost  entirely  hidden  by  Pleistocene 
deposits,  but  are  so  disturbed  in  the  few  limited  outcrops  on  the  north  shore  (PI.  Ill) 
that  neither  the  original  slope  of  the  strata,  the  amount  of  deformation,  either 
horizontal  or  vertical,  nor  the  relation  of  one  outcrop  to  another  can  be  satis- 
factorily determined.  The  apparently  undisturbed  outcrop  in  the  West  Hills  fur- 
nishes no  extended  exposure,  and  even  here  the  structure  is  concealed  by  hill  creep 
and  landslides. 

Any  knowledge  of  the  structure  is,  therefore,  dependent  upon  well  records, 
and  these  have  fortunately  revealed  a  key  bed  that  is  not  only  satisfactorily  persist- 
ent on  the  island,  but  continues  in  New  Jersey,  and  furnishes  a  new  basis  for  a 
comparison  of  the  stratigraphy.  A  critical  study  showed  that  the  top  of  a  water- 
bearing sand  situated  150  to  200  feet  above  bed  rock  in  14  north  shore  wells  (see 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO. 44    PL.  II 


MAP  SHOWING 

BASAL  CRETACEOUS  BEDS  ON  LONG  ISLAND, NEW  YORK 
ELATION  TO  THE  CRETACEOUS  OF  NEW  JERSEY 

ByA.C.Veatch 

1904 


Scale 


30  miles 


LEGEND 


,7.0° 


ltnouth.Rancocas  Successful  wells       Lloyd  sand  horizon  •    Unsuccessful  wells       Basal  Malawan  Figures  in  red  Blue  contours  indicate 

uiasquan  formations  horizon  indicate  depth  in         approximate  top  of  the 

easand  marl  series  feet  below  sea  level       Lloyd  sand;  figures  give 

depths  below  sea  level 


JULIUS  S I  EN  «  CO.  LITH.N.Y. 


CRETACEOUS  BOCKS. 


19 


p.  65)  has  a  very  regular  southeastward  dip  (PI.  II)  and  a  continuation  of  the 
lines  of  equal  depth  parallel  to  the  line  of  strike  showed  that  not  only  the  nonwater- 
bearing  gravels  of  the  Woodhaven  well  (143)  and  the  good  water  carriers  of  the 
Barren  Island  wells  (129-132)  belonged  to  the  same  horizon,  hut  also  the  water- 
bearing beds  in  certain  wells  in  New  Jersey,  which  encounter  a  gravel  horizon  at  a 
somewhat  similar  height  above  bed  rock.  The  position  of  the  top  of  this  gravel 
and  sand,  which  it  will  be  convenient  to  call  the  Lloyd  sand  from  its  fossiliferous 
development  in  the  well  (633)  on  Lloyd  Neck,  is  shown  in  PI.  II. 

As  indicated  on  PI.  II,  in  northern  Long  Island  on  a  6-mile  line,  the  dip  is  as 
much  as  80  feet  per  mile, 
while  in  New  Jersey  on  a 
22-mile  line  it  is  only  half 
so  much.  It  is  quite  prob- 
able, therefore,  that  the  dip 
on  Long  Island  becomes 
somewhat  less  to  the  south, 
and  that  on  the  south  shore, 
about  Amityville  and  Baby- 
lon, wells  will  strike  this 
sand  at  even  a  less  depth 
than  indicated  on  Pis.  II 
and  XVI. 

Some  additional  evi- 
dence bearing  on  the  gen- 
eral structure  of  this  region 
is  furnished  by  the  dip  indi- 
cated by  a  few  wTells  near 
Setauket  (fig.  2),  which 
reach  a  coarse  sand  and 
gravel  about  600  or  700  feet  above  the  Lloyd  sand.  The  original  calculation  of 
the  dip,  based  on  the  similarity  suggested  by  the  Cox  (763),  Rowland  (760),  and 
Emmett  (752)  records,  has  been  confirmed  by  the  record  and  samples  from 
the  Port  Jefferson  Company  well  (811).  A  comparison  of  the  strike  of  this  bed 
(fig.  2)  with  that  of  the  Lloyd  sand  (PI.  II)  shows  it  to  be  very  nearly  parallel, 
although  the  dip  is  much  nearer  that  usually  found  in  New  Jersey— about  40 
feet  per  mile. 

PRESENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

A  detailed  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  the  Cretaceous  on  Long  Island  is, 
like  the  determination  of  the  structure,  almost  wholly  dependent  on  well  records. 
The  available  data  are  shown  on  PL  III.  This  map  emphasizes  two  points: 
Although  (1)  the  Cretaceous  beds  have  determined  the  major  topographic  relief  of 
the  island  (see  also  PI.  V,  A-A),  (2)  near  the  western  end  they  have  been  deeply 
trenched  by  a  broad  north-south  vallev,  representing  the  outlet  of  the  Sound  River 
(PI.  VI). 

The  most  important  outcrop  of  Cretaceous  rocks  is  in  the  West  Hills,  on  the  road 
leading  from  Melville  to  Hicksville  (PI.  Ill) .    The  following  section  was  observed 


Pig.  2.— Map  showing  dip  of  Cretaceous  beds  near  Setauket,  N.  Y.  Figures 
at  wells  give  depth  of  water-bearing  stratum  below  sea  level. 


20         rXDERGROl/XD  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAXD.  NEW  TORE. 


at  this  point  early  in  the  spring  of  1903.  just  after  the  landslips  of  the  previous 
winter  had  been  removed  by  road  graders  and  the  section  further  cleaned  up  with 

a  spade: 

Section  just  west  of  MelviRe.  .V.  T . 


[Top  of  section  about  300  feet  above  tide.] 
Pleistocene:  ,  Feet. 

1.  Horizontally  bedded  yellow  sand  and  quartz  gravel,  with  a  few  very  much  weathered  compound 

pebbles.    Xear  the  upper  pan  of  the  section  the  gravel  is  a  very  bright  orange.    ( PI.  IV,  A)  . .  35 
Miocene  (I):  Fluffy  (.Beacon  Hill)  sand: 

2.  Orange  clayey  sands,  fine,  micaceous,  containing  iron  scales  and  small  gravel:  closely  resembles 

sand  at  Kirkwood.  X.  J    3 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Dark-colored,  lavender,  green,  and  black  sandy  clay,  weathering  yeiiow   3 

4.  Horizontally  bedded,  finely  laminated  red  clayey  sand,  with  a  few  rounded  quartz  pebbles 

i  weathering  product  of  bed  below  \   2.  5 

5.  Horizontally  bedded,  finely  laminated  green,  white,  and  pink  clayey  sand,  containing  some 

greensand  grains  and  rounded  quartz  pebbles   3 

6.  Ferruginous  sandstones   0.  3 

7.  Yellow  sand  with  ferruginous  plates   0.  5 

8.  Irregularly  bedded  gray  clayey  sand,  blotched  with  red  and  yellow,  becoming  more  sandy  above. 

and  passing  into  a  pink  or  red  sand  with  lens-shaped  masses  of  white  clay   9.  5 

9.  Covered  -   0.  5 

10.  White  clayey  sand  with  large  quartz  gravel   2 

1 1 .  Covered   1 

12.  Stratified  orange-colored  sandy  clay,  with  ferruginous  plates   1 

13.  Very  black  sand  and  gravel,  stained,  probably  with  manganese  dioxide   0.  2 

14.  Coarse  white  sand  and  yellow  clayey  sand,  horizontally,  though  rather  irregularly,  bedded,  the 

bedding  lines  being  darker  and  rather  more  clayey  than  the  rest.    (PI.       B)   19 


STRATIGRAPHIC  SUCCESSION. 

A  study  of  the  local  data  indicates  that  from  a  stratigraphic  standpoint  the 
greensand  beds  in  the  Quogue  (858-859 1  and  Bridgehampton  (897)  wells,  and  the 
impure  greensand  marls  in  the  Melville  section  (p.  20)  are  to  be  regarded  as  the 
highest  beds  of  the  pre-Pleistocene  series  which  have  thus  far  been  recognized. 
Wells  which  might  show  younger  beds  may  be  looked  for  east  of  Babylon,  but  the 
wells  in  this  region,  except  those  at  Quogue  and  Bridgehampton.  are  so  shallow 
and  the  data  so  meager  that  the  lignitiferous  sands  of  the  Pleistocene  can  not  with 
certainty  be  separated  from  the  older,  and  while  a  portion  of  these  sands  are  doubt- 
less pre-Pleistocene.  their  thickness  can  not  be  very  great  and  a  generalized  section 
of  the  pre-Pleistocene  beds  may  be  commenced  with  the  greensand  layer  above 
mentioned. 

iTtiemlizfi  itdion  of  pre-Pleistocene  deposits  on  Long  Island. 

Feet. 

1.  Impure  greensand  marl  developed  in  about  the  same  stratigraphic  position  in  the  Melville  section 

and  in  the  wells  at  Quogue  and  Bridgehampton    50= 

2.  Sands  with  irregular  clay  beds.    The  beds,  though  showing  considerable  lignitic  material,  are 

commonly  lighter  on  the  north  shore  and  in  the  lull  lands  than  on  the  south  shore.  They  are 
shown  in  detail  in  the  many  shallow  wells  in  northern  Oyster  Bay  Township,  in  the  Lake  Suc- 
cess well  (317 ),  the  Hollis  well  (220),  the  Wheatley  Hill  wells  (particularly  431).  in  the  Mel- 
ville section,  in  the  Barren  Island  wells,  and  in  many  of  the  test  wells  of  the  Brooklyn  water- 
works east  of  Jameco,  as  well  as  in  the  Long  Beach.  Bamum  Island.  Quogue.  and  Riverhead 
wells   l,000d= 


CRETACEOUS  ROCKS. 


21 


3.  Varicolored  clay,  often  bright  red,  in  wells  on  the  north  shore;  may  be  entirely  absent  or  very  Feet. 

thin,  as  in  the  Cox  well  (.564)  in  Hempstead  Harbor,  and  the  Bevin  well  (670)  on  Eaton 
Neck;  with  the  clay  layers  in  the  succeeding  beds  it  sometimes  reaches  a  thickness  of 
between  400  and  .500  feet,  as  in  the  Ward  well  (628)  near  Huntington,  but  this  thickness,  as 
shown  by  near-by  wells  (620),  is  abnormal,  the  average  thickness  being  about  100  to  1.50  feet.  0-150 

4.  Llovd  sand.    Yellow  to  white  quartz  sand  and  gravel,  with  occasional  clay  layers,  as  at  Wood- 

haven;  separated  from  bed  rock  by  clay  beds,  but  at  Greenport  apparently  resting  directly 
upon  it;  contains  much  decayed  white  chert,  and  in  one  case  (633)  marine  fossils.  Maxi- 
mum thickness  shown  at  Peacock  Point  and  Lake  Success  (317).  Lithologically  this  gravel 
is  identical  with  the  older  portions  of  the  yellow  gravel  of  New  Jersey,  and  suggests  that  a 
part  of  this  complex  may  represent  undisturbed  Cretaceous  outcrops   80-90 

5.  Probable  thickness  of  beds  between  the  Lloyd  gravel  and  bed  rock   100-200 

RELATION  TO  ADJACENT  AREAS. 

Fortunately  for  the  purposes  of  this  study  the  pre-Pleistocene  beds  in  New 
Jersey,  particularly  those  belonging  to  the  Cretaceous,  are  not  only  well  developed 
but  well  known,  and  furnish  a  ready  near-by  standard  with  which  to  compare  the 
Long  Island  section.  Before  undertaking  this  comparison  in  detail,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  review  briefly  the  geologic  succession  in  that  region,  and  to  give  the 
thickness  and  general  character  of  the  main  lithologic  units.  In  various  reports  of 
the  New  Jersey  geological  survey  these  details  are  given  at  length,  and  it  is  from  this 
source  that  the  following  abstract  has  been  prepared : 

Table  I. — Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formations  of  New  Jersey. 


Salisbury." 


Clark.'' 


Cook.' 


Bridsreton   Lafayette  (Yellow  Gravel  in  part )   Yellow  gravel. 

Beacon  Hill  Miocene   Chesapeake   Miocene  (glass  sands  and  sandy 

clays,  astringent  clays). 

Shark  River  (Eocene)  L 

i  >Upper  marl 


Marl 


series  


C'lav  marl  formation  


Manasquan 
Rancocas. 


jVincentown  lime-sands 


>Middle  marl. 


tSewell  marls   

IRedbank  sands   Red  sand. 

Navesink  marls  
Mount  Laurel  sands  

rHazlet  sands  


Lower  marl. 


Matawan 


ICrosswick  clays 


•Marine  series. 


Raritan  I  Raritan. 


|Clay  marl. 
Plastic  clays — Nonmarine  series. 


"Final  Rept.  State  Geol.  Survey  N.J.,  vol.  4,  Physical  Geography,  1898,  p.  117.  Ann.  Rept.  N.  J.  Geol.  Survey,  dp- 
13-15,  1898.  yV 

l'  Ann.  Rept.  N.  J.  Geol.  Survey  p.  334, 1894;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  8,  pp.  315-358,  1897;  Ann.  Rept.  N.  J.  Geol.  Survey 
p.  174,  1898. 

'' Geology  of  New  Jersey,  1868,  and  subsequent  publications.  The  "yellow  sand"  has  been  omitted,  as  Clark  has  shown 
that  it  has  not  the  stratigraphie  position  indicated  by  Cook. 

The  Miocene  strata  which  unconformably  overlie  the  Cretaceous  and  Eocene 
beds  are  as  a  rule  coarse  and  lighter  colored  at  the  outcrop  than  in  the  embed. 
At  the  outcrop  these  beds  are  commonly  yellow  or  brown,  while  in  the  embed 
they  are  darker  and  the  percentage  of  clay  material  is  greater.    They  cap  many  of  the 


22         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


high  hills  of  the  coastal  plain  as  outliers  in  the  Cretaceous  area,  and  underlie  all  of  the 
plain  south  of  the  Cretaceous  outcrop. 

The  Cretaceous,  including  the  lithologically  similar  Eocene  Shark  River  beds, 
may  be  divided  on  lithologic  grounds  into  (1)  the  marl  series  or  greensand  beds, 
(2)  the  clay  marls  (or  Matawan),  and  (3)  the  plastic  clays  (or  Raritan).  The  general 
character  and  relation  of  these  beds  are  well  shown  graphically  in  fig.  3  and  PI.  II, 
and  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows : 

Feet. 

1.  Marl  series.    Greensand  marl,  sometimes  with  some  clayey  material  which  produces  gray  or 

chocolate-colored  marls,  generally  quite  fossiliferous,  and  at  times  calcareous.  Toward  the 
hase  the  amount  of  sandy  material  increases  and  the  beds  take  on  a  ferruginous  aspect  with  a 
decreasing  percentage  of  glauconite   262-''  430 

2.  Clay  marls  or  Matawan.    Highly  ferruginous  brown  sands,  at  times  coarse  and  white,  passing  into 

slate  and  drab-colored  clays  interstratified  with  white  sand,  and  finally  into  dark-colored  or 
black  clays.  Marine  fossils  are  by  no  means  as  abundant  as  in  the  overlying  layers,  and  are  as 
a  rule  poorly  preserved   275-524 

3.  Plastic  clays  or  Raritan.    Clays  and  sands,  often  brightly  colored:  beds  generally  become  more 

sandy  in  the  upper  portion,  though  they  sometimes  contain  dark-colored  clay,  and  are  then 
not  separable  from  the  overlying  Matawan  or  clay  marl.  The  differentiation  of  this  hori- 
zon has  rested  on  the  plastic  clays  which  it  contains,  and  its  general  nonmarine  character   347 

A  comparison  of  this  section  with  the  general  section  found  on  Long  Island 
shows  little  similarity.    In  part  this  difference  is  due  to  the  relatively  small  amount 

New  Albany  Moorestown 

107' 


RARITAN  FORMATION  CLAY  MARL  FORMATION  MARL  SERIES 

Horizontal  scale 


_8  miles 


Fig.  3.— Section  from  Delaware  River  to  Pipers  Corner,  N.  J.,  showing  character  and  relation  of  Cretaceous  horizons. 
(Salisbury,  1896. >>)    Black  represents  surficial  deposits.    Length,  20  miles;  height,  473  feet. 

of  information  available  regarding  the  older  beds  on  Long  Island,  and  will  probably 
disappear  as  the  data  increase.  In  part,  however,  it  is  real;  for  although  the  Pleis- 
tocene deposits  effectually  mantle  almost  the  entire  island  and  prevent  a  careful 
study  of  the  older  beds,  the  well  data  are  now  complete  enough  to  positively 
indicate  the  absence  of  any  great  fossiliferous  greensand  marl  bed  250  to  450  feet 
thick,  such  as  occurs  in  New  Jersey.  Only  in  the  lower  beds  is  there  any  similarity, 
and  these  have  thus  far  furnished  the  only  bases  for  the  correlation  of  the  two  sec- 
tions. The  manifest  lithologic  resemblance  of  the  few  outcrops  on  the  north  shore 
to  the  Raritan  beds  of  New  Jersey  caused  Mather  at  a  very  early  date  to  correlate 
them.  Later  the  work  of  Newberry,  Hollick,  and  White  on  the  fossil  plants  of 
Long  Island  and  the  New  England  islands  confirmed  this  tentative  correlation. 
To  these  data  it  is  now  possible  to  add  direct  stratigraphic  evidence,  which  con- 
firms the  conclusion  reached  by  Ward  from  a  study  of  the  flora:  That  the  beds 
furnishing  the  fossil  leaves  on  Long  Island  (the  Island  series)  are  somewhat 
younger,  and  therefore  stratigraphically  higher  than  the  Amboy  clays.6' 

a  For  thickness  shown  in  the  Asbury  Park  well,  sec  Rept.  N.J.  Geol.  Survey,  18%,  p.  73. 
*  Ann  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geol  Survey  for  1895,  1896,  PI  II 

■  Ward,  lister  F.,  The  Potomac  formation:  Fifteenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1895,  p. 335;  Age  of  the  Island 

series:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.4,  1896,  pp.  757-760. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL   PAPER    NO.   44      PL.  IV 


CRETACEOUS  SAND  NEAR  BASE  OF  MELVILLE  SECTION 


CRETACEOUS  ROCKS. 


23 


In  this  work  the  top  of  the  Lloyd  sand  has  proved  a  convenient  plane  of  reference, 
and  a  study  of  the  New  Jersey  records  shows  that  it  continues  into  New  Jersey  and 
can  therefore  be  made  a  basis  of  correlation  between  the  two  sections.  This  exten- 
sion is  graphically  shown  in  PI.  II.  The  considerations  on  which  the  prolongation 
of  these  lines  from  Long  Island  were  based  are:  (1)  The  general  line  of  strike  of  the 
Cretaceous  beds;  (2)  a  water  horizon  in  the  wells  at  Runyon"  (white  sand  beneath 
100  feet  of  white,  red,  and  blue  clay),  Yardville/'  Hightstown/  Jamesburg/' 
Asbury  Park/  and  Ocean  Grove/  which  is  150  to  200  feet  below  the  base  of  the 
Matawan. 

Woolman  '  has  suggested  that  the  Woodhaven  and  Barren  Island  horizons  are  a 
continuation  of  the  horizons  developed  at  Keyport/  Matawan/'  Atlantic  Highlands,' 
Brookdale-;  (644  feet),  Holmdel/  Seabright/ and  Asbury  Park'"  (1,083  feet),  but 
an  attempt  to  include  the  horizon  developed  in  these  New7  Jersey  wells  causes  the 
lines  of  equal  depth  to  diverge  from  the  general  line  of  strike,  and  does  not  account 
for  the  depth  reached  in  the  Asbury  Park  and  Ocean  Grove  wells.  Woolman 
explains  this  greater  depth  by  an  assumed  thickening  of  the  Matawan,  but  Clark  in 
reviewing  the  evidence  is  inclined  to  give  to  the  Matawan  in  these  wells  a  thickness 
of  only  about  400  feet.'" 

According  to  this  hypothesis  the  lowest  water-bearing  layer  would  have  about 
the  position  of  the  beds  which  were  struck  by  the  Runyon,  Jamesburg,  Hightstown, 
and  Yardville  wells,  and  which  are  200  feet  below  the  beds  of  the  Matawan.  More- 
over, a  water-bearing  sand  occurs  in  the  Asbury  Park  well  at  a  depth  of  954  feet 
which  seems  the  true  continuation  of  this  upper  horizon.  If  the  200-foot  line  on 
PI.  II  is  called  0  and  the  other  lines  renumbered  accordingly,  the  position  of  this 
upper  horizon  will  be  approximately  indicated  in  all  of  the  wells.  Thus,  near  the 
200-foot  line  will  be  found  the  Matawan  and  Keyport  wells  (215-220);  near  the 
400-fobt  line,  the  Holmdel  well  (450) ;"  near  the  500-foot  line  the  465-foot  horizon  in 
the  Atlantic  Highlands  well;  near  the  600,  the  606  horizon  of  the  Brookdale  well;  near 
the  700,  the  670  of  the  Seabright  well,  and  near  the  900,  the  954  Asbury  Park  horizon. 
The  Lloyd  sand  is  therefore  equivalent  to  the  lower  horizon  in  the  Asbury  Park 
and  Ocean  Grove  wells  and  is  about  200  feet  below  the  horizon  in  the  other  wells  to 
which  Woolman  referred  it  .  This  upper  horizon  is  regarded  as  either  basal  Matawan 
or  uppermost  Raritan,  and  the  Lloyd  sand  is  therefore  a  horizon  in  the  Raritan 
about  200  feet  below  the  base  of  the  Matawan.  In  a  general  way,  then,  the  200  or 
300-foot  line  marks  the  line  of  parting  between  the  so-called  marine  and  nonmarine 

«  Ann.  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geo].  Survey  for  1897-98,  p.  246. 
Moid.,  p.  281. 

«  Ann.  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  1895,  pp.  200,  201;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  138,  1896,  pp.  66-67. 

rtAnn.  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  1880,  pp.  166-168;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  138, 1896,  pp.  67,  68. 

<  Ann.  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geol.  Sur  vey  1896,  pp.  72-75. 

S  Woolman,  Lewis,  Ann.  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geol  Survey,  1900,  p.  77. 

u  Ann.  Rept.  New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  1898,  pp.  245-246. 

ft  Ibid.,  p.  246. 

'Ibid.,  p.  244 

j  Ibid  ,  p.  228. 

*  Ibid.,  1897,  pp.  147-148. 

1  Ibid...  1900,  pp.  76-77. 

'»  Ibid.,  1898,  pp.  176-177. 

"The  difference  in  this  case  is  clearly  due  to  the  generalized  character  of  the  record;  quicksand  is  reported  for  some 
distance  above  the  water-bearing  layer,  and  doubtless  in  part  represents  the  upward  extension  of  the  sand  bed. 


24         UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous,  and  Cretaceous  fossils  would  be  expected  south  of  this  line  on  Long 
Island. 

From  these  data  the  outcrops  at  Glen  Cove  and  Sea  Cliff  are  to  be  regarded  as 
uppermost  Raritan  which  has  been,  perhaps,  slightly  disturbed  by  folding,  while  the 
gray  sands  and  clays  at  Greenwood  are  clearly  Matawan,  and  the  Terebratula  found 
in  the  Roslyn  well0  naturally  falls  near  the  base  of  the  Matawan.  In  the  same  way 
the  Lloyd  Beach  clays  are  to  be  regarded  as  Matawan,  unless  they  have  been  more 
profoundly  disturbed  by  ice  pressure  than  now  appears;  and  the  Little  Neck  and 
Fresh  Pond  areas  fall  far  south  in  the  Matawan.  On  account  of  the  leaf  remains 
found  at  Little  Neck  this  locality  has  been  referred  to  the  Raritan,  but  the  recent 
collections  of  Berry 6  in  the  Matawan  show  essentially  the  same  fauna,  and  there  is 
therefore  no  conflict  between  the  paleontologic  and  stratigraphic  evidence. 

In  all  cases  there  is  the  ever  present  question  of  how  much  the  beds  may  have 
been  disturbed,  and  as  the  folding  amounts  to  as  much  as  100  or  200  feet  in  the 
islands  to  the  east,  this  is  not  always  a  negligible  factor.  In  the  wells  on  the  south 
shore,  as  was  early  noticed  by  Woolman,  the  somber-colored  lignite-bearing  sands 
and  clays  are  fair  lithologic  representatives  of  the  Matawan,  but  in  this  region 
greensand  must  be  almost  entirely  absent  in  the  Matawan,  for  it  is  not  represented 
in  any  of  the  samples  from  the  wells  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  or  from  any  of 
the  neighboring  wells,  the  only  suggestion  of  it  being  in  the  Pleistocene  deposits  in 
the  Queens  County  well  at  Valley  Stream  (273)  and  at  Long  Beach  (373),  in  both  of 
which  it  occurs  in  coarse  sand,  evidently  redeposited.  This  occurrence  is  so  sug- 
gestive that  it  is  confidently  expected  that  fossiliferous  greensand  will  be  found  in 
wells  north  and  east  of  these  localities. 

The  Cretaceous  fossils  found  at  different  points  in  the  drift  at  Brooklyn  are  also 
suggestive,  though  in  all  cases  they  are  so  separated  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  that 
their  real  source  can  be  only  conjectured.  They  are  perhaps  Matawan,  and  may  even 
be  in  part  representatives  of  the  occasional  forms  which  are  known  to  occur  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Raritan. 

On  the  north  shore  the  beds  in  the  same  position  as  a  rule  more  strongly 
resemble  the  underlying  Raritan,  though  in  the  dark  clays  at  Greenwood,  Little 
Neck,  West  Neck  (in  the  Ward  well),  and  possibly  at  Elm  Point,  the  darker  beds  are 
suggested.  The  sandy  layers  in  part  correspond  to  the  Hazlet  sands,  but  above 
the  Matawan  there  is  absolutely  no  similarity  in  the  two  sections.  In  place  of  from 
250  to  450  feet  of  greensand  marls  there  are  sands  and  clays  in  no  way  different  from 
the  underlying  beds  which  are  known  to  be  Matawan  because  of  their  lithologic 
character  and  position  with  relation  to  the  Lloyd  sand.  Greensand  beds  have  been 
reported  only  in  the  West  Hills  and  in  the  Quogue  and  Bridgehampton  wells,  and  in 
the  latter  cases  there  are  some  reasons  for  believing  them  similar  to  the  Miocene 
greensands  of  Marthas  Vineyard. ' 

So  radical  a  change  in  the  character  of  the  deposits  naturally  raises  the  question 
of  the  cause.    In  some  respects  these  light  sands  in  the  hills  and  the  dark  clays 

a  See  well  No.  437,  p  281 

6  Berry,  E.  \\ '.,  Am.  Nat.,  ,ol.  37,  1<J03,  pp.  677-684;  Bull.  New  Y.>rk  Bot.  Gar.,  vol.  3,  No.  9, 1903,  pp.  45-103,  pis.  43-37; 
Bull.  Torrpy  Bot.  Club,  vol.  31, 1904,  pp.  67-82,  pis.  1-5. 
o  Bull  (ieol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  8,  1897,  pp.  202,  203. 


CRETACEOUS  ROCKS. 


25 


of  the  south  shore  above  the  beds  regarded  as  Matawan  suggest  Miocene,  but  a 
comparison  with  the  known  position  of  the  Miocene  in  adjacent  areas  renders  tins 
correlation  very  doubtful.  It  will  be  seen  from  fig.  4  and  PI.  V  that,  so  far  as 
present  knowledge  goes,  Long  Island  lies  north  of  the  main  Miocene  deposits,  and 
that  if  the  Miocene  occurs  at  all  it  is  to  be  expected  as  mere  erosion  outliers 
occupying  the  highest  hills.  Moreover,  Mr.  G.  N.  Knapp,  who,  by  reason  of  his 
long  and  extensive  field  work  in  New  Jersey,  is  well  fitted  to  judge,  has 
examined  the  beds  in  the  Melville  section  (p.  20)  and  regards  them  as  Cretaceous, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  a  thin  la3"er  between  the  upper  gravel  and  the 
impure  marl,  which  resembles  Miocene.  In  order  that  any  other  portion  of  these 
beds  may  be  Miocene,  it  is  necessary  to  assume  a  much  greater  discordance  of 
structure  than  is  known  to  exist  anywhere  in  this  region  between  the  Miocene  and 
Cretaceous.  These  facts,  with  the  agreement  of  the  thickness  of  the  beds  below 
the  Miocene  (?)  of  the  West  Hill  section  with  the  thickness  of  the  Cretaceous 
deposits  of  northern  New  Jersey,  and  the  fact  that  Long  Island  is  to  be  regarded 
as  the  normal  continuation  of  New  Jersey,  both  geologically  and  topographically, 
with  the  addition  of  a  mantle  of  glacial  deposits,  throw  the  burden  of  proof  on  the 
person  arguing  for  the  Miocene  age  of  these  beds.  The  total  absence  of  large 
greensand  beds  indicates  a  change  in  the  local  conditions.  Perhaps  the  ancestral 
Hudson  and  Connecticut  rivers  may  have  had  something  to  do  with  it  ;  perhaps 
the  ocean  currents  are  responsible,  for  it  is  well  known  that  both  these  factors 
tend  to  interfere  with  the  formation  of  greensand,  and  glauconitic  deposits  are 
therefore  seldom  continuous  over  great  areas." 

This  sandy  phase  reappears  on  Marthas  Vineyard  above  the  basal  plant - 
bearing  beds,  though  at  this  point  it  contains  fossils,''  and  while  the  data  are  not 
conclusive,  they  furnish  further  evidence  of  the  change  from  the  New  Jersey 
conditions  which  is  indicated  on  Long  Island. 

AGE  OF  THE  RARITAN  FORMATION. 

After  the  early  correlations,  which  were  based  on  very  meager  data,  the 
Raritan  was  referred  to  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  and  it  was  not  until  the  work  of 
Ward  in  connection  with  the  much  disputed  Potomac  group  that  it  was  referred 
to  the  Lower  Cretaceous/  It  was  shown  by  Newberry d  and  Hollick''  to  be 
rather  closely  related  to  the  Dakota  and  the  Patoot  and  Atane  beds  of  Greenland, 
all  of  which  are  regarded  as  Upper  Cretaceous. 

The  work  of  Berry  has  now  shown  that  there  is  no  essential  break  between 
this  fauna  and  that  of  the  Cliffwood  section,  which  is  clearly  Upper  Cretaceous/ 

a  Clark,  W.  B.,  New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  1893,  p.  225. 

b  Woodworth,  J.  B.,  Bull.  Geol.  Soe.  America,  vol.  8,  1897,  pp.  199-200. 

<  Ward,  L.  F.,  The  Potomac  Formation:  Fifteenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1895,  pp.  345-346;  Age  of  the  Island 
series,  Sci.,  new  series,  vol.  4,  1896,  pp.  757-760;  Professor  Fontaine  and  Professor  Newberry  on  the  age  of  the  Potomac  for- 
mations, Sci.,  new  series,  vol.  5,  1897,  p.  420. 

d  Newberry,  J.  S.,  The  flora  of  the  Amboy  clay,  a  posthumous  work  edited  by  Arthur  Hollick:  Monograph  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  vol.  26,  1895,  pp.  23,  33. 

'  Hollick,  Arthur:  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science,  vol  47,  1898,  pp.  292-293;  Science,  new  series,  vol  7,  1898,  pp.  467-468; 
Am.  Geol.,  vol.  22,  1898,  pp.  255-256. 

/Berry,  Edward  W.,  Plants  from  the  Matawan:  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  37,  pp.  677-684,  1903;  Flora  of  the  Matawan  formation 
(Crosswick's  clays) :  Bull.  New  York  Bot.  Gar.,  vol.  3,  No.  9,  1903,  pp.  45-103,  pis.  43-57:  Additions  to  the  flora  of  the  Matawan 
formation:  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  31,  1904,  pp.  67-82,  pis.  1-5. 


26 


UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCE?   OF  LONG   ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


Mr.  David  White  informs  me  that  he  regards  the  Marthas  Vineyard  flora,  on 
winch  Ward  based  his  Island  series,  as  essentially  the  same  as  the  Cliffwood. 
The  Long  Island  plant  remains  described  by  Hollick  represent  a  horizon  100 
or  200  feet  above  the  Lloyd  sand,  and  are  therefore  stratigraphically  between 
the  Amboy  clays  (Woodbridge.  South  Amboy.  and  Sayreville  horizons)  and  the 
Cliffwood  or  basal  Matawan.  The  stratigraphic  sequence  is.  then,  as  follows: 
(1)  Ambov  clavs:  (2)  Long  Island  red  leaf-bearing  concretions:  (3)  Cliffwood. 
Marthas  Vineyard,  East  Xeck." 

The  few  fragmentary  marine  remains  obtained  from  the  Lloyd  sand  at  Lloyd 
Point  are  regarded  by  Stanton  as  Upper  Cretaceous,  and  therefore  confirm  the 
general  drift  of  the  plant  evidence,  as  do  the  molluscan  remains  (including  Exogyra) 
reported  by  Woolman  from  a  similar  horizon  in  the  Asbury  Park  well.6  On  the 
one  hand  marine  fossils  indicate  the  flora  in  the  upper  beds  as  clearly  Upper  Cre- 
taceous; on  the  other,  the  flora  shows  that  there  is  no  essential  break  between 
the  upper  and  lower  beds  of  the  Raritan.  There  is.  however,  a  sharp  floral  break 
at  the  base  of  the  Raritan  and  it  seems,  therefore,  necessary  to  return  to  the 
view  of  Newberry  and  regard  the  Raritan  as  basal  Upper  Cretaceous,  and  essentially 
equivalent  to  the  Dakota  and  the  Woodbine.** 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS. 

The  more  important  points  relative  to  the  pre-Pleistocene  on  Long  Island 
may  be  briefly  summarized  as  follows: 

1.  The  bulk  of  the  pre-Pleistocene  deposits  on  Long  Island  are  Cretaceous. 

2.  The  basal  beds  are  the  stratigraphic  equivalents  of  the  Raritan.  and  are 
Upper  Cretaceous. 

3.  The  Matawan  beds  are  apparently  well  represented,  but  their  lithological 
character  changes  in  going  eastward. 

-4.  No  greensand  beds  comparable  to  the  great  greensand  marl  beds  of  New 
Jersey  have  been  found,  their  stratigraphic  position  being  occupied  by  fine 
lignitiferous  sand  with  occasional  clay  beds. 

TERTIARY. 

GENERAL  CONDITIONS. 

Although  there  are  no  indications  on  Long  Island  of  any  break  in  the  sedi- 
mentation during  the  Cretaceous,  Doctor  Clark  has  found  in  New  Jersey  evidence 
of  perhaps  two  unconformities  which  indicate  land  periods  of  comparatively  short 
duration/  It  was.  however,  not  until  rather  late  Tertian-  time  that  this  region 
commenced  to  undergo  the  profound  erosion  which  has  given  rise  to  the  present 
land  forms.  These  stages  are  imperfectly  shown  on  Long  Island,  but  in  adjoining 
portions  of  the  coastal  plain  the  following  major  stages  have  been  found:  Late 
Pliocene  (post-Lafayette)  erosion,  Lafayette  submergence,  early  Pliocene  erosion. 
Miocene  submergence.  Eocene  erosion. 

«  The  East  Xeck  locality  is  perhaps  a  little  higher  stratigraphically  than  the  other  two. 

t  Ann.  Rept.  X.  J.  Geol.  Survey,  1895.  pp.  72-75,  1896. 
« .Science,  new  series,  vol.  4.  1896,  p.  759. 

«*  Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept.  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  7,  1901.  pp.  31S-322. 
«  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  America,  vol.  8,  1897.  pp.  328.  337-33S. 


TERTIARY  PERIOD. 


27 


EOCENE  EROSION. 

The  absence  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  Eocene  in  New  Jersey  indicates  a 
period  of  elevation,  but  the  absence  of  any  great  unconformity  between  the 
Cretaceous  or  Eocene  and  the  Miocene  strata  indicates  that  either  this  elevation 
was  slight  or  that  the  period  was  of  such  a  duration  that  the  land  was  essentially 
base-leveled. 

MIOCENE  SUBMERGENCE. 

While  the  deposits  of  the  Miocene  were  clearly  very  thick  toward  the  sea 
and  thin  toward  the  land,  the  exact  position  of  their  landward  edge  is  uncertain. 


Fig.  4. — Sketch  map  showing  known  distribution  of  the  Miocene  near  Long  Island.  Shaded  area  is  underlain  by  Miocene 
Heavy  black  line  gives  general  direction  of  strike  and  shows  approximate  point  at  which  base  of  Miocene  reaches  sea 
level. 


It  may,  however,  be  regarded  as  reasonably  certain  that  over  most  of  the  Atlantic 
coastal  plain  they  were  of  sufficient  extent  and  thickness  to  obliterate  the  low 
features  developed  in  the  underlying  Cretaceous  and  Eocene  beds  during  the 
preceding  erosion  period. 

Distribution  of  Miocene  deposits. — In  the  Long  Island  region  and  in  the  New 
Jersey  region  the  Miocene  sediments  were  deposited  under  similar  conditions,  and 
as  these  two  areas  have  been  subjected  to  the  same  forces,  except  glacial  action, 
their  distribution  in  both  should  be  similar.    The  only  bed  thus  far  seen  on  Long 


28         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Island  which  is  regarded  as  possibly  Miocene  is  a  thin  bed  of  "fluffy  sand"  which 
Mr.  G.  N.  Knapp  recognized  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Melville  section  (p.  20),  and 
which  is  the  counterpart  of  certain  sands  occurring  in  the  Miocene  of  New  Jersey. 
A  comparison  of  the  sections  shown  in  PI.  V  indicates  that  if  the  structure  is 
normal,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  it  is,  a  Miocene  outlier  should  be 
expected  at  this  point.  The  same  evidence  shows  the  absence  of  the  Miocene 
above  sea  level  (fig.  4  and  PI.  V)  on  southern  Long  Island,  except  possibly  along  a 
portion  of  the  South  Fluke.  This  line  of  argument  is  important,  for  it  shows 
that  the  Tertiary  deposits  can  not  be  expected  on  the  north  shore  any  more 
than  in  the  Hightstown  Vale  (p.  30)  in  New  Jersey,  and  that  the  occurrences  on 
Long  Island  are  probably  limited  to  erosion  outliers,  with  the  embed  beneath  the 
Atlantic. 


In  the  succeeding  erosion  period  the  first  forerunners  of  the  present  topography 
were  developed.  Erosion  was  active,  the  mantle  of  Miocene  beds  was  parity 
removed  and  the  underlying  Cretaceous  exposed  near  the  old  shore  line. 


During  Lafayette  time  the  rather  low  topography  developed  in  this  region 
was  buried  by  a  mantle  of  littoral  deposits.  The  smaller  depressions  were  oblit- 
erated but  the  broader  features  persisted. 


After  the  Lafayette  submergence  there  was  a  long  period  of  erosion  in  which 
the  land  stood  relatively  high  and  the  essential  features  of  the  present  topography 
were  developed. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  TOPOGRAPHIC  FEATURES. 

The  most  pronounced  topographic  feature  resulting  from  or  accentuated  by 
the  early  and  late  Pliocene  erosion  epochs  is  a  more  or  less  persistent  line  of  hills 


regions  of  gently  inclined  rocks  of  unequal  hardness.  By  weathering  and  erosion 
the  softer  beds  are  removed  and  the  more  resistant  ones  stand  out  as  chains  of 
hills.  Marked  topographic  forms  depending  on  these  factors  extend  over  wide 
areas  and  it  seems  desirable  to  have  distinctive  topographic  terms  for  them. 


EARLY  PLIOCENE  EROSION. 


LAFAYETTE  SUBMERGENCE. 


.  LATE  PLIOCENE  (POST-LAFAYETTF.)  EROSION. 


Fig.  5.    Stereogram  of  eastern  England  (after  Davis),  showing  the  development 
of  wolds  and  vales.   B,  D,  vales;  C,  E,  wolds. 


overlooking  a  landward 
depression  which  extends 
from  the  Mannetto  (West) 
and  Wheatley  hills  on 
Long  Island  through  the 
highlands  in  the  coastal 
plain  of  New  Jersey  and 
Maryland  to  the  Potomac 
River  near  Washington. 
Such  a  degradational  fea- 
ture  is   common   in  all 


TERTIARY  PERIOD. 


29 


Fortunately  names  are  readily  obtainable  by  analogy  with  eastern  England 
wbere,  in  the  gently  sloping  rocks  of  the  post-Paleozoic  series,  similar  features 
are  well  developed  (fig.  5) .  There  the  ranges  of  hills  are  in  many  places  called 
wolds — as  the  Cotswold  Hills  and  the  Lincolnshire  and  Yorkshire  wolds — and 
the  accompanying  longitudinal  depressions  have  been  termed  vales — as  the  vales 
of  Pickering,  Blackmore,  White  Horse,  Red  Horse,  Pewsey,  and  Wardour.  These 
terms  are,  therefore,  appropriate  for  lines  of  hills  and  parallel  valleys  of  a  similar 

i 

I*  III  2H 

Fig.  6. — Diagram  showing  the  three  uses  of  "escarpment  "  as  applied  to  topographic  features. 

type  and  origin.  As  a  definite  physiographic  term  wold  may  then  be  defined  as 
a  range  of  hills  produced  by  differential  erosion  from  inclined  sedimentary  rocks, 
and  vale  as  the  accompanying  depression  or  strike  valley  (fig.  7). 

Wold  has,  so  far  as  the  writer  is  aware,  never  before  been  used  as  a  distinct 
term  for  a  definite  topographic  form,  but  vale  has  been  extensively  employed  by 
Woodward  in  describing  the  longitudinal  valleys  in  eastern  England/' 

As  a  geographic  term,  vale,  although  generally  applied  to  these  strike  valleys, 
has  occasionally  been  used  for  valleys  of  other  origin — as  the  Vale  of  Eden,  in 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  in  which  a  portion  of  the  depression  has  been 


|<  Wold  * 


Fig.  7. — Diagram  showing  relations  of  wold,  vale,  cuesta,  and  bajada. 


produced  by  faulting4 — but  these  may  be  regarded  as  exceptional  cases,  and  the 
word  used  in  a  physiographic  sense  as  the  direct  antithesis  of  wold,  or  wolds,  without 
confusion. 

To  the  feature  here  defined  as  a  wold,  the  term  escarpment  has  often  been 
applied,  but,  as  already  pointed  out  by  Davis,'  this  usage  is  objectionable,  for  when 
escarpment  is  used  for  the  whole  hill  feature  it  is  given  a  meaning  quite  different 
from  that  usually  associated  with  it.  It  is  commonly  used  for  a  very  steep 
declivity  or  cliff/'  but  has  been  extended  to  mean:   (1)  The  steeper  slope  of  a 

oWoodward,  Horace  B.,  The  Jurassic  rocks  of  Britain:  Memoirs  Geol.  Survey  Gt.  Brit.,  vol.  3.  1893,  pp. 309-313;  vol.4, 
1894,  p.  459;  vol.  5,  1895,  p.  297.   The  geology  of  England  and  Wales,  1887,  p  599. 

hMarr,  John  E.,  The  scientific  study  of  scenery,  London,  1900,  p.  113.  Ramsey,  A.  C,  Physical  geology  and  geography 
of  Great  Britain,  6th  ed.,  1899,  pp.  362-363,  fig.  129. 

<•  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  Lond.,  vol.  16,  1899,  p.  77. 

<l  Geikie.  Archibald,  Text-book  of  geology,  vol.  2,  1903,  p.  13.    Example  cited:  The  face  of  a  mesa 


30         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


wold;a  (2)  the  top  or  crest  line  of  awold;b  (3)  the  whole  hill  feature — exactly 
synonymous  with  wold  (fig.  6).c 

The  word  cuesta  is  used  in  the  southwestern  United  States  for  a  sloping  plain 
which  is  terminated  on  one  side  by  a  steep  sloped  It  seems  to  have  no  relation  to 
structure,  but  only  to  topographic  form,  and  while  the  long  slope  of  a  wold,  or  dip 
slope,  is  a  cuesta,  a  cuesta  is  not  always  a  dip  slope.  The  word  has  been  apphed  by 
Davis  to  many  of  the  dip  slopes  of  wolds  in  the  United  States,  and  has  been  extended 
by  him  to  include  the  whole  topographic  form,  with  the  remark  that  while  there  may 
be  objection  to  this  use  of  the  word  it  will,  until  a  better  name  is  suggested,  serve 

a  useful  purpose/  Cuesta  should 
doubtless  be  restricted  to  its  original 
usage,  and  apply  only  to  the  gently 
sloping  plain.  A  name  for  the  shorter 
slope  or  inface  can  likewise  be  ob- 
tained in  the  same  region  in  the  com- 
panion terms  to  cuesta  of  ceja  and  ba- 
jada,  the  first  referring  to  an  escarp- 
ment and  the  second  to  "a  gradually 
descending  slope  as  distinguished  from 
a  more  vertical  escarpment."  f  Bajada 
would  then  be  apphed  where  there  is 
no  escarpment  or  where  the  escarp- 
ment feature  was  an  insignificant  por- 
tion of  the  whole  slope;  while  ceja 
would  be  applied  where  the  scarp 
forms  the  major  part  of  the  bound- 
ary between  two  successive  cuestas 
(fig.  7). 

WOLDS  AND  VALES. 

FIG.  8.-Sketch  map  showing^loeations  of  sections  shown  on  ^  coastal  p]ain  Qf  New  JerSeV 

there  is  a  well-marked  vale  and  wold 
(PI.  V)  and  a  less  perfectly  developed  pair.  The  innermost  vale  may  be  traced  more 
or  less  continuously  from  the  Potomac  River  near  Washington  to  northern  Long  Island , 
and  perhaps  to  southeastern  Massachusetts;  in  it  are  found  Long  Island  Sound 
and  the  northeast  and  southwest  portions  of  the  Delaware,  Susquehanna,  and 
Potomac  rivers.  Through  New  Jersey  it  is  particularly  well  marked,  and  may 
be  named  the  Hightstown  Vale,  from  Hightstown,  in  Mercer  County,  where  it  is 
typically  developed  (Pis.  II  and  V,  C). 

Coastward  of  the  Hightstown  Vale  and  overlooking  it  is  a  range  of  rolling  hills, 
highest  to  the  northeast  at  Beacon  Hill  and  Telegraph  Hill,  N.  J.,  and  Mannetto  Hills. 

«  Harrison,  W.Jerome,  Geology  of  the  counties  of  England.  1882,  p.  344.  Geikie,  James,  Earth  sculpture,  1898,  p.  58,  fig.  IS. 
t>  Marr,  John  E  ,  The  scientific  study  of  scenery,  1900,  p.  117. 

e  Geikie,  James,  Earth  sculpture,  1898,  pp.  66, 70,  fig.  23.   Woodward,  Horace  H..  The  geology  of  England  and  Wales.  1887, 
p.  599;  The  Jurassic  rocks  of  Britain:  Memoirs  Geol.  Survey  of  United  Kingdom,  vol.  4,  1894,  p.  459;  ibid.,  vol.  5,  1895, p.  297. 
<*  Hill,  R.  T.,  Description  of  topographic  terms  of  Spanish  America:  Nat.  Geog.  Mag., vol.  7,  1896,  p.  295. 
<  Davis,  W.  M.,  The  drainage  of  cuestas:  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  London,  vol.  16,  1899,  pp.  76,  77. 
/  Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  7,  1896,  p.  297. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  44     PL.  V 


■ 


I  llllll  I  I  I 


COMPARATIVE  CROSS  SECTIONS  OF  LONG  ISLAND  AND  NEW  JERSEY  ALONG  LINES  SHOWN 
IN  FIGURE  8,  SHOWING  RELATIONS  OF  THE  TOPOGRAPHIC  FEATURES. 

By  A.  C.  Veatch,  1904. 

Dotted  portion  of  sections  A-A  and  B-B  represents  Pleistocene  deposits     Broken  line  marked  Cr.  shows  p'e-Cretaceous 

peneplain. 

1711G— No.  44— 0G— 3 


TERTIARY  PERIOD 


31 


Long  Island,  but  gradually  becoming  lower  and  of  less  importance  topographically  to 
the  south.  This  range  of  hills  is  typically  developed  at  Perrineville,  in  Monmouth 
County,  N.  J.,  5  or  6  miles  east  of  Hightstown,  and  is,  therefore,  named  the  Perrine- 
ville Wold.  Both  the  Hightstown  Vale  and  Perrineville  Wold  have  been  produced 
by  the  differential  erosion  of  Cretaceous  strata.  Of  the  minor  and  but  partly  devel- 
oped vale  and  wold  to  the  east  of  the  Perrineville  Wold  little  need  be  said  at  this  time, 
except  to  point  out  then-  general  resemblance  to  the  major  topographic  features  of 
this  type. 

DEFLECTION  OF  RIVERS  IN  HIGHTSTOWN  VALE. 

In  s'tudying  the  abnormal  deflection  of  the  rivers  in  the  Hightstown  Vale  it  is  nec- 
essary to  commence  with  the  uplift  which  marked  the  beginning  of  the  post-Miocene 
erosion  cycle.  At  that  time  the  streams  issuing  from  the  valleys  of  the  older  land 
followed  the  retreating  sea  directly  across  the  emerging  coastal  plain  and  adapted 
themselves  to  its  minor  irregularities  and  gentle  slope  (PI.  VI,  A).  During  this 
period,  in  the  region  north  of  Virginia,  the  streams  near  the  landward  edge  of  the 
Miocene  rocks  cut  through  the  Miocene  and  reached  the  Cretaceous.  The  soft  basal 
Cretaceous  rocks  were  more  easily  eroded  than  the  overlying  ones,  and  a  shallow  vale, 
overlooked  by  a  low,  northwest-facing  wold  broken  by  the  transverse  or  dip  valleys  of 
the  main  streams,  was  developed  parallel  to  the  old  shore  line.  This  ancestral  Hights- 
town Vale  and  Perrineville  Wold  was  farther  inland  than  to-day  and,  though  not 
prominent,  was  doubtless  well  marked. 

In  the  succeeding  Lafayette  submergence  a  mantle  of  littoral  sediments  was 
spread  over  the  coastal  plain.  The  narrow  transverse  valleys  through  the  wold 
(fig.  5)  were  more  nearly  obliterated  by  this  mantle  than  the  broad  vale,  and  when 
the  land  was  again  elevated  the  ancestral  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Susquehanna,  and 
Potomac  rivers  discharged  into  a  slightly  depressed  trough.  Had  there  been  no 
tilting  in  either  direction  in  this  uplift  these  rivers  would  have  overflowed  the 
barrier  afforded  by  the  wold  and  the  more  or  less  completely  filled,  narrow,  trans- 
verse valleys  and  cut  new  channels  directly  to  the  sea;  but  if  there  was  tilting  in 
cither  direction  the  rivers  would  have  flowed  down  the  vale  in  direction  of  the  tilting 
and  finally  escaped  seaward  through  the  partly  filled  depressions  of  lower  transverse 
stream  valleys.  As  these  streams  were  favored  by  softer  strata  and  by  greater 
volumes,  they  maintained  their  ascendancy  over  the  smaller  streams  which  developed 
east  of  the  crest  of  the  Perrineville  Wold,  and  so  persisted  in  their  deflected  courses 
(PI.  VI,  B). 

In  much  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  where  the  more  recent  deposits  overlying 
these  Cretaceous  beds  have  not  been  removed,  no  such  deflection  of  the  rivers  occurs; 
but  in  Alabama  where  this  mantle  is  no  longer  present  the  Coosa  is  deflected  into  an 
east-west  course  at  the  point  where  it  leaves  the  older  land ;  farther  north  the  Ten- 
nessee is  deflected  under  conditions  very  similar  to  those  on  the  North  Atlantic  coast. 

Two  other  explanations  have  been  offered  for  this  deflection,  the  first  by  McGee," 
and  the  second  by  Darton.6  In  the  first  the  deflection  is  attributed  to  faulting  and 
in  the  second  to  the  action  of  coastal  bars.    In  the  first  case  it  must  be  regarded  as  a 

i  McGee,  W  J,  The  geology  of  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay:  Seventh  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1888,  pp.  616-634. 
ftDarton,  N.  H.,  Jour,  geol.,  vol.  2,  1894,  p.  581;  also  Newsom,  J.  F.,  The  effect  of  sea  harriers  upon  ultimate  drainage: 
Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  7,  1899,  pp.  445-451. 


32         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


very  strange  coincidence  that  a  fault  should  follow  the  curved  line  of  strike  of  the 
Cretaceous  when  this  is  not  parallel  to  the  mountain  chains  and  produce  a  valley  just 
where  a  vale  should  he  produced  by  differential  erosion.  Moreover,  the  rock  surface 
beneath  the  plain  and  the  remnants  of  the  old  surface  preserved  in  the  crests  or  flat 
tops  of  the  hills  through  New  Jersey  show  no  break  such  as  would  have  been  pro- 
duced by  a  fault. 

Darton's  explanation  was  proposed  when  further  field  work  had  proved  the  non- 
existence of  this  hypothetical  fault,  and  was  based  on  the  prevailing  southward  drift 
of  the  sands  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  This  is  assumed  to  have  prevailed  since  early 
Cretaceous  time,  and  to  have  produced  the  ultimate  deflection  of  the  rivers  by  build- 
ing spits  or  bars  along  the  shores.  There  are  two  objections  to  this  hypothesis:  (1) 
it  does  not  explain  why  the  deflection  is  confined  to  the  outcrop  of  the  soft  layers  of 
the  Cretaceous — why  it  does  not  extend  continuously  southward  through  the  coastal 
plain,  but  reappears  when  the  Cretaceous  is  again  exposed ;  (2)  all  the  coastal  bars  now 


97= 


S  -A  Oy 

Mm  V 

t  ^\  1  V 

V  I 

\ 
\> 

V;- 

0 

0 

0 

V 

\ 

if 

V 

Fig.  9. — Comparative  maps  showing  deflection  of  streams 
duced  by  the  large  Texas 


in  the  Hightstown  Vale  and  the  deflection  which  would  be  pro- 
bars  if  the  land  were  elevated. 


forming  are  cut  by  important  breaks,  or  tidal  guts,  and  while  these  might,  if  the  land 
were  elevated,  produce  minor  deflections  under  certain  favorable  conditions,  they 
could  not  cause  deflections  of  this  magnitude,  and  the  deflections  would  not  have  the 
same  uniformity  in  direction.  The  long  Texas  bars  offer,  perhaps,  the  closest  analogy 
to  hypothetical  bars  necessary  for  the  diversion  of  these  northern  rivers,  both  in  the 
length  of  the  bars  and  the  size  of  the  rivers  discharging  into  the  coastal  lagoon  behind 
them.  However,  careful  study  of  the  Coast  Survey  charts  shows  that  where  the 
rivers  are  carrying  a  moderate  amount  of  sediment,  as  the  Brazos  and  the  Rio  Grande, 
they  have  extended  their  mouths  to  the  coastal  barrier,  and  that  where  they  are  not 
so  laden  there  is  always  a  deep  channel  or  tidal  gut  in  the  bar  so  situated  that  the 
deflection  on  elevation  would  be  comparatively  small.  The  comparatively  insig- 
nificant effect  that  these  bars  would  have  in  case  the  land  were  elevated  is  shown  in 
fig.  9.  Rivers  may  be  deflected,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Colorado,  but  it  is  regarded  as 
extremely  improbable  that  they  could  be  deflected  to  the  extent  and  with  the  regu- 
larity of  the  rivers  in  the  Hightstown  Vale. 


100 


SO       25  0 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO. 44      PL. VI 


(Bi  POST  -  LAFAYETTE  EROSION  INTERVAL 


OF  NORTH  ATLANTIC  COASTAL  PLAIN 

SATCH 

14 

le 

200  300  miles 


QUATERNARY  DEPOSITS. 


33 


QUATERNARY. 

While  during  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  the  portion  of  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain 
between  Cape  Hatteras  and  Nantucket  was  subjected  to  very  nearly  the  same 
conditions  and  the  development  was  therefore  the  same  in  both  periods,  in  the 
Quaternary  new  factors  arose  which  affected  only  the  region  from  Long  Island  east- 
ward, and  gave  to  it  a  surficial  aspect  differing  decidedly  from  that  of  the  other 
portions  of  the  coastal  plain  to  the  south.  Although  the  several  ice  advances  directly 
affected  Long  Island  and  the  region  eastward,  none  of  them  reached  the  coastal 
plain  of  New  Jersey  and  Maryland,  and  here  the  only  records  of  Pleistocene  time 
are  therefore  the  terraces  formed  in  such  positions  that  they  were  not  destroyed  by 
subsequent  submergences. 

In  the  region  affected  by  the  glaciers  the  following  divisions  of  the  Pleistocene 
have  been  recognized : 

Table  II. — Ple  istocene  formations  on  Long  Island. 


Division. 


Tisbury  stage. 
Gardiner  interval. 


Gay  Head  folding. 
Sankatv  stage  


Jameco  stage. 


Post-Manrietto  and  pre-Jameco  erosion  . 
Mannetto  stage  


Characterization. 


Wisconsin  stage    

Late:  Harbor  Hill  Moraine. 

Early:  Ronkonkoma  Moraine. 
Vineyard  interval.   


(Glacial:  Formation  of  two  lines  of  terminal  moraines,  with 
[    accompanying  outwash  and  kettle  plains. 

Interglacial:  Elevation  of  land  150  to  200  feet  above  the  present 
sea  level,  and  profound  erosion  of  Tisbury. 

Glacial:  Depression  200  to  250  feet  below  sea  level,  and  forma- 
tion of  great  deposit  of  outwash  sand  and  gravel. 

Interglacial:  Land  somewhat  lower  than  to-day:  erosion  of 
folds  produced  by  the  Gay  Head  folding. 

Glacial :  Folding  of  surficial  portions  of  all  older  formations. 

Interglacial:  Formation  of  clay  and  sand  beds  with  land  slightly 
above  the  present  sea  level. 

Glacial:  Partial  filling  of  Sound  Valley  in  western  Long  Island, 
and  deposition  of  gravel  with  large  bowlders  on  Gardiners  and 
New  England  islands. 

Interglacial:  A  long  erosion  period,  with  land  about  300  feet 
above  the  present  sea  level. 

Glacial:  Depression  of  300  feet;  deposition  of  old  gravel  in 
West  and  Wheatlev  hills. 


MANNETTO  GRAVEL. 


CONDITIONS  OF  DEPOSITION. 

Following  the  long  post-Lafayette  erosion  epoch,  when  the  drainage  was  approxi- 
mately as  showm  in  PI.  VI,  B,  the  land  was  submerged  to  a  depth  of  about  300  feet 
at  Long  Island,  and  a  mantle  of  gravel  and  loam  spread  over  the  irregular  surface 
developed  during  the  Tertiaiy. 


34        UNDEEG ROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


CHARACTER  OF  DEPOSITS. 

In  this  region  these  deposits  are  for  the  most  part  composed  of  quartz  gravel, 
but  contain  also  some  very  much  decayed  pebbles  and  bowlders  of  probable  glacial 
origin,  in  which  respect  they  agree  with  the  earliest  Pleistocene  deposits  which 
Salisbury  has  recognized  in  New  Jersey. 

PRESENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

Because  of  the  destructive  and  reconstructive  effects  of  the  succeeding  periods 
the  deposits  of  this  age  are  now  recognizable,  as  a  rule,  only  in  the  higher  levels,  and 
the  typical  examples  on  Long  Island  are,  therefore,  on  the  highest  hills  of  the  pre- 
Pleistocene,  as  in  the  Mannetto  (West)  and  Wheatley  lulls,  from  the  first  of  which  the 
formation  has  been  named. 


POST-MANNETTO  AND  PRE-JAMECO  INTERVAL. 

Following  the  deposition  of  the  Mannetto  gravel  the  land  was  again  lifted,  this 
time  to  a  height  of  something  of  over  250  feet,  and  the  work  of  the  preceding  erosion 
epochs  was  continued.  The  Mannetto  deposits  were  to  a  large  extent  removed  and 
the  valleys  somewhat  deepened. 

JAMECO  GRAVEL. 


CONDITIONS  OF  DEPOSITION. 


Ov   CO     CO  CO 


The  ice  sheet,  again  advancing,  appears  to  have  about  reached  the  present 
north  shore  of  Long  Island,  and  to  have  extended  well  down  toward  Block  Island 

s  and  Marthas  Vineyard.  On 

western  Long  Island  the 
Sound  River  Valley  (PI.  VI) 
offered  a  natural  outlet  for 
the  detrital-laden  streams 
issuing  from  the  ice  front, 
and  as  the  land  probably 
stood  somewhat  lower  than 
in  the  preceding  erosion 
epoch,  the  old  valley  was 
partly  filled  with  liighly 
erratic  sand  and  gravel  (fig. 
10).  This  glacial  debris 
was  deposited  along  the 
north  shore  and  in  the  region  to  the  east,  but  not  south  of  the  nucleus  of  older 
upland.  The  deposits  are  then  thickest  in  and  near  the  old  valley;  they  are  poorly 
developed  on  the  south  shore  east  of  this  valley,  but  reappear  in  force  on  eastern  Long 
Island  and  the  islands  to  the  east,  where  they  have  been  brought  up  by  folding. 

CHARACTER  OF  DEPOSITS. 

In  western  Long  Island  the  Jameco  gravels  consist  of  dark-colored  sands  and 
gravels  that  vary  considerably  in  coarseness  and  are  distinguished  by  the  small  per- 


Fig.  10.— Section  from  near  Ridgeway,  Brooklyn,  to  Valley  Stream,  showing  po- 
sition of  (1)  Wisconsin,  (2)  Tisbury,  (3)  Sankaty,  (4)  Jameco,  (5)  Cretaceous 
lieds,  and  the  east  side  of  the  Sound  River  Valley.  Figures  correspond  with 
those  used  in  PI  XXIV  and  in  Chapter  IV. 


JAMECO  GRAVEL. 


35 


Fig.  11.— Section  near  middle  of  northeast  shore  of  Gardiners  Island,  N.  Y.;  (0)  black 
Cretaceous  clay;  (1)  fine  gray  micaceous  sand  (Cretaceous);  (2)  Jameco  grave); 
(3)  red  clay  (Sankaty);  (4)  silty  sand  (Sankaty);  (5)  Wisconsin  till  and  outwash 
gravel.   Height  of  section,  60  feet 


centage  of  quartz  which  they  contain.  Even  the  surface  gravel,  which  represents 
the  outwash  when  the  ice  was  but  a  few  miles  to  the  north,  contains  a  very 
much  higher  percentage 
of  quartz;  the  only  gravel 
beds  on  the  island  resem- 
bling these  occur  in  the 
Wisconsin  deposits  in  and 
north  of  the  moraine.  So 
pronounced  was  the  gla- 
cial character  of  these  old 
gravels  that  when  they 
were  first  examined  it 
was  thought  they  surely  represented  surface  Wisconsin  deposits,  and  that  some 
careless  clerk  had  inverted  the  tube  and  labeled  it  upside  down;"  but  this  theory 
became  untenable  as  well  record  after  well  record  was  examined,  and  all,  in 
certain  regions,  showed  the  following  succession: 

Geologic  succession  in  wells  in  western  Long  Island. 

1.  Quartz  sand  and  gravel  with  a  noticeable  percentage  of  erratic  material  (Wisconsin). 

2.  Quartz  sand,  gray  or  yellow,  with  little  if  any  material  of  recognizable  glacial  origin  (Tisbury). 

3.  Blue  clay  with  wood  (Sankaty). 

4.  Dark,  multicolored,  highly  erratic  gravel  (Jameco). 

East  of  this  valley  and  the  delta-like  extension  at  its  opening  the  only  repre- 
sentatives of  this  period 
are  the  normal  coastal 
sands  and  gravels  simi- 
lar- to  the  beds  above 
and  below,  and  seldom 
separable  from  them. 

At  Gardiners  Island 
and  on  Marthas  Vine- 
yard the  percentage  of 
fine,  yellow,  gravel  is  much  greater,  and  the  beds  contain  very  large  bowlders  of 
compound  quartz  crystalline  rocks,  indicating  the  nearness  of  the  ice.  These  beds, 
which  are  here  brought  up  by  folding,  are  likewise  separated  from  the  younger 
gravels  by  the  clay  deposits  of  the  Sankaty  (figs.  11,  12). 

PRESENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

On  the  north  shore  the  Jameco  beds  have  been  considerably  eroded  and  dis- 
turbed and  are  not  always  readily  separable  from  the  succeeding  deposits.  Occa- 
sional remnants  of  considerable  local  importance  as  sources  of  water  supply,  how- 
ever, have  been  encountered,  as  indicated  in  the  well  records. 

On  the  south  shore  where  the  Jameco  beds  have  not  been  eroded  and  are 
typically  developed  in  the  region  of  the  old  valley  (fig.  10)  they  form  one  of  the 
most  important  water  horizons  of  the  island. 


Fig.  12. — Section  on  west  side  of  hollow  which  afforded  the  section  in  fig.  11,  about 
200  feet  farther  west    The  numerals  indicate  same  beds  as  in  fig  11 


«  The  samples  of  the  borings  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  are  preserved  in  the  Municipal  Building,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in 
glass  tubes  representing  miniature  reproductions  of  the  borings. 


36 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


SAXKATY  FORMATION. 


CONDITION'S  OF  DEPOSITION. 


The  effect  of  the  Jameco  epoch  was  to  partly  fill  the  Sound  Valley  on  western 
Long  Island  and  to  spread  a  relatively  thin  cover  of  gravel  and  sand  over  the  areas 
not  in  the  lee  of  the  old  land  masses.  With  the  continuance  of  the  progressive 
subsidence,  which  appears  to  have  begun  near  the  close  of  the  post-Mannetto 
erosion  interval,  the  coarser  beds  of  the  Jameco  were  succeeded  by  finer  sediments, 
and  as  the  ice  retreated,  temperate  water  forms  similar  to  those  living  to-day 
occupied  the  waters.  The  land  stood  about  50  feet  higher  than  to-day,  and  there 
existed  an  ancestral  Long  Island  rudely  resembling  the  present  island.  The  beds 
forming  near  its  shore  were  predominantly  swampy  and  in  many  ways  similar  to 
those  accumulating  on  a  minor  scale  at  present.  These  swamp  conditions  gave 
place  in  deeper  water  to  more  truly  marine  ones,  where  marine  forms  were  included, 
in  greater  or  less  numbers,  in  the  sediments  deposited. 


^1  Sea  level 
tS^OO  feet 
400  " 
600  " 


Sankaty  Jameco  Cretaceous  Bed  rock 

Fig.  13.— Section  from  Wards  Island  to  Barnum  Island,  showing  fold  at  Rockaway  Ridge  (Hewlett),  and  the  relations  of 
the  Sankaty.  Jameco,  Cretaceous,  and  "bed  rock."  Figures  correspond  to  those  used  on  PI.  XXIV  and  in 
Chapter  IV 

CHARACTER  OF  DEPOSITS. 

These  sediments  therefore  vary  from  truly  swampy  deposits  on  the  one  hand  to 
relatively  fine  sands  and  clays,  which  show  no  trace  of  swamp  origin,  and  which  con- 
tain shallow-water  mollusks  on  the  other;  thus  on  western  Long  Island,  where  the 
partly  filled  channel  of  the  Sound  Valley  favors  the  formation  of  swamp  deposits, 
there  are  irregular  beds  of  dark-colored  clay  (figs.  10,  13),  containing  considerable 
lignite  and  lignitized  wood,  occasional  lenticular  beds  of  silty  sand  and  gravel 
from  5  to  10  feet  thick,  and,  toward  the  coast,  a  few  marine  shells.  On  the  other 
band,  the  beds  of  this  age  on  (iardiners  Island  (figs.  14,  15),  which  have  been  brought 
u p  by  folding,  were  formed  farther  from  the  shore,  contain  no  lignitic  material, 
and  carry  a  good  molluscan  fauna.  In  general  this  formation  is  about  50  feet 
thick,  although  some  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  test  borings  show  a  thickness 
of  150  feet  near  the  axis  of  the  old  valley. 

PRESENT  DISTRIBUTION . 

The  Sankaty  deposits,  like  the  Jameco,  occur  on  the  north  shore  merely  as 
erosion  remnants,  more  or  less  disturbed  by  folding,  and  associated  with  some- 


GAY   HEAD  FOLDING. 


87 


what  similar  Cretaceous  deposits.  They  afford  some  of  the  local  clay  layers  which 
are  the  retaining  layers  in  some  of  the  shallow  north  shore  artesian  wells  (fig.  16). 

On  the  south  shore  these  beds  are  most  typically  developed  in  the  region  of 
the  old  valley,  where  they  form  the  retaining  layer  for  the  water  in  the  Jameco 
gravels  (fig.  13).  East  of  Springfield  they  are  less  t}Tpical,  although  well  developed 
at  the  Queens  County  Water  Company's  plant  and  under  Rockaway  Ridge. 
Their  presence  is  suggested  by  the  silty  clays  overlying  the  artesian  horizons  at  a 
number  of  the  Brooklyn  plants  east  of  Millburn. 


GAY  HEAD  FOLDING. 


DESCRIPTION. 

The  exact  conditions  immediately  following  the  deposition  of  the  Sankaty 
are  not  known,  but  there  is  no  evidence  indicating  that  the  relative  positions  of 


Fig.  14.— Section  at  Tobacco  Point,  east  side  of  Oardiners  Island,  N.  Y.   1,  Cretaceous;  2,  Jameco  gravel;  3,  red  clay  (San- 
katy); 4,  fossil  ted  with  bowlders  (Sankaty).   Height,  20  feet;  length,  1 ,200 ± feet.    Surface  beds  omitted. 

the  land  and  sea  were  materially  changed.  The  increasing  sandiness  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  Sankaty  on  Gardiners  Island  suggests  a  slight  change  from  the  progress- 
ive subsidence  which  began  in  the 

post-Mannetto  interval,  but  the  X 
change  was  not  of  a  very  great  \ 
order.    The  important  and  dis-  \ 
tinctive  feature  of  this  period  is  /  i 

the  wonderful  folding  and  disturb-        /  j 
ance  of  the  beds  along  the  north  / 
shore  of  Long  Island  and  the  / 
islands  eastward.    These  folded 
and  faulted  strata  can  now  best 
be  seen  at  Gay  Head  on  Marthas 
Vineyard  (fig.  1 7)  and  on  Gardiners 
Island  (figs.  11,  12,  14,  15).  At 
Gay  Head  Woodworth  has  very 
carefully  worked  out  a  section 
showing  a  deformation  of  more 
than  200  feet  and  a  wonderful 
series  of  closely  compacted  folds 
and  faults.    On  Gardiners  Island 
the  folds  are  as  complicated  as 
on  Marthas  Vineyard,  and  the  opportunities  for  study  even  better.    It  is  regarded 
as  particularly  unfortunate  that  time  was  not  available  in  which  to  work  out  the 
detailed  maps  and  sections,  which  are  urgently  needed  at  this  locality.    At  present 


u 
/= 
i  • 

:x       /  •» 
tltbJ  s 

//// '///ffK  u- 

Sea  level  h 

1  ?v 

/    '  /        1  1 

Beach 

s 

nil 

£•>>'       1      2  3 

Fig.  15. — Section  near  Cherry  Hill  Point,  Gardiners  Island,  showing 
location  of  fossil-bearing  stratum.  1,  Laminated  red  clay  and  sand; 
2,  mottled-gray,  brown,  and  yellow  sand;  3,  dark,  yellowish-brown, 
silty  clay;  4,  till.   1-3  are  Sankaty;  4  is  Wisconsin. 


38         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   TSLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


it  can  only  be  stated  that  while  the  axes  of  a  series  of  adjacent  folds  are  generally 
parallel,  they  are  not  parallel  to  the  axes  of  a  series  at  no  very  great  distance. 
Thus,  near  the  center  of  the  northeast  shore  a  series  of  four  folds  was  seen  whose 
axes  are  N.  20°  W.,  while  a  little  farther  east,  near  Eastern  Plain  Point,  the  axis 
of  three  or  four  sharp  overturned  folds  is  almost  due  east  and  west. 

Ries  observed  a  similar  folded  structure  on  Fishers  Island,  where  excavation 
has  shown  that  the  folding  does  not  extend  downward  over  20  or  30  feet/'  On 
Long  Island,  near  Orient,  Mather  observed'  the  same  phenomena  (fig.  18)  and 
noted  their  superficial  character. b  Some  folding  and  disturbance  of  strata  can  be 
observed  in  nearly  all  of  the  outcrops  of  the  older  beds  on  the  north  shore,  among  which 
should  be  noted  particularly  those  near  Lloyd  Beach  in  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  at  the 
.southern  end  of  Center  Island,  and  at  Glen  Cove  and  Sea  Cliff.  In  these  regions  well 
borings  have  clearly  shown  that  the  folding  is  entirely  superficial  (PI.  II,  fig.  16). 


CAUSE  OF  FOLDING. 


In  studying  the  cause  of  tins  folding  four  principal  points  need  to  be  considered: 
(1)  As  the  folding  involves  glacial  deposits,  it  is  clearly  Pleistocene;  (2)  it  is  essen- 


OS  "  <o 


Fig.  16.— Cross  section  through  Oyster  Bay  and  Center  Island,  show  ing  relations  of  clay  and  water-bearing  horizons  encoun- 
tered hi  the  Oyster  Bay  wells  to  the  Cretaceous  clays  and  Lloyd  gravel  in  the  Center  Island  wells. 


tially  superficial  and,  therefore,  can  not  be  of  orogenic  origin;  (3)  it  occurs  wholly 
in  a  glaciated  region,  other  portions  of  the  coastal  plain  showing  no  analogous  phe- 
nomena; (4)  the  general  direction,  as  well  as  the  local  irregularities  of  the  folds,  - 
are  such  as  would  be  expected  from  ice  thrusts.  To  account  for  these  folds  three 
theories  have  been  advanced:  (1)  That  they  are  due  to  landslips;*"  (2)  that  they 
were  formed  by  mountain-building  forces ; d  (3)  that  they  were  produced  by  the 
lateral  shove  of  a  continental  ice  sheet/ 

It  is  well  known  that  landslip  or  hill  creep  can  produce  local  disturbances  of 
considerable  importance,  and  these  phenomena  may  be  observed  to-day  in  all  bluff 
sections  or  steep  slopes  in  this  region,  particularly  at  the  Broken  Grounds  or  Ragged 
Ground  near  Fresh  Pond,  north  of  Northport  (PI.  VII).    At  these  places,  however, 

"  Hull.  New  York  State  Mus.  No.  35,  1900,  p.  603. 
6  Geology  of  the  First  District,  1843,  pp.  249,  259. 

«  Mather,  W.  W.,  Report  of  the  first  district,  1843,  p.  249.    Dana,  Manual  of  Geology,  1895,  p.  1021. 

dShaler,  N.  S.,  Seventh  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1888,  pp.  343-347;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  5,  1894,  pp.  199-202; 
Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  6,  1895,  p.  7.    Dana,  Manual  of  Geology,  1895,  p.  934. 

'  Merrill,  F.J.  II.,  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  35, 1886,  pp.  228-229.  Hollick,  Arthur,  Trans.  New  York  Acad.  Bel.,  vol. 
13,  1894,  p.  123;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  6,  1895,  pp.  5-7.  Ries,  Ileinrich,  Bull.  New  York  State  Museum,  No.  35,  1900,  p.  603. 


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GAT?   HEAD  FOLDING. 


39 


the  folding  is  essentially  local,  and  presents  neither  the  characteristics  nor  the 
magnitude  of  the  occurrences  at  Gardiners  Island,  Block  Island,  and  Marthas  Vine- 
yard, where  the  materials  have  been  forced  up — not  let  down.  Moreover,  no 
analogous  foldings  occur  in  the  southward  extension  of  the  coastal  plain  beyond 
the  limits  of  ice  action. 

The  theory  of  orogenic  origin  is  not  only  ruled  out  by  the  superficial  character 
of  the  folding,  but  has  other  insurmountable  objections. 


Fig.  17.— Cross  section  at  Gay  Head,  Marthas  Vineyard.  After  Woodworth.  A,  Cretaceous;  B,  Miocene,  with  probably 
Pliocene;  C,  Jameco  and  Sankaty;  D,  thrust  planes  and  faults.  Surface  morainal  deposits  omitted.  Height,  120  feet: 
length,  1  mile 

The  only  hypothesis  which  explains  all  of  the  phenomena  observed  is  that 
the  folding  was  produced  by  the  thrust  or  drag  of  a  continental  ice  sheet.  As 
the  major  portion  of  the  folding  occurred  at  one  time,  or  in  the  same  epoch,  and 


J5^vg~^~e"  c  ^0^q^— -^^rT^Grave^l  and 

)//  UWl               Reddish  brown  clay, 
ii       with  some  stripes  of 

^^^V-,   Clay  and  sand  colored  __ 

west  of  Oyster  Point,  Long  Island,  N.Y. 


Sections,  exposed  by  encroachments  of  the  sea  near 
Browns  Point,  Pettys  Bight,  Long  Island,  N.Y. 


Section  exposed  after  the  storm  of  1 1  th  and  1  2th  of  October,  1 836.    200  yds.  south 
of  Browns  Point   Long  Island  N  Y. 

Fig.  18. — Sections  exposed  at  Browns  Point  after  storm  of  October  11  and  12.  1836.    After  Mather,  1843. 

as  later  deposits  show  only  minor  disturbances,  it  is  necessary  to  suppose  that  the 
conditions  were  more  favorable  during  the  Gay  Head  stage  than  during  the  Wis- 
consin stage,  which  is  the  only  other  advance  which  approached  this  one  in  extent. 
Among  the  conditions  which  may  have  been  effective  in  producing  this  difference 
in  results,  the  following  may  be  enumerated:  (1)  The  ice  producing  this  folding 
extended  farther  south  than  any  previous  advance,  and  therefore  was  resisted  by 
more  of  the  original  irregularities  of  the  surface;  (2)  the  clayey  character  of  the 
strata  against  which  it  pressed  was  particularly  favorable  for  the  production  and 
preservation  of  the  folds,  while  before  the  Wisconsin  all  the  older  beds  had  been 
covered  with  a  heavy  mantle  of  Tisbury  gravels  which  did  not  lend  themselves 
so  readily  either  to  deformation,  or  the  preservation  of  records  of  deformation. 


40         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


In  the  two  most  noted. examples  of  disturbance  by  glacial  action  in  Europe — 
the  Norfolk  Cliffs  in  England,  and  the  cliffs  of  the  islands  of  Moen  and  Riigen"  in 
Denmark  and  Germany — the  conditions  were  very  similar  to  these  in  this  region. 
The  ice,  coming  from  the  harder.  pre-Cretaceous  rocks,  passed  across  a  depression, 
which  may  have  been  filled  with  water,  and.  impinging  against  the  higher  upper 
Cretaceous  beds  covered  with  glacial  sands  and  clays  of  a  former  advance,  produced 
very  remarkable  dislocations  and  contortions.  The  Cretaceous  chalk,  being  more 
brittle  than  the  Cretaceous  clays  of  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  was  more  often 
broken,  and  great  masses  were  pushed  up  bodily  and  commingled  with  the  glacial 
beds. 

The  same  suggestions  of  origin  have  been  proposed  for  these  European  ice- 
made  folds  and  faults,  with  the  addition,  in  England,  of  an  iceberg  hypothesis. 
This  theory,  first  proposed  by'Lyell,*  was  widely  adopted  in  England,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  extended,  careful  work  of  Reid  that  it  was  shown  to  be  untenable. 

GARDINER  INTERVAL. 

After  the  Gay  Head  folding  the  tops  of  the  folds  were  truncated.  While 
this  truncation  might  be  produced  by  the  overriding  of  the  ice.  the  exposures  on 
Gardiners  Island  show  no  evidence  that  it  was  accomplished  in  tins  manner.  The 
truncation  is  clean,  not  dragged  as  it  would  be  if  it  had  been  produced  by  ice, 
and  bears  all  the  aspects  of  having  been  produced  by  water  erosion.  Woodworth 
has  arrived  at  a  similar  conclusion  from  a  study  of  the  exposures  on  the  Xew 
England  islands,  and  feels  that  a  considerable  erosion  period  is  indicated.'  The 
truncation,  as  was  first  observed  by  Mr.  Isaiah  Bowman,  is  more  nearly  that 
which  would  be  produced  on  a  slowly  subsiding  coast  by  wave  action  than  that 
caused  by  stream  erosion  at  a  high  level.  Of  course,  very  long-continued  erosion 
would  eventually  produce  a  base-level  condition,  but  the  decapitation  of  the  folds 
on  such  limited  areas  as  Gardiner.  Block,  and  Nantucket  islands,  and  Marthas 
Vineyard,  under  such  favorable  conditions  as  must  have  existed  there,  would  be 
much  more  quickly  and  normally  accomplished  by  wave  action  than  by  run-off.'' 
It  is  therefore  felt  that  the  land  during  this  erosion  interval,  instead  of  standing 
higher  than  to-day.'  was  50  to  100  feet  lower.  As  the  name  Gay  Head  belongs 
more  properly  to  the  folding  *  than  to  the  erosion  interval  which  followed,  the 
name  Gardiner  interval  is  suggested  for  the  latter,  from  Gardiners  Island,  where 
the  truncated  folds  can  be  well  observed. 

°  Johnstrup,  F.,  t'berdie  Lagerungsverhaltnisse  und  die  Hebungsphiinomene  in  die  Kreidefelsen  auf  M<>cn  und  Riigen: 
Zeitschrift  Deutschen  C.eol.  Gesell..  Band  26, 1874,  pp. 533-5*5.  Reid.  Clement.  The  glacial  deposits  of  (Tomer:  Geol.  Mag.,  new 
series,  vol.  7.  1880.  pp.  55-66,  238-239;  The  geology  of  the  country  around  Cromer:  Memoirs  Geol.  Survey  England  and 
Wales,  1882.    Geikie.  James,  The  Great  Ice  Age,  1894,  pp.  339-341.  426-130. 

hLyell,  Charles.  On  the  bowlder  formation  or  drift  and  the  associated  fresh-water  deposits  composing  the  mud  cliffs  of 
eastern  Norfolk,  London,  and  Edinburg:  Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  16,  3d  ser.,  184C.  p.  379. 

t  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  8.  1897,  pp.  207-211. 

i  See  references  to  destruction  of  European  coast  by  wave  action  in  Lyell.  Principles  of  geology,  vol.  1,  1872.  pp.  507-564: 
Geikie,  Text-book  of  geology,  vol.  1.  1903,  pp.  571-593;  also  Chamberlain  and  Salisbury.  Geology,  1904,  pp.  326-331:  Shaler, 
Sea  and  land,  pp.  1-30;  Tarr,  Physical  geography,  pp.  332-333. 

'Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept.  I'.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt  1.  1896,  table  facing  p.  988. 

/Sec  usage  of  -  Gay  Head  diastrophe."  by  Woodworth,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  8.  1897,  pp.  207-210.  Professoi 
Woodworth  write*.  December  5. 1904:  "  In  regard  to  the  use  of  the  phrase  "  Gay  Head  folding  "  or  its  synonym,  "Gay  Head 
diastrophe"  I  agree  with  you  that  it  is  desirable  to  restrict  it  to  the  mere  fact  of  the  episode  of  the  dislocation  and  to  free 
it  from  the  idea  of  erosion  which  followed  the  time  of  folding.  It  was  an  oversight  on  my  part  in  not  specifically  abandon- 
ing the  earlier  term  of  the  "  Gay  Head  interval,"  which  covered  the  whole  question  of  the  unconformity." 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL   PA^ER   NO.  44     PL.  VII' 


Jl 


HORIZONTALLY  STRATIFIED  TISBURY  [  MAN  H ASSET  )  SAND  AND  GRAVEL 
BEDS,  WITH  INCLUDED  LAYER  OF  BOWLDER  CLAY  (DARK-COLORED 
BAND),  MANHASSET  BOWLDER  BED,  KINGS  SANDPIT,  HEMPSTEAD 
HARBOR,  N.  Y. 


TISBURY  GRAVEL. 


41 


TISBURY   (MANHASSET)  GRAVEL. 

CONDITIONS  OF  DEPOSITION. 

The  subsidence  that  began  near  the  close  of  the  post-Mannetto  erosion  interval, 
and  gradually  increased  during  the  Jameco,  the  Sankaty,  the  Clay  Head,  and  the 
Gardiner  culminated  in  the  Tisbury  epoch,  with  a  total  depression  of  200  to  250 
feet  below  the  present  sea  level.  The  ice  again  advancing  passed  beyond  the 
continental  border  and  deposited  great  beds  of  out  w  ash  gravel  in  the  border  of 
the  sea  and  around  the  higher  parts  of  Long  Island,  then  a  group  of  rather  small 
islands.  As  these  deposits  were  perhaps  laid  down  to  a  great  extent  by  a 
retreating  ice  sheet,  it  is  possible  that  the  ice  extended  south  of  the  Sound  and 
that  the  gravel  capping  the  Half  Hollow  Hills  south  of  the  Wisconsin  deposits, 
and  lapping  around  the  southern  edge  of  the  West  Hills  was  deposited  in  this 
earlier  greater  advance.  The  greater  portion,  however,  was  formed  when  the 
ice  was  but  a  short  distance  north  of  the  present  shore,  the  northern  edge  of 
these  deposits  terminating  along  this  line  in  the  rather  abrupt  scarp  of  a  sand 
plain.  The  deposition  took  place  very  near  sea  level,  and  at  times  the  submergence 
was  sufficient  to  allow  floating  ice.  Such  conditions  are  thought  to  have 
controlled  the  formation  of  the  bowlder  bed  in  the  midst  of  the  stratified  gravels 
in  the  region  about  Hempstead  Harbor  and  caused  the  irregular  distribution  of 
bowlders  through  beds  of  the  same  age  on  Marthas  Vineyard.    (See  PL  VIII.) 

CHARACTER   OF  DEPOSITS. 

The  deposits  of  this  epoch  consist  of  quartz  sand  and  gravel,  containing  a 
relatively  small  proportion  of  slightly  weathered  compound  crystalline  pebbles. 
They  lie  horizontally  on  the  truncated  folds  produced  by  the  Gay  Head  folding  and 
Gardiner  erosion  and  are  separated  from  the  Wisconsin  deposits  by  a  marked 
unconformity.  On  Long  Island  they  differ  from  the  Jameco  in  the  small  amount 
of  erratic  material  which  they  contain  and  from  the  still  older  Mannetto  in  the 
very  slight  weathering  of  the  compound  pebbles.  These  lithological  distinctions 
can  not.  however,  be  regarded  as  absolute,  and  confirmatory  stratigraphic  evidence 
must  be  sought  in  all  cases. 

PRESENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

Wood  worth  has  shown  that  on  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island  the  Tisbury 
sands  were  deposited  as  a  comparatively  level,  plateau-like  plain,  reaching  a  height 
of  over  200  feet.  In  this  region  the  beds  are  most  characteristically  developed  and 
attain  a  maximum  thickness  of  150  to  250  feet.  Deposits  are  commonly  thinner 
near  the  axes  of  the  peninsulas  and  thicken  toward  the  valleys,  as  would  be 
expected  from  their  deposition  over  an  antecedent  topography. 

The  surface  exposures  show  that  the  Wisconsin  is  relatively  thin,  and  while 
there  is  alw  ays  a  chance  of  correlating  some  Mannetto  or  Cretaceous  with  this 
gravel,  or  of  including  stratified  sand  and  gravel  of  Wisconsin  age,  the  following 
table  may  be  regarded  as  giving  a  fair  approximation  of  the  thickness  of  these 
beds  in  this  region. 


42         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  III. — Thickness  of  late  Pleistocene  deposits  in  wells  on  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island. 


Xo  " 

151 

239 
241 
246 
247 
326 
457 
459 
460 
465 
476 
477 
484 
485 
564 
596 
601 
613 
624 
628 
629 
633 
651 
652 
654 
659 
660 
666 
667 
683 
686 
687 
720 
724 
750 
751 
763 
811 
825 
s(l_> 


Location. 


Total 
depth. 


Recent  to 
Wisconsin. 


Tisbury. 


Corona  

Whitestone  

 do  

Kim  Point  

 do  

Thomaston  

Glen  Cove  

 do..  

 do  

1  >osoris  

Lattingtown  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Mill  Neck  

Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

 do.*  

 do  

Huntington  

 do  

 do  

Lloyd  Point  

Huntington  

 do  

Centerport  

Greenlawn  

North  port  

Little  Neck  

 do  

Kings  Park  

Fort  Salonga  

 do  

Smithtown  

Stony  Brook  

St.  James  

 do  

Setauket  

Port  Jefferson  

Wardenclvfle  

(ireenport  


190 

| 

90  ± 

95 

25± 

120 

15 

45 

104 

12 

44+ 

67 

30 

36? 

79 

27 

14 

186. 

9- 

149 

170 

41 

109 

108 

1 

90± 

215 

6- 

lOOib 

265 

7 

100 

110 

! 

100± 

108 

0 

108  ± 

110 

0 

100+: 

330 

j 

100± 

228 

0 

190  N 

195 

0 

195± 

176 

14 

86 

181 

80 

75±: 

498 

10 

78 

97 

25 

60 

250 

(0- 

95) 

102 

» 

102 

75 

10 

70 

185 

175 

186 

0 

''186 

196 

0 

196 

143 

130 

127 

127  -f 

152 

4 

152 

120 

115 

106 

106zb 

212 

0 

130 

110 

0 

110 

150 

60? 

90 

250 

30 

<-220? 

320 

0 

85 

370 

11? 

2704- 

347 

| 

135  ± 

690 

20 

80 

'■  These  numbers  correspond  with  those  used  in  Chapter  IV,  where  additional  details  will  be  found. 

''Outwash  and  Tisburv. 

■  Ulat-ial,  may  be  in  part  older  than  Tisbury. 


VINEYARD  INTERVAL. 


43 


On  the  south  shore  the  thick  beds  of  sand  with  only  a  slight  percentage  of 
glacial  material,  which  occur  between  the  Sankaty  clay  and  the  surface  Wisconsin 
gravel,  are  regarded  as  largely  Tisbury. 

VINEYARD  INTERVAL." 

CHARACTER  OF  SURFACE  AT  BEGINNING  OF  INTERVAL. 

On  Long  Island  the  Tisbury  deposits  to  a  large  extent  buried  the  older 
topography.  They  continued  the  filling  of  the  Sound  Valley  across  western  Long 
Island,  which  was  begun  in  the  Jameco  epoch,  and  buried  the  deep  valleys  which 
had  been  developed  in  the  northern  portion  of  Long  Island  by  streams  flowing 
into  the  Sound  River.  It  does  not  seem  probable  that  the  deposits  extended 
entirely  across  the  Sound,  as  they  would  have  done  had  they  been  normal  marine 
deposits. 

MAJOR  DRAINAGE. 

With  the  retreat  of  the  ice  and  the  elevation  of  the  land  the  rivers  from  the 
mainland  discharged  into  the  depression  overlooked  by  the  sharp  edge  of  the 
great  Tisbury  sand  plain.  The  old  channel 
across  western  Long  Island  having  been  com- 
pletely filled  by  these  deposits,  the  Housa- 
tonic  must  have  discharged  either  through 
East  River  or  to  the  east.  The  latter  direc- 
tion is  indicated  by  the  soundings  in  Long 
Island  Sound.6  Dana  has  suggested  that 
those  soundings  indicate  that  the  river  crossed 
the  North  Fluke  near  Mattituck.  If  such 
was  its  course,  it  probably  continued  south- 
ward, as  indicated  in  PI.  VI,  D.  There  is, 
however,  no  reason  for  regarding  this  course 
as  any  more  probable  than  a  continuation  eastward  to  a  juncture  with  the  Con- 
necticut. 

The  normal  course  for  the  Connecticut  under  these  conditions  would  be 
between  Plum  and  Fishers  islands  and  Montauk  Point  and  Block  Island,  and  the 
present  deep  channel  between  these  points  is  believed  to  be  ultimately  traceable 
to  this  cause.  Moreover,  the  soundings  of  the  Coast  Survey  show,  at  a  depth 
which  other  considerations  caused  to  be  selected  for  the  supposed  shore  line  during 
this  epoch,  a  distinct  deltaform  projection  at  the  point  where  the  Connecticut 
must  have  discharged  (PI.  VI,  D). 

REEXCAVATION  OF  THE  NORTH  SHORE  VALLEYS. 

With  the  establishment  of  these  new  drainage  lines  the  reexcavation  of  the 
valleys  on  the  north  shore  began  along  lines  determined  by  the  position  of  the 
buried  valleys  of  the  northward-flowing  streams  of  the  pre-Tisbury  epoch.  This 
reexcavation  was  greatly  aided  by  the  great  porosity  of  the  materials  filling  the  val- 
leys, which  concentrated  the  underground  waters  in  the  older  depressions  and  gave 


Fig*  19. — Diagram  illustrating  factors  giving  spring 
phenomena  great  power  in  reexcavating  the  north 
shore  valleys. 


o  Woodworth,  Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  1896,  p.  979. 
b  Dana,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  series,  vol.  40,  1890,  pp.  426-431. 


ii         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


rise  to  large  springs  "  (fig.  19).  According  to  this  idea  the  deep  reentrant  valleys 
on  the  north  shore  represent  only  partly  resurrected  pre-Jameco  valleys,  whose 
upper  portions  are  still  partially  buried  and  whose  present  heads  represent  the 
limit  to  which  the  Tisbury  sand  and  gravel  has  been  removed,  with  perhaps  some 
minor  modifications  produced  by  the  Wisconsin  ice. 

LENGTH  OF  INTERVAL. 

The  amount  of  erosion  represented  is  many  times  greater  than  that  accomp- 
lished in  post-Wisconsin  time,  though  considerably  less  than  that  inferred  to  have 
been  accomplished  in  the  post-Mannetto  or  post-Lafayette. 

WISCONSIN  EPOCH. 

CONDITIONS  OF  DEPOSITION. 

At  the  close  of  the  long  Vineyard  erosion  interval  the  ice  again  advanced, 
passed  over  the  irregular  remnants  of  the  Tisbury  beds,  rounded  out,  but  did  not 


74-  73°  72  71"  70° 


.Sanrtij  Huuk 


74-  73"  72"  7fJ  70° 

Fig.  20.— Sketch  map  showing  relative  positions  of  the  ice  during  the  Ronkonkoma  and  Harbor  Hill  stages  of  the  Wisconsin 

period. 

greatly  modify,  the  valleys  redeveloped  in  the  Vineyard  interval,  and  extended 
southward  to  the  remnants  of  the  Perrineville  Wold,  page  31  (Pis.  V  and  IX,  A). 
As  the  Wisconsin  deposits  have  not  been  greatly  modified  by  erosion  nor  buried 
under  nor  commingled  with  younger  deposits,  the  records  of  this  ice  advance 
are  much  more  complete  than  those  of  the  preceding  periods.  It  is  known  that 
the  ice  advanced  to  a  line  roughly  extending  from  Long  Island  City  to  Montauk 
Point,  Block  Island.  Marthas  Vineyard,  and  Nantucket  (Ronkonkoma  morauLd, 
fig.  20) ;  that  it  then  retreated  and,  the  relative  source  of  supply  changing,  advanced 
along  a  different  line,  passing  the  first  advance  in  western  Long  Island,  but  not 
reaching  it  from  Lake  Success  eastward  (Harbor  Hill  moraine).6  The  ice  then 
retreated  and  the  records  of  its  minor  halts  have  been  found  by  Woodworth  near 
Port  Washington  and  College  Point. 

o  On  the  effect  of  springs,  see  Mather,  W.  \\\,  Geology  of  the  first  district,  1843,  p.  33;  Stone,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  34,  1899.  p.  19. 

b  Woodworth,  Bull.  X.  Y.  State  Mils.,  Xo.  48,  1901.  pp.  041,642. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL    PAPEH    NO.  44      PL.  IX 


BOWLDERY  PORTION  OF  THE  HARBOR  HILL  MORAINE  NEAR  CREEDMOOR    N.  Y. 


WISCONSIN  EPOCH 


45 


CHARACTER  OF  DEPOSITS. 

The  Wisconsin  deposits  on  Long  Island  do  not  differ  in  any  respect  from 
those  on  the  adjoining  mainland,  which  have  been  fully  described  by  Salisbury 
in  his  report  on  the  glacial  geology  of  New  Jersey."  They  show  the  same  major 
divisions  of  till  (unstratified  drift  or  bowlder  clay)  and  stratified  drift,  forming 
terminal  moraines,  till'  plains  or  ground  moraines,  outwash  plains,  kettle  plains, 
deltas,  etc.  Terminal  moraines  (PI.  IX,  B)  represent  more  or  less  hilly  accumu- 
lations formed  at  the  end  of  an  ice  sheet  during  a  halt ;  they  are  for  the  most  part 
composed  of  till  or  unstratified  material,  but  may  under  some  circumstances  show 
considerable  stratification,  when  the}*  become  known  as  kames.  Deposits  which 
are  formed  under  the  ice,  or  when  the  ice  is  moving  at  such  a  uniform  rate  that  it 
does  not  form  a  hilly  accumulation  in  well-defined  belts,  are  called  till  plains  or 
ground  moraines.  When  the  ice  is  melting  rapidly  the  outflowing  water  carries 
oft"  a  great  amount  of  detrital  material,  which  is  spread  out  as  alluvial  fans,  and 
when  many  streams  are  concerned  in  this  action  the  adjoining  fans  coalesce  and 
give  rise  to  a  comparatively  level  plain,  called  a  sand  or  outwash  plain,  at  the  edge 
of  which  the  more  important  fans  produce  a  distinct  lobate  effect.  If  detached 
masses  of  ice  are  buried  in  this  outwash  plain,  when  the  ice  retreats  these  masses 
melt  and  produce  a  pitted  or  kettle  plain.  Deltas  differ  from  sand  plains  in  their 
more  limited  size  and  in  the  fact  that  they  are  formed  in  water  by  one  major  stream 
rather  than  by  a  great  number  of  streams  of  about  the  same  size. 

The  materials  composing  these  several  types  on  Long  Island  are  largely  derived 
from  the  local  beds,  for  the  most  part  from  the  Tisbury,  and  it  is  therefore  not 
always  possible  to  distinguish  between  the  Tisbury  and  the  reworked  Tisbury 
belonging  to  the  Wisconsin.  The  Wisconsin,  however,  as  a  rule  contains  a  greater 
percentage  of  erratic  material,  shows  decided  morainic  characteristics,  and  presents 
more  or  less  pronounced  topographic  and  stratigraphic  distinc  tions. 

Thickness. — The  deposits  of  the  Wisconsin,  although  widespread,  are  rela- 
tively thin.  The  till,  which  is  regarded  as  its  most  characteristic  deposit,  has  a 
thickness  of  100  feet  in  places,  and  averages  perhaps  10  to  20  feet.  The  extreme 
thinness  of  the  Wisconsin  can  be  well  observed  along  the  north  shore,  where  the 
waves  expose  bluff  sections.  In  the  outwash  plains  the  distinction  is  not  so  sharp, 
and  considerable  difficulty  is  experienced  in  drawing  a  line  between  the  Tisbury 
and  the  Wisconsin  outwash.  If  the  more  erratic  portion  of  the  plain  is  regarded 
as  Wisconsin,  the  thickness  of  the  deposits  increases  from  only  a  few  feet  near  Babylon 
to  192  feet  at  Ridgewood  (fig.  10). 

In  the  following  table  the  more  noteworthy  occurrences  have  been  brought 
together.  Additional  data  will  be  found  in  the  table,  page  118,  and  in  the  detailed 
well  records,  page  168. 

a  Final  Rept.  State  Geol.  New  Jersey,  vol.  5,  1902. 
17116— No.  44—06  1 


46         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  IV. — Thickness  of  Wisconsin  deposits  on  Long  Island. 


No.o 


Location. 


Pleistocene 
(Recent  to 
llannetto). 


3  Brooklyn  (sewer  tun- 
nel) Sixty-fourth 
and  Sixty-second 
streets. 

23  Brooklyn  


90 


135- 


Wisconsin. 


Till. 


80 


4.5 


Stratified 
gravel. 


Tisbury. 


Remarks. 


10= 


90=    Stratified  gravel  may  be  in  part 

Tisbury. 

30=b   |  Do. 

(?)   


39= 
(?) 


Sand  from  23-105. 
All  sand. 


192= 
97= 
30 
25 

(?) 
(?) 


29 
55 
53 

(?) 
15 


(?) 

(?) 

(?) 
0 
0 


80= 
100= 
(?) 
(?) 
15  ? 


(?) 


'Ml 


30- 
20- 


12+ 


46 


ery  few  wells  report  till  in  this 
region. 


n  Numbers  correspond  to  those  used  on  PI.  XXIV  and  in  Chapter  IV,  where  additional  data  will  be  found. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  TOPOGRAPHIC  FEATURES. 


The  ell'ect  of  the  Wisconsin  deposits  on  the  topography  of  Long  Island  is  almost 
everywhere  visible.  It  is  shown  in  the  mam-  local  details,  which  in  the  aggregate 
are  so  pronounced  that  they  cause  one  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  major  topo- 
graphic features  are  older  and  that  the  Wisconsin  deposits  have  caused  but  surface 


WISCONSIN  DEPOSITS. 


47 


changes  in  the  topography  of  the  island.  Even  had  there  been  no  Wisconsin  ice 
and  no  terminal  moraine  Long  Island  would  have  existed  and  would  have  been 
roughly  similar  to  the  island  of  to-day.  The  island  would  have  had  a  "backbone" 
and  would  have  shown  pronounced  cliffs  on  the  north  shore,  but  many  of  the  steep 
hills  rising  about  50  feet  above  the  surrounding  country  would  have  been  absent, 
as  would  the  many  lakes  in  funnel-shaped  depressions  and  the  immense  bowlders 
which  add  so  much  to  the  picturesqueness  of  certain  areas.  These  effects  have 
been  produced  largely  by  transportation  and  deposition,  though  some  features  are 
traceable  to  erosion  and  folding. 

Transportation  and  deposition. — The  general  effect  of  the  Wisconsin  epoch  was 
to  build  up  rather  than  to  tear  down.  In  some  places  it  added  materially  to  the 
relief,  as  in  Brooklyn,  which,  without  the  moraine,  would  have  been  comparatively 
flat.  In  others,  as  in  the  West  Hills,  the  older  topography  was  so  pronounced 
that  it  was  not  materially  affected.  The  two  lines  of  morainic  hills,  which  have 
at  times  been  regarded  as  the  main  skeleton  of  Long  Island,  are  as  a  whole  to  be 
regarded  as  only  surface  deposits  which  are  recognizable  because  of  their  peculiar 
minor  topographic  forms. 

Associated  with  these  morainic  hills  are  kettle-shaped  depressions,  now  the 
sites  of  many  lakes,  representing  the  positions  of  buried  ice  blocks  which  melted 
when  the  ice  retreated.  These  depressions  contain  water  when  they  satisfy  either 
one  of  two  conditions:  (1)  When  they  are  lined  with  relatively  impervious  strata, 
which  prevents  the  rapid  outward  passage  of  the  water  falling  in  them  or  draining 
from  the  adjacent  hills,  as  Lake  Success;  and  (2)  when  a  portion  of  the  depression 
lies  below  the  main  water  table  (pp.  61-63) .  In  the  latter  case  the  level  of  the  water 
represents  the  main  ground-water  table,  and  the  character  of  the  sides  is  therefore 
immaterial.    Lake  Ronkonkoma  is  an  example  of  this  class. 

Erosion. — One  of  the  most  marked  features  of  the  southern  plain  are  the  dry 
stream  channels  slightly  creasing  it.  These  are  now  generally  regarded  as  the  work 
of  glacial  streams  of  late  Wisconsin  age.  They  are  clearly  not  due  to  causes  now  in 
operation  and  contain  streams  only  in  their  lower  portions  where  the  valleys  cut 
the  ground-water  table. 

Folding. — The  wrinkling  of  the  beds  on  Long  Island  by  the  Wisconsin  ice  was 
slight  compared  with  the  Gay  Head  folding,  from  which,  as  a  rule,  it  may  be  readily 
separated.  The  most  evident  wrinkle,  and  the  one  which  is  of  greatest  topographic 
importance,  is  a  low  ridge  which  extends  from  Far  Rockaway  to  Lynbrook.  On 
the  one  hand  the  Sankaty  clay  underlying  it  shows  that  it  is  a  true  fold  (fig.  13), 
and  on  the  other  the  coarse  Tisbury  gravel  at  the  surface  shows  that  the  folding  is 
post-Tisbury,  for  had  a  fold  existed  in  Tisbury  time  this  coarse  gravel  would  have 
been  deposited  in  the  hollow  rather  than  on  the  crest.  The  axis  of  this  fold  is, 
moreover,  exactly  parallel  to  the  Wisconsin  moraine  to  the  north,  all  of  which 
indicates  that  it  is  due  to  the  weight  of  the  Wisconsin  ice.  The  Sankaty  clay, 
with  its  underlying  water-logged  gravel,  furnished  the  favorable  conditions  nec- 
essary for  the  production  of  a  phenomenon  of  .this  sort. 

The  accompanying  depression  of  Jamaica  Bay  is  but  slightly  connected  with 
this  folding.  It  represents  for  the  most  part  a  partly  filled  portion  of  the  old 
Sound  River  depression. 


48         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


POST-GLACIAL  AND  RECENT. 

After  the  retreat  of  the  Wisconsin  ice  the  land  stood  somewhat  above  its 
present  elevation.  The  only  evidence  indicating  that  this  elevation  was  very 
considerable  is  that  afforded  by  the  close  botanical  affinities  between  the  plants 
found  in  the  sand  hills  of  New  Jersey,  Long  Island,  and  the  New  England  islands. 
Hollick  believes  that  the  only  explanation  of  this  distribution  is  that  since  the 
Glacial  epoch  a  land  connection,  broken  only  by  the  channels  of  the  Hudson  and 
Connecticut  rivers,  existed  for  a  sufficient  period  to  allowr  the  migration  of  these 
plants."  This  would  involve  an  elevation  of  from  100  to  200  feet,  and  so  recent 
an  elevation  should  have  left  very  pronounced  channels  on  the  sea  bottom.  Thus 
far  no  channels  have  been  found  which  can  be  referred  definitely  to  this  epoch, 
and  it  is  this  lack  of  corroborative  evidence  that  is  the  strongest  argument  against 
so  high  an  elevation.  There  is,  moreover,  the  natural  question  whether  a  land 
connection  is  really  necessary  to  account  for  this  distribution  of  the  "  pine-barren 
flora." 

Another  line  of  evidence  pointing  to  a  higher  elevation,  though  not  to  the 
total  amount,  is  offered  by  the  drowned  forests  along  the  south  shore  and  by  the 
less  conclusive  though  corroborative  phenomena  of  barrier  bars  and  receding  sea 
cliffs.  While  buried  vegetable  deposits,  barrier  bars,  and  receding  sea  cliffs  may, 
and  often  do,  occur  under  conditions  which  do  not  indicate  subsidence,  the  evi- 
dence at  this  point  will  bear  no  other  interpretation/'  The  tree  stumps  are  not 
driftwood,  but  are  clearly  in  the  places  where  they  grew.  The  swamp  deposits 
are  being  exposed  on  the  beach  as  the  barrier  bars  migrate  inland.  Indian  shell 
heaps  or  "kitchen  middens"  are  found  which  are  now  covered  at  very  high  tide. 
Most  of  these  data  are  available  in  the  bays  and  marshes  along  the  south  shore, 
where  the  conditions  were  particularly  favorable  for  the  preservation  of  records 
of  this  sort,  but  even  here  the  subsidence  recorded  is  scarcely  greater  than  30  feet. 

The  work  of  Cook  in  New  Jersey  has  led  him  to  estimate  the  rate  of  subsid- 
ence at  that  point  at  about  2  feet  per  century,  and  a  somewhat  similar  rate  must 
affect  Long  Island. 

SUMMARY. 

GEOLOGIC  HISTORY. 

Although  Long  Island  is  underlain  by  metamorphosed  rocks  which  range 
from  Archean  to  Silurian  in  age  and  which  represent  a  long  and  complex  history, 
its  geologic  history  begins  more  properly  with  the  Cretaceous  deposits. 

At  ilii<  time  the  warping  of  the  old  land  surface  permitted  a  northward  trans- 
gression of  the  sea,  into  which  the  rejuvenated  streams  carried  the  residual  material 
formed  in  the  preceding  long  period  of  erosion  and  weathering.  In  this  region 
the  basal  Cretaceous  beds  are  of  the  same  age  as  the  Raritan  in  New  Jersey  and 
belong  to  the  upper  Cretaceous;  above  these  are  more  nearly  normal  sands  and 
days  of  Cretaceous  age,  the  whole  series  having  an  aggregate  thickness  of  1,300 

a  BoUlck,  Arthur,  Plant  distribution  as  a  factor  in  the  interpretation  of  geologic  phenomena,  with  special  reference  to 

Long  Island  and  vicinity   Trans.  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  1893,  pp.  189-202. 
b  Lewis,  B.,  Pop.  Sci  Monthly,  vol.  10,  1877,  pp.  434-439. 


GEOLOGIC  HISTORY. 


49 


to  1,400  feet.  These  beds  are  correlated  with  the  New  Jersey  formations  in  part 
by  paleontologic  and  in  part  by  stratigraphic  evidence.  The  great  greensand 
marl  beds  which  occur  in  the  upper  part  oi  the  Cretaceous  in  New  Jersey  are  absent 
on  Long  Island,  their  place  being  taken  by  fine  sands  with  local  clay  beds,  indi- 
cating a  considerable  change  in  the  local  conditions  of  deposition.  These  beds 
form  the  substructure  of  the  island  and  are  responsible  for  its  major  topographic 
features,  the  Pleistocene  beds  only  mantling  the  older  deposits. 

During  the  greater  part  of  the  Eocene  this  part  of  the  coastal  plain  was  above 
water,  but  late  in  the  Miocene  it  was  again  submerged  and  received  a  covering 
of  the  same  beds  which  are  now  found  along  the  New  Jersey  coast.  On  Long 
Island  these  beds  have  been  almost  entirely  removed  by  erosion  and  are  now- 
recognized  only  in  the  top  of  the  West  Hills  section.  This  distribution  is  similar 
to  that  found  in  New  Jersey,  of  which  Long  Island  is  but  the  normal  geologic 
continuation;  and  unless  there  is  a  much  greater  discordance  in  structure  between 
the  Miocene  and  underlying  beds  than  is  now  known,  the  Tertiary  can  not  occur 
on  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island  and  will  be  found  only  as  elevated  outliers, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  South  Fluke. 

After  the  early  Pliocene  erosion  interval  the  Appomattox  or  Lafayette 
formation  was  spread  as  a  littoral  deposit  over  the  coastal  plain.  Deposits  of 
this  age  have  not  been  recognized  on  Long  Island,  unless  they  are  represented 
by  the  Mannetto,  which  is  regarded  as  younger — probably  Pleistocene.  In  the 
succeeding  very  long  erosion  interval  the  land  stood  higher  than  before  and  was 
more  deeply  eroded.  The  events  of  the  early  Pleistocene  were  very  similar  to 
those  of  the  late  Tertiary;  the  Mannetto,  though  containing  compound  crys- 
talline pebbles,  which  have  caused  it  to  be  referred  to  the  Pleistocene,  is  appar- 
ently a  littoral  deposit,  similar  to  the  Lafayette,  and  the  succeeding  long  erosion 
period  resembles  to  a  great  degree  the  late  Pliocene  (post-Lafayette)  erosion  inter- 
val. On  Long  Island  the  results  would  have  been  essentially  the  same,  whether 
there  was  one  submergence  and  one  erosion  or  two  submergences  (Lafayette  and 
Mannetto)  and  two  erosion  periods.  All  of  the  beds  were  profoundly  eroded,  and 
in  the  gradual  subsidence  following  this  uplift  a  continental  glacier  advanced  well 
toward  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island,  and  the  streams  issuing  from  it  deposited 
great  beds  of  gravel  (Jameco)  in  the  old  Sound  River  V alley  across  western  Long 
Island  and  over  eastern  Long  Island  and  the  New  England  islands.  As  the  ice 
retreated  and  the  submergence  continued  beds  of  sands  and  clay  (Sankaty)  were 
deposited  around  the  nuclei  of  older  uplands.  In  this  epoch  the  land  stood  about 
50  feet  higher  than  at  present,  and  the  climatic  conditions,  as  indicated  by  marine 
fossils,  were  much  the  same  as  to-day.  A  very  extensive  and  important  deglacia- 
tion  is,  therefore,  represented. 

With  the  return  of  the  ice  in  the  period  of  the  Gay  Head  folding  some  of  these 
older  beds  were  overridden  and  a  wonderful  series  of  superficial  folds  produced 
which  involve  alike  the  pre-Cretaceous  beds,  the  Jameco  gravel,  and  the  Sankaty 
clay. 

The  tops  of  these  folds  in  such  exposed  localities  as  Gardiners  Island  and  the 
New  England  islands  were  then  truncated  by  wave  action,  with  the  land  about 
100  feet  below  the  present  sea  level.    An  estimate  of  the  time  involved  in  this 


50         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


wave  cutting  gives  it  a  length  of  perhaps  40,000  years  more  than  that  which  has 
elapsed  since  the  Wisconsin. 

The  progressive  subsidence  continued  throughout  the  next  glacial  epoch,  the 
Tisbury,  when  the  land  was  about  200  feet  below  the  present  sea  level.  In  this 
epoch  great  outwash  gravel  beds  were  deposited  horizontally  on  the  truncated 
folds  of  the  older  deposits  and  around  the  islands  of  the  older  land. 

In  the  Vineyard  interval,  when  the  Tisbury  glacier  had  retreated,  the  lands 
stood  perhaps  200  feet  higher  than  to-day,  and  the  older  valleys  were  partially 
reexcavated.  The  erosion  of  this  epoch,  although  very  great  when  compared  with 
that  which  has  occurred  in  post- Wisconsin  time,  is  very  small  when  compared 
with  that  of  the  post-Mannetto  or  the  post-Lafayette. 

After  this  period  of  erosion  and  high  elevation  the  Wisconsin  glacier  approached 
Long  Island,  and  after  an  initial  advance,  when  the  ice  reached  a  line  extending 
from  Long  Island  through  Montauk  Point  to  Block  Island,  Marthas  Vineyard, 
and  Nantucket,  the  ice  retreated  and  returned  again  with  the  relative  position 
of  the  ice  front  somewhat  altered.  In  this  readvance  it  passed  the  limit  reached 
by  the  first  advance  in  western  Long  Island,  but  did  not  reach  so  far  south  to 
the  east  (fig.  20). 

In  the  comparatively  short  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  retreat  of  the 
Wisconsin  ice  the  changes  have  been  almost  entirely  those  produced  b}-  wind  and 
wave  action  along  exposed  shores.  The  relative  position  of  the  land  and  sea 
undoubtedly  changed  on  the  retreat  of  the  ice,  and  while,  according  to  certain 
peculiarities  of  the  distribution  of  the  flora,  this  change  may  have  amounted  to 
as  much  as  100  or  200  feet,  there  is  no  corroborative  evidence  of  so  high  an 
elevation. 

TOPOGRAPHIC  HISTORY. 

While  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain,  of  which  Long  Island  forms  a  part,  was 
subjected  .to  some  erosion  during  the  Eocene,  the  elevation  was  either  so  slight 
that  it  left  no  pronounced  record  or  the  interval  was  so  long  that  the  country 
was  essentially  peneplained,  and  the  beginnings  of  the  present  topography  were 
not  made  until  the  post-Miocene  uplift,  when  the  streams  emerging  from  the 
older  land  flowed  directly  across  the  coastal  plain  (PI.  VI,  ^4).  As  the  erosion 
progressed  the  thinner  portions  of  the  Miocene  deposits  near  the  Cretaceous  con- 
tact were  cut  through,  and  the  topography  developed  in  this  section  began  to  show 
the  effect  of  the  differences  in  the  hardness  of  the  underlying  strata.  A  low, 
longitudinal  valley,  or  vale,  was  developed  from  the  softer  basal  Cretaceous  layers, 
and  a  belt  of  hill  land,  or  wold,  cut  by  the  narrow  transverse  valleys  of  the  coast- 
flowing  streams,  was  formed  from  the  overlying  harder  ones.  To  the  south  of 
Washington,  where  the  cover  of  Miocene  sediments  was  greater,  the  underlying 
Cretaceous  was  not  reached,  and  the  topography  showed  no  distinctive  features. 
In  the  Lafayette  submergence,  which  followed,  a  littoral  deposit  was  spread  over 
the  coastal  plain,  mantling  the  low  topography  developed  in  the  post-Miocene. 
The  narrow  transverse  valleys  were  obliterated  more  completely  than  the  broad 
vale,  and  when  the  land  was  again  elevated  the  rivers  discharged  into  a  longi- 
tudinal trough.    Had  there  been  no  deflection  the  streams  must  have  cut  new 


TOPOGRAPHIC  HISTORY. 


51 


channels  through  the  harriers  afforded  by  this  ancestral  Perrineville  Wold  (see  p.  31  ) 
and  by  the  nidre  or  less  filled  channels  through  it,  but  as  there  was  a  tilting  to  the 
south  the  rivers  flowed  down  the  partly  filled  Hightstown  Vale  until  they  found  a 
partly  filled  break  of  a  lower  stream  through  which  they  could  turn  seaw  ard.  As 
the  land  rose  higher  and  higher  these  streams  trenched  deeper  and  deeper,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  long  late  Pliocene  (post-Lafayette)  erosion  interval  the  present 
topographic  features  of  the  coastal  plain  were  well  developed  (PI.  VI,  B).  The 
Hightstow  n  Vale  was  strongly  marked,  being  more  pronounced  on  the  north  than 
on  the  south,  owing  to  the  greater  thickness  of  the  Miocene  deposits  in  the  southern 
region.  In  it  were  found  the  northeast-southwest  portions  of  the  Potomac,  Sus- 
quehanna, Delaware,  and  Sound  rivers.  Seaward  of  this  vale  was  the  range  of 
hills  now  recognized  as  the  Perrineville  Wold,  considerably  dissected,  but  essentially 
continuous  from  southern  New  England  to  Virginia.  The  breaks  in  this  range 
were  of  two  kinds — those  due  to  the  present  channels  of  the  rivers  where  they 
turned  seaward  from  the  Hightstown  Vale,  and  those  possibly  representing  coast- 
ward  channels  of  these  streams  in  pre-Lafayette  times  before  their  deflection, 
which  have  persisted  because  of  this  slight  initial  advantage.  Of  such  an  ultimate 
origin  may  be  the  depression  in  the  Perrineville  Wold  across  Newr  Jersey  along 
Rancocas  and  Mullica  rivers,  and  in  Delaware  and  Maryland  between  Delaware 
and  Susquehanna  rivers. 

As  the  subsidence  which  followed  the  late  Pliocene  (post-Lafayette)  uplift 
progressed  the  Hightstown  Vale  became  a  coastal  sound  and  the  Perrineville  Wold 
developed  into  a  chain  of  islands.  One  of  these  was  the  first  Long  Island,  and 
while  it  was  somewhat  different  in  shape  from  the  present  island,  it  showed  many 
points  of  similarity.  It  was  from  this  nucleus  that  the  present  island  was 
developed. 

In  the  Jameco,  Sankaty,  Gardiner,  and  Tisbury  epochs  the  portion  of  the 
Sound  Valley  crossing  western  Long  Island  wras  largely  filled,  some  of  the  beds 
were  profoundly  folded,  the  position  of  some  of  the  more  prominent  points  of 
the  archipelago  to  the  eastward  changed,  and  a  great  deposit  of  gravel  was 
laid  down  about  the  older  nuclei.  When  the  land  was  again  elevated,  Long  Island 
showed  more  nearly  its  present  outline.  The  Tisbury  had  filled  in  and  rounded 
out  the  older  topography  and  made  a  body  of  land  somewhat  larger  than  that 
of  to-day.  with  a  northward-facing  scarp  not  far  from  the  present  bluff  line. 
The  short,  deep  valleys  running  northward  from  the  crest  of  the  wold  were  buried, 
and  there  were,  therefore,  no  deep,  reentrant  bays  or  valleys  such  as  now  char- 
acterize this  shore.  The  Connecticut,  no  longer  able  to  discharge  westward,  cut 
a  new  channel  directly  seaward  between  Fishers  and  Plum  islands  on  t  he  one  side 
and  Block  Island  and  Montauk  Point  on  the  other.  The  Housatonic  probably 
flowed  eastward  and  joined  the  Connecticut  near  Fishers  Island. 

As  the  elevation  continued  the  excavation  of  valleys  in  the  Tisbury  began 
along  lines  determined  by  the  preexisting  valleys,  in  which,  because  of  the  differ- 
ence in  the  porosity  of  the  Tisbury  gravel  and  the  Cretaceous  sands,  the  under- 
ground waters  were  concentrated.  It  is  to  this  exeavation,  in  which  springs 
played  a  large  part,  that  the  present  shape  of  the  north  shore  valleys  is  in  a  large 
measure  due. 


52         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

After  this  period  of  elevation  the  ice  again  advanced,  and,  by  means  of  its  rela- 
tively thin  superficial  deposits  gave  to  Long  Island  its  present  glacial  topography. 
The  moraines  were  deposited  without  regard  to  previous  topography,  and  therefore 
filled  the  Sound  River  Valley  in  Brooklyn,  and  to  the  east  covered  the  older  hills, 
giving  rise  to  the  erroneous  correlation  of  the  whole  hill  mass  as  moraine.  In  the 
outwash  deposits  accompanying  these  moraines,  as  well  as  in  the  moraines  them- 
selves, masses  of  ice  were  buried  which,  on  the  final  retreat  of  the  glacier,  melted, 
and  produced  the  many  picturesque  kettle  holes  which  now  dot  the  island.  The 
channels  across  the  southern  plain  were  also  produced  at  this  time,  and  the  shape 
of  the  north  shore  valleys  was  probably  slightly  modified.  The  changes  since  the 
retreat  of  the  ice  have  been  relatively  slight  and  largely  restricted  to  the  shores; 
the  waves  have  worn  back  the  headlands,  and  the  winds  and  tidal  currents  have 
carried  this  debris  along  the  shore  to  form  bars  and  spits,  sometimes  long,  with  but 
one  end  fixed,  as  the  great  barrier  bar  which  extends  from  Mont  auk  Point  to  Fire 
Island,  sometimes  fixed  at  both  ends,  as  the  bars  which  connect  the  former  islands 
of  Lloyd  Neck,  Eaton  Xeck,  and  Center  Island,  with  the  mainland.  Behind  these 
bars  marshes  have  formed  which,  with  the  silt  brought  down  by  the  streams,  have 
been  struggling  to  reclaim  such  areas  from  the  sea.  Along  the  beaches  and  in 
the  areas  laid  bare  of  vegetation  by  man,  or  forest  fires,  the  winds  have  taken 
up  the  loose  sands  and  piled  them  into  dunes. 


CHAPTER  II 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  CONDITIONS  OF  LONG  ISLAND. 

By  A.  C.  Veatch. 
GENERAL  PRINCIPLES. 

SOURCE  OF  UNDERGROUND  WATER. 

The  water  that  falls  on  the  land  in  part  flows  off  on  the  surface  and  in  part 
sinks  into  the  ground.  In  both  cases  a  portion  is  returned  to  the  atmosphere  by 
evaporation,  and  another  portion  is  consumed  by  living  organisms  and  in  chemical 
work.  The  water  which  flows  on  the  surface  is  called  the  run-off,  though  this 
term  is  used  to  include  also  the  water  which  returns  to  the  surface  after  a  greater 
or  less  underground  passage.  The  water  which  sinks  into  the  ground  through 
the  interstices  of  the  soil  or  rock,  and  furnishes  the  supply  for  springs  and  wells 
and  in  some  cases  for  ponds  and  lakes,  is  called  the  ground  water. 

TRANSMISSION. 

The  "channels"  through  which  this  underground  water  moves  are,  with  rare 
exceptions,  the  small  spaces  between  the  particles  of  which  the  rock  is  composed, 
as  the  sand  of  a  sand  bed  or  sandstone,  or  the  gravel  of  a  gravel  bed  or  conglom- 
erate; therefore,  the  coarser  or  more  porous  the  bed  the  greater  its  water-carrying 
power.  Water  that  travels  through  breaks  in  the  rocks  such  as  joint  planes  or 
fractures  is  rarely  of  very  considerable  economic  importance  and  never,  except  in 
the  case  of  limestones  in  which  caverns  have  been  developed,  forms  an  under- 
ground stream  in  the  usual  sense.  In  the  study  of  underground  water  it  is 
therefore  necessary  at  the  outset  to  abandon  the  idea  of  underground  streams 
resembling  surface  streams,  and  to  conceive  of  the  water  as  passing  through  the 
very  small  interstices  of  sand  or  gravel  or  other  porous  bed,  rather  than  in  great 
open  channels  or  conduits. 

The  motion  of  underground  water,  like  that  of  surface  water,  depends  entirely 
on  gravitation,  and  the  rate  of  motion — or  rapidity  of  flow — depends  on  two  prin- 
cipal factors — slope  and  resistance.  Surface  waters  are  entirely  unrestricted  in 
one  direction  and  their  channels  therefore  readily  adjust  themselves  to  any  amount 
of  water,  the  only  resistance  being  that  of  the  bed  and  banks;  underground  waters, 
on  the  other  hand,  are  carried  in  a  "channel"  composed  of  an  infinite  number  of 
small  openings,  each  of  which  offers  a  resistance  that  varies  inversely  as  its  size,  the 

53 


5-i         V  N  DERG ROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Fig.  21.— Diagram  showing  ground-water  table  unaffected  by  surface 
features. 


whole  resistance  being  in  a  way  the  sum  total  of  these  separate  resistances.  It 
therefore  happens  that  while  surface  water  commonly  moves  at  the  rate  of  a  few 
miles  a  day  underground  water  moves  at  the  rate  of  only  a  few  feet. 

GROUND-WATER  TABLE. 

The  upper  surface  of  the  beds  saturated  by  this  percolating  water  is  called 
the  ground-water  table.    Its  depth  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  varies  with 

the   character  of   the  beds, 
whether  relatively  porous  or 
impermeable;  with  the  rain- 
fall, whether  heavy  or  light, 
and  with  the   relief  of  the 
country.    In  regions  of  low 
rainfall    and  low   relief  the 
water  table  is  very  deep  seated 
and  relatively  horizontal  (fig. 
21).    In  regions  of  greater 
rainfall  and  greater  relief  it  is  relatively  near  the  surface,  and  may  be  directly 
affected  by  the  topography.    If  the  valleys  cut  the  water  table  the  ground  water 
moves  toward  the  vahW,  producing  springs  (fig.  22). 

REQUISITE  CONDITIONS  FOR  FLOWING  WELLS. 

Underground  water  in  passing  downward  ma}T  go  beneath  a  relatively  imper- 
vious layer  which  tends  to  confine  it  and  produce  a  hydraulic  head.  In  this  respect 
underground  waters  differ  from 
surface  waters,  which  are  al- 
ways free  on  one  side  and  can 
not,  except  where  artificially 
confined,  as  by  closed  flumes, 
produce  analogous  phenom- 
ena. This  natural  confine- 
ment of  the  ground  water  causes  water  in  wells  to  stand  above  the  porous  layer 
in  which  it  is  encountered,  and  is  of  vast  economic  importance,  especially  in  arid 
regions  where  the  water  is  very  deep  seated  and  has  been  transferred  from  a  region 
of  more  bountiful  rainfall. 

In  order  that  a  well  may  flow,  it  is  necessary  that  the  following  conditions  be 
satisfied : 

1.  There  should  be  sufficient  rainfall. 

2.  There  should  be  relatively  porous  beds  suitably  exposed  to  collect  and 
transmit  the  w  ater. 

3  There  should  be  less  porous  or  relatively  impervious  layers  so  placed  that 
they  may  confine  the  water  collected. 

4.  The  level  of  t  he  ground  water  at  the  source  should  be  at  a  sufficient  height 
about,  the  mouth  of  the  well  to  compensate  for  the  loss  of  head  due  to  resistance 
and  leakage. 


Diagram  showing  ground-water  table  cut  by  valleys. 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  CONDITIONS. 


56 


The  arrangement  of  the  factors  which  produce  a  flow  is  by  no  means  constant 
These  factors  vary  considerahh"  from  point  to  point,  and  relatively  new  combina- 
tions are  to  be  constantly  expected.    Probably  the  commonest  combination  is  that 
shown  in  the  accompanying  diagram  (fig.  23).    Here  the  confining  beds  are  clay 
and  the  porous  bed  is  a  sand  which  dips  regularly  in  the  direction  in  which  the 

Catchment 


Fig.  23.— Diagram  showing  common  arrangement  of  factors  producing  artesian  wells.   A,  Artesian  wells;  B,  head  of  water  if 
there  l>e  no  loss  by  resistance  or  leakage;  C,  actual  head  or  hydraulic  gradient:  D,  ground-water  table  at  outcrop. 

surface  slopes.  Water  falling  in  the  region  marked  "catchment  area"  sinks  into 
the  sands  and  supplies  the  artesian  wells  on  lower  ground. 

While  this  arrangement  of  the  factors  may  he  taken  as  typical  of  a  large  class  of 
artesian  wells,  and  is,  perhaps,  the  one  most  commonly  expounded  and  understood, 
a  radical  rearrangement  of  the  factors,  such  as  is  found  in  some  wells  on  Long 
Island,  will  produce  results  depending  on  the  same  general  principles. 

UNDERGROUND   WATER  CONDITIONS    ON   LONG  ISLAND. 

GEOLOGIC  CONDITIONS. 

The  geologic  factors  which  affect  the  water  supply  of  Long  Island  are  graph- 
ically shown  in  the  accompanying  diagram  (fig.  24),  and  may  be  briefly  sum- 
marized as  follows : 

1.  Above  a  rock  floor  which  underlies  the  island  at  a  greater  or  less  depth, 
but  which  is  of  little  importance  except  as  a  more  or  less  complete  ultimate  barrier 
to  the  downward  passage  of  water,  Long  Island  is  composed  of  a  nucleus  of  Creta- 
ceous beds.  These  are  for  the  most  part  sand,  but  contain  some  discontinuous 
clay  masses,  and  dip,  except  for  minor  disturbances  produced  by  ice  thrust,  regu- 
larly southward. 

2.  Beds  of  glacial  gravel  deposited  in  an  early  ice  advance  surround  this 
nucleus,  except  in  a  portion  of  the  southern  side  of  the  island,  which  the  older 
hill  land  protected  from  direct  currents  and  in  other  places  where  they  have  been 
removed  by  subsequent  erosion.  This  format  ion,  which  has  been  called  the  Jameco 
gravel,  is  particularly  well  developed  near  the  western  end  of  the  island,  where  it 
has  partially  filled  a  deep,  broad  valley  in  the  older  beds  (fig.  10). 

3.  Over  this  gravel  and  around  the  edge  of  the  Cretaceous  beds  is  a  layer  of 
blue  clay,  the  Sankaty — a  deposit  somewhat  similar  to,  but  of  greater  extent  than 
the  coastal  marsh  deposits  of  to-day,  and  at  present  situated  from  50  to  100  feet 
below  them. 

4.  Covering  both  the  nucleus  of  Cretaceous  beds  and  the  younger  blue  clay, 
with   its   underlying   early  glacial   gravel,   are   deposits   of   more   recent  ice 


56         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

advances — the  Tisbury  and  Wisconsin.  These  are,  for  the  most  part,  sand  and 
gravels,  though  here  and  there  are  local  beds  of  clayey  material  which,  while  they 
give  rise  to  local  water  tables  that  may  be  of  value  for  local  wells,  ponds,  or 
springs,  are  of  no  general  importance. 

The  more  important  results  of  these  geologic  conditions  are: 

1 .  The  rain  water  sinks  directly  into  the  very  porous  surface  gravels  and 
produces,  therefore,  practically  no  run-off,  except  that  supplied  by  springs.  Since 
all  streams  are  spring  fed  there  is  great  difficulty  in  determining  the  exact  limits 
of  the  watersheds,  which  depend  on  the  relief  of  the  ground-water  table  and  only 
indirectly  on  the  shape  of  the  surface. 

2.  As  the  greater  portion  of  the  water  of  the  island  is  under  ground,  and  as 
the  25  to  30  per  cent  which  normally  returns  to  the  surface  is  exposed  for  but  a 
relatively  short  distance,  the  percentage  of  the  total  rainfall  lost  by  evaporation 


Fig.  24 — Diagrammatic  cross  section  of  Long  Island,  showing  general  wa  ter  conditions  and  cause  of  flowing  wells. 


is  abnormally  small  and  the  yield  of  this  watershed,  could  all  the  water  be  econom- 
ically obtained,  would,  therefore,  be  larger  per  square  mile  than  in  any  adjoining 

areas. 

3.  As  there  is  no  uniform  "blue-clay  floor,"  or  other  extensive  geologic  barrier, 
a  port  ion  of  the  ground  water  passes  coastward  in  the  upper  gravels  and  another 
portion,  and  by  no  means  a* negligible  one,  sinks  into  the  Jameco  and  Cretaceous 
sands  and  finally  escapes  in  the  form  of  suboceanic  springs.  This  transmission  of 
water  is  one  of  the  more  important  factors  of  the  underground  conditions  of  Long 
Island.  There  is  no  geologic  reason  why  a  relatively  important  portion  of  the 
rainfall  should  not  pass  seaward  in  the  beds  below  the  surface  gravel,  and  that  this 
occurs  has  been  proved  by  the  many  deep  wells  on  the  island  and  by  the  work  of 
Prof.  Charles  S.  Slichter,  who  has  shown  that  there  is  a  greater  velocity  beneath 
the  bed  of  blue  clay  than  in  the  surface  gravel,  page  102. 


UNDKRORorNI)    WATER  CONDITIONS. 


57 


GROUND-W ATER  TABLES . 

As  all  the  water  on  the  island  is  of  ultimate  ground-water  origin,  one  of  the 
most  important  points  to  be  determined  is  the  exact  position  of  the  ground-water 
table,  since  on  it  depends  the  stream  flow,  the  depth  to  permanent  water  in  wells, 
and  the  pressure  in  artesian,  or  flowing,  wells.  Were  the  island  entirely  homoge- 
neous in  (  (imposition  there  would  be  but  one  water  table,  which  would  be  a<  ocean 
level  on  either  side  and  would  gradually  rise  tow  ard  the  highlands  in  a  curve  entirely 
symmetrical  with  the  surface,  and  at  a  depth  determined  by  the  porosity  of  the 
soil  and  the  amount  of  rainfall.  No  wells,  or  springs,  or  ponds  would  be  possible, 
except  where  this  ground-water  table  was  reached,  and  no  water  in  any  well  would 


•  c  » 

*!  5 


0      Sea  level  1/2  1  mile 

Fig.  25.— Diagram  showing  perched  water  table  on  north  side  of  West  Hills  and  source  of  Mountain  Mist  Springs. 
A,  unsaturated  strata:  B,  perched  water  table;  C,  saturated  strata:  I),  relatively  impervious  till 

rise  above  the  ground  water  at  that  point.  There  would,  therefore,  be  no  artesian 
wells. 

As  the  island  is  not  entirely  homogeneous,  the  upper  limit  of  the  zone  of  com- 
plete saturation — that  is,  the  main  ground-water  table,  or  "main  spring,"  as  it  is 
locally  called — is  not  entirely  symmetrical  w  ith  the  curve  of  the  surface,  and  there 
are,  moreover,  a  number  of  more  or  less  limited  areas  of  saturated  beds  above  the 
main  one. 

PERCHED  GROUND-WATER  TABLES. 

These  perched  ground-water  tables  are  for  the  most  part  confined  to  the 
moraine  where  local  clay  or  other  relatively  impervious  layers  have  arrested  the 
flowT  of  the  underground  water  and  prevented  it  from  reaching  the  main  ground- 
water table.  One  of  the  best  examples  of  such  a  perched  water  table  is  found  in 
the  northern  end  of  the  West  Hills,  where  a  relatively  impervious  bed  is  furnished 
by  the  Wisconsin  till  (fig.  25).    Other  examples  are  shown  in  fig.  24  and  PI.  XI. 


58         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


MAIN   GROUND-WATER  TABLE. 


The  general  character  and  position  of  the  main  ground-water  table  is  shown 
in  Pis.  XI  and  XII.  which  are  based  on  the  careful  work  during  the  summer  of  1903 
of  the  Long  Island  division  of  the  New  York  commission  on  additional  water  supply. 
This  work  has  developed  the  interesting  point  that  while  the  slope  of  the  ground- 
water table  is  in  a  general  way  the  same  as  that  of  the  surface,  the  divide  of  the 
ground  water  is  farther  to  the  north  than  the  surface  divide. 

SPRINGS. 

Whenever  the  main  water  table,  or  one  of  the  perched  water  tables,  is  inter- 
cepted by  the  surface  a  spring  is  formed. 

SPRINGS  DEPENDENT  UPON"  PERCHED  WATER  TABLES. 

The  water  of  springs  dependent  upon  perched  water  tables  penetrates  the 
earth  until  it  reaches  a  relatively  impermeable  stratum  above  which  it  collects, 

and  along  which  it  passes  until  it  finds  an 
outlet.  Springs  of  this  type  are  common 
wherever  a  perched  water  table  occurs,  and 
represent  essentially  the  overflow  of  these 
underground  basins.  The  much  talked  of 
springs  that  occur  at  the  summits  of  hills  or 
mountains  are  invariably  of  this  class,  and 
examination  always  shows  that,  though  rela- 
tively at  the  top  of  the  hill,  there  is  always  an 
appreciable  area  of  higher  ground  above  them 
which  serves  as  a  reservoir.  The  Mountain 
Mist  Springs  in  the  West  Hills  are  of  this  type, 
and  while  they  arc  >ituated  at  a  height  of 
about  280  feet  above  sea  level,  the  hill  behind 
them  rises  140  feet  higher,  and  there  are  several  hundred  acres  of  land  to  serve  as 
a  catchment  area  and  reservoir  (fig.  25).  Springs  of  this  type  are  found  in  mam- 
places  along  the  north  shore,  and  are  particularly  abundant  where  the  fine  Creta- 
ceous beds  are  overlain  bv  coarser  Pleistocene  gravels. 


table 

i  i 

/   

i  i 

Fig.  2f>.— Diagram  showing  analogy  between  a  well 
and  a  channel  that  cuts  the  ground-water  table. 


SPRINGS  DEPENDENT  CPON  THE  MAIN  GROUND— WATER  TABLE. 

The  water  of  springs  formed  by  the  cutting  of  the  main  water  table  escapes 
from  the  top  of  the  water-logged  beds,  rather  than  at  their  base,  as  in  the  springs 
just  discussed.  The  channels  which  cut  this  water  table  may  be  regarded  as 
large  wells,  with  one  side  open,  into  which  the  water  is  flowing  and  escaping 
dig.  20).  The  old  glacial  channels  across  the  southern  plain  invariably  cut  the 
ground-water  table  near  their  lower  ends,  and  at  the  point  where  this  occurs  little 
streams  start  which  grow  very  rapidly  as  the  channel  gets  deeper  into  the  satu- 
rated layers.  A  quantitative  determination  of  this  increase  in  Hempstead  Brook 
Was  made  by  the  engineers  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  in  LS95.  This  valley, 
which  was  perfectly  dry  just  above  Hempstead  village,  showed  an  average  dis- 


SPRINGS. 


59 


charge  of  229,278  gallons  per  day  at  the  Jackson  street  crossing  and  675,907  gallons 
a  mile  lower  down,  near  Mill  road  and  Grove  street,  while  at  the  efflux  chamber 
at  the  end  of  the  reservoir  the  discharge  was  5,618,603  gallons— an  increase  of  five 
and  a  half  million  gallons"  in  ahont  3  miles  (fig.  27):  and,  as  explained  on  page 
62,  had  there  been  no  dam  at  this  point  the  flow  would  have  been  much  greater. 

On  the  north  shore  the  reentrant  bays  cut  deep  into  the  main  water  table,  and 
large  springs  are  abundant  at,  and  near,  high-tide  level.  Surveys  made  in  the 
early  fifties  by  Daniel  Marsh,  under  the 
direction  of  Gen.  W.  B.  Burnett,  showed 
a  spring  discharge  available  for  water 
supply  amounting  to  23.617,824  gallons 
per  day  between  Long  Island  City  and 
Glen  Cove.'' 

At  the  Fresh  Pond  pumping  station 
(old  Whitestone  station)  the  spring  flow 
amounts  to  500,000  to  600.000  gallons 
per  da}*,  and  the  spring-fed  pond  at  the 
Bayside  (old  Flushing)  pumping  station 
yields  an  average  of  1,700.000  gallons. 
A  small  spring  area  on  the  east  side  of 
Alley  Creek,  opposite  the  Bayside  pump- 
ing station,  and  belonging  to  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Cony,  was  gaged  in  September, 
1903,  in  connection  with  a  study  of  the 
fluctuations  of  the  wells  of  the  Citizens 
Water  Supply  Company,  and  a  yield  of 
365,000  gallons  a  day  was  indicated. 

MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

The  well-known  solvent  power  of 
water,  especially  when  containing  car- 
bonic acid,  causes  it  to  dissolve  what- 
ever soluble  salts  are  contained  in  the 
beds  through  which  it  passes.  Thus,  all 
springs  and  well  waters  contain  a  greater 
or  less  amount  of  mineral  matter  in  solu- 
tion. Sometimes  the  ingredients  have  medicinal  value,  or  the  water  is  of  so  great 
relative  purity  that  its  use  is  recommended,  and  the  springs  are  developed  com- 
mercially. This  forms  "mineral  water."  So  far  as  has  been  learned  from  a  rather 
extensive  inquiry,  the  waters  of  but  four  springs  on  Long  Island  have  been  put 
on  the  market,  namely: 

(643  ' )  The  Colonial  Spring,  one-half  mile  west  of  Wyandanch. 
(643)  The  Mo-mo-ne  Spring,  one-half  mile  northwest  of  Wyandanch. 
(593)  The  Mountain  Mist  Spring,  2  miles  south  of  Huntington  station. 
(226)  Deep  Glen  Spring.  1]  miles  northeast  of  Richmond  Hill. 

a  History  and  Description  of  the  Water  Supply  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn,  18%,  p.  .58. 

*  Op.  cit..  p.  150. 

•  These  numbers  correspond  with  those  used  in  Chapter  IV,  where  additional  data  will  be  found. 


60         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


STREAMS. 

ORIGIN. 

As  has  already  been  indicated,  the  streams  on  Long  Island  are  fed  almost 
entirely  by  ground  water.  The  valleys  in  which  they  flow  were  not  formed  by 
the  present  streams,  but  under  conditions  which  existed  in  the  Wisconsin  and 
Vineyard  epochs  (pp.  43,  44),  and  the  present  streams  may,  almost  without  excep- 
tion, be  said  to  be  the  result,  rather  than  the  cause,  of  the  valleys  which  they 
occupy.  In  other  words,  had  not  the  channels  across  the  southern  plain  been 
cut  during  the  Wisconsin  epoch,  there  would  now  either  be  no  streams,  or  the 
streams  would  be  of  small  magnitude,  and  the  water  which  is  now  collected  in 
them  would  appear  as  springs  along  the  shores.  The  drainage  areas  of  such  streams 
depend  entirely  upon  underground  conditions,  and,  as  was  early  appreciated  in  the 
study  of  tins  region,  they  can  not  be  outlined  with  certainty  from  surface  condi- 
tions. Another  point  of  importance  in  such  streams  is  that  the  flow  is  unusually 
uniform;  the  great  beds  of  sand  and  gravel  act  as  equalizing  reservoirs  in  winch 
the  intermittent  rainfall  is  stored  and  distributed  throughout  the  year. 

'        74"  00'  ?3"*Q'  'VOO'  7S'3Q'  ~     72"'°0O'  I 


Scale 

0         5         10        15        20  m 

Co**  J 

ft  Jf  J)    1                  PLUM  up* 

r  *  i  /  '"W'^M '  ^  ^1 

I  

%& 

-i 
-■- 

Mf  Si 

:J 

<Jl  s  #•  *1  of  /  /  jfM*L 
aPsS^^&fi^S^nsJf  ,*<W''  Air. 

-?  ~V"  Manorvillt  -~- 

<  t 

yir  s&c  X. 

0      <^E  * 

LEGEND 

■  Floor ,  grist  and  sa* 
o  Paper  factories 

•  Woolen  and  cotton 

♦  Ofher  factories 

*  Electric  light  plant 

N 

mills 
mills 

Fig.  28.— Sketch  map  of  Long  Island,  showing  distribution  of  water-power  developments,  1800-1900. 

WATER  POWERS. 

The  comparatively  steady  flow  of  these  short  streams  made  them  of  consid- 
erable value  for  small  water  powers  in  the  early  history  of  the  country,  and  one 
or  more  mills  were  erected  along  every  important  stream  or  branch  (fig.  28). 
V\  hile  a  number  of  these  were  simply  local  grist  or  saw  mills,  requiring  but  a  lim- 
ited supply  of  water,  a  number  of  more  pretentious  mills  were  erected,  among  the 
more  important  of  which  the  following  may  be  mentioned:" 

Jones  &  Co.,  Woolen  Factor}-,  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Patchogue  Electric  Light  Company  (new  plant  built  which  uses  steam). 


"  Damerum,  Wm..  Map  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  of  New  York,  including  Long  Island,  the  Sound,  the  State  of 
Connecticut,  part  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  islands  adjacent,  New  York,  1815. 

Burr,  David  H.,  An  atlas  of  the  State  of  New  York,  containing  a  map  of  the  State  and  of  the  several  counties:  pro- 
jected and  drawn  under  the  superintendence  and  direction  of  Simeon  De  Witt,  pursuant  to  an  act  of  the  legislature:  also  the 
physical  geography  of  the  State  and  of  the  several  counties  and  statistical  tables  of  the  same,  pp.  7-29,  New  York.  1829, 
120  pp.,  52  maps. 

Smith,  J.  Calvin,  Map  of  Long  Island,  with  the  environs  of  New  York  and  the  southern  part  of  Connecticut,  New 

York,  1837. 

Beers,  F.  W.,  Atlas  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  1873,  192  pp.,  97  maps. 


PONDS  AND  LAKES. 


61 


Union  Twine  Mills,  Patchogue. 

Patchogue  Manufacturing  Company  (water  and  steam),  Patchogue. 
Swan  River  Cotton  Mills,  East  Patchogue. 

Patchogue  Paper  Mill  Company  (water  and  steam),  H  miles  north  of  Patchogue. 
Perkins  Brothers  Woolen  Mills,  1  mile  west  of  Riverhead. 

Riverhead  Electric  Light  Company  (water  and  steam),  1  mile  west  of  Riverhead. 
Tower  Roller  Mills,  Riverhead  (includes  pumping  plant  of  Riverhead  Waterworks). 
C.  Hallett's  Sons'  Flour  Mills  and  Electric  Light  Plant,  Riverhead. 
Jagger  &  Luce's  Flour  Mill.  Riverhead. 
Phillips  &  Company,  Factory.  Smithtown. 

Paper  mills  were  also  operated  at  Roslyn  (3),  Meadow  Brook  (3),  Merrick,  Babylon,  Moriches,  Patchogue, 
and  Riverhead. 

No  new  projects  are  heard  of  and  many  of  the  old  ones  are  falling  into  decay, 
but  there  seems  to  be  a  good  opening  for  small  developments  for  local  electric 
lighting  and  power,  especially  at  such  favorable  locations  as  Roslyn  and  Cold 
Spring  Harbor. 

PONDS  AND  LAKES. 

Like  the  springs,  the  ponds  and  lakes  of  Long  Island  are  of  two  classes,  one 
dependent  upon  perched  water  tables  or  relatively  impervious  strata,  the  other 
on  the  main  ground-water  table,  quite  independent  of  impervious  layers. 

PONDS  AND  LAKES  DEPENDENT  ON  PERCHED  WATER  TABLES. 

To  the  first  class  belong  almost  all  of  the  lakes  and  ponds  situated  in  the  more 
elevated  portions  of  the  island, 
kettle  holes  made  by  the  melt- 
ing of  blocks  of  ice  detached 
from  the  glacier  and  buried  dur- 
ing the  last  ice  invasion,  or  to 
other  irregularities  of  deposition 
by  the  glacier.  When  the  sides 
of  such  depressions  are  of  rela- 
tively impervious  strata  they 
collect  the  water  falling  in  their 
limited  drainage  area,  and  form 
lakes  or  ponds.  If  the  sides  are 
composed  of  pervious  beds,  these  depressions  are  dry,  except  where  they  extend 
below  the  main  ground-water  table.  Ponds  may  be  produced  artificially  by 
lining  a  depression  or  excavation  with  clay,  and  Mather  states  that  at  the  time 
of  his  visit  such  artificial  watering  holes  were  a  striking  feature  of  the  farming 
economy  of  the  island." 

The  most  striking  example  of  a  lake  of  this  type  is  Lake  Success,  between  Floral 
Park  and  Manhasset  (fig.  29).  It  is  situated  high  above  the  main  water  table  and 
is  clearly  due  to  impervious  beds  in  the  moraine.  Its  watershed  is  very  limited, 
and  as  a  source  of  water  supply  would  be  of  small  value.  Such  a  lake  could  be 
drained  very  easily,  since  if  a  hole  were  drilled  in  the  bottom  the  w  ater  would  escape 

a  Geology  of  the  first  district,  1843,  p.  146. 
17116— No.  44—06  5 


The  natural  ones  are  for  the  most  part  due  to 


Scale 

0  H  i  mile 
i  i       i  i  i  i 


Fig.  29. — Lake  Success;  an  example  of  a  kettle-hole  lake  depending  on 
local  impervious  strata. 


62         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


into  the  dry  sands  below.  Other  notable  examples  of  the  same  type  are  the  ponds 
shown  in  fig.  25.  Whether  or  not  such  a  pond  has  a  surface  outlet  is  determined 
by  the  relative  importance  of  the  following  factors:  (1)  Size  and  condition  of  catch- 
ment area;  (2)  amount  of  rainfall;  (3)  amount  of  evaporation;  and  (4)  permea- 
bility of  the  sides. 


PONDS  DEPENDENT  ON  THE  MAIN  WATER  TABLE. 


Fig.  30.— Diagram  showing  effect  of  a  pond  on  the  ground-water  table  and  conse- 
quent decrease  in  spring  flow  on  southern  Long  Island.  A -B,  initial  position  of 
ground-water  table;  A-B',  resultant  position  of  ground-water  table.  Arrows 
show  direction  of  motion  of  ground-water. 


As  explained  above,  any  depression,  either  natural  or  artificial,  which  cuts 
the  main  water  table  will  tend  to  fill  with  water;  if  the  depression  is  open  at  one 

end  it  will  form  a  spring- 
fed  stream;  if  closed,  a 
lake  or  pond;  or,  if  still 
more  closely  inclosed, 
simply  a  well. 

If  a  dam  is  thrown 
across  a  depression 
which  cuts  the  main 
water  table  the  effect  is  to  obstruct  the  flow  and  to  impond  the  water.  As  the  flow 
in  such  a  depression  depends  on  the  spring  discharge,  which  in  turn  depends  on 
the  steepness  of  the  slope  of  the  ground-water  table  near  it  (A-B,  fig.  30),  it  is  evident 
that  a  ponding  of  the  water  will  decrease  the  steepness  of  the  gradient  and  so 
reduce  the  spring  flow.  The  crest  flow  of  such  a  pond  will,  therefore,  be  much  less 
than  the  normal  flow  of  such  a  brook  without  a  dam.  Thus  it  has  been  found  by 
the  engineers  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  that,  under  similar  conditions,  the  Hemp- 
stead reservoir  discharged  5,600,000  gallons  per  day  when  the  water  was  maintained 
at  a  depth  of  14.35  feet  and  8,000,000  gallons  when  at  4  feet/' 

If  the  water  in  a  pond  of  this  kind  is  raised  above  the  level  of  the  main  water 
table  in  the  adjacent  divide  (a  condition  which  is  possible  because  of  the  sloping 
nature  of  the  ground- 
water table,  the  hori- 
zontal character  of  the 
surface  of  the  pond,  and 
the  relatively  rapid  flow 
of  the  surface  water)  the 
ponded  water  will  not 
only  prevent  a  normal  spring  flow,  but  will  flow  out  through  the  sides  of  the  pond. 
(Fig.  31.)  Such  an  outflow  was  clearly  proved  for  the  Hempstead  reservoir  by 
the  engineers  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  in  1878,  when  it  was  estimated  that  one 
million  and  a  quarter  gallons  a  day  was  transferred  6  by  ground  flow  from  Hemp- 
stead reservoir  to  Schodack  Brook.    (Fig.  27.) 

The  effect  of  dams  in  the  brooks  of  Long  Island  is:  (1)  To  raise  the  ground- 
water table;  and  (2)  to  very  materially  decrease  the  stream  flow  at  the  points 
where  dams  are  erected. 

In  addition  to  the  valleys  which  cut  the  main  water  table,  and  in  which  ponds 
are  artificially  constructed,  a  number  of  the  large  kettle  holes  extend  below  it, 


Fig.  31. — Diagram  showing  loss  of  water  by  leakage  from  pond  whose  surface  is  above 
the  adjacent  ground-water  table. 


«  History  and  description  of  the  water  supply  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  p.  58,  1896. 


b  Op.  cit.,  p.  5. 


ARTESIAN  AND  DEEP  WELLS. 


63 


and  therefore  contain  water.  In  such  eases  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  depres- 
sion be  lined  with  impervious  beds,  the  sides  may  be  entirely  of  sand  and  the  depres- 
sion still  contain  water.  To  this  class  belong  all  the  large  important  lakes  east  of 
the  West  Hills,  among  the  more  important  of  which  are  Lake  Ronkonkoma,  Artist 
Lake,  Long  Pond  (near  Wading  River),  Deer  Pond,  Swan  Pond,  Great  Pond,  Big 
Fresh  Pond,  Poxabogue  Pond,  and  Long  Pond  (near  Sag  Harbor).  Lake  Ronkon- 
koma may  be  taken  as  typical.  Fig.  32  shows  the  essential  difference  between  it 
and  lakes  of  the  Success  type. 

This  difference  is  very  important  if  these  lakes  are  ever  considered  as  sources 
for  municipal  or  village  water  supplies,  for  while  the  yield  of  Lake  Success  would 
be  relatively  small,  the  yield  of  Lake  Ronkonkoma  would  be  large.  Lake  Success 
coidd  be  very  easily  pumped  dry,  but  to  dry  Lake  Ronkonkoma  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  remove  a  large  part  of  the  ground  water  above  sea  level  from  perhaps  one- 
third  of  Long  Island.  Its 
location  near  the  center 
of  the  island,  and  its  ex- 
treme depth,  say  5  to  10 
feet  below  sea  level,  make 


Fig.  32. — Lake  Ronkonkoma:  an  example  of  a  kettle-hole  lake  depending  on  the 
main  ground-water  table. 


it  an  immense  natural 
well  of  the  utmost  impor- 
tance, and  while  the  pop- 
ular idea  that  Lake  Ronkonkoma  is  supplied  by  an  underground  stream  from 
Connecticut  or  New  England  is  entirely  unfounded,  the  relation  of  the  lake  to 
the  ground  water  of  the  island  and  its  effective  drainage  area  when  lowered,  say 
50  feet  belowT  its  present  level,  would  give  it  a  yield  quite  comparable  to  that 
which  the  believers  in  such  an  underground  stream  imagine  for  it.  (See  PI.  XI 
and  fig.  32.) 

ARTESIAN  AND  DEEP  WELLS. 

The  discussion  thus  far  has  been  confined  almost  wholly  to  phenomena  such 
as  ground-water  tables,  springs,  streams,  lakes,  and  ponds,  winch  relate  to  surface 
waters.  It  has,  however,  been  pointed  out  that  tins  water  is  relatively  free  to  pass 
downward,  and  that  when  it  passes  beneath  a  retaining  layer  a  head  sufficient  to 
produce  a  flow  may  be  developed.  The  nature  of  this  retaining  cover  is  purely 
relative.  It  must  always  be  finer  than  the  water-bearing  stratum,  but  although 
the  ideal  retainer  is  a  very  fine  clay,  under  certain  conditions  a  flow  may  be  obtained 
from  a  fairly  porous  sand  above  a  coarse  gravel. 

SHALLOW  NORTH-SHORE  ARTESIAN  WELLS. 

Cause. — Flowing  wells  in  which  there  is  only  a  sand  covering  are  found  near 
the  heads  of  many  of  the  deep  reentrant  valley's  on  the  north  shore.  In  these  val- 
leys the  slope  of  the  water  table  is  very  great  and  the  velocity  of  the  ground  water 
considerable.  Many  springs  break  out  near  water  level,  and  often  a  pipe  sunk 
entirely  through  sand  to  a  depth  ranging  from  30  to  150  feet  will  furnish  flowing 
w'ater  (see  fig.  33).  In  these  cases  it  is  doubtless  true  that  the  layer  wThich  f  urnishes 
the  flowing  wrater  is  coarser  than  the  overlying  ones  and  affords  a  freer  passage  for 
the  water. 


64 


UNDERGROUND   WATER   RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Such  wells  do  not  show  many  differences  from  the  near-by  springs.  In  the  one 
a  barrel  is  sunk  2  or  3  feet  in  the  gravel  and  the  water  rises  several  inches  above 
the  surface.  In  the  other  a  pipe  20  to  200  feet  long  is  sunk  entirely  through  sand 
and  the  water  flows  from  it  several  feet  above  the  surface. 

Local  clay  beds  are  important  in  producing  some  of  these  flows,  and  in  these 
cases  the  structure  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  explained  below  for  the  Jameco 
gravels,  which,  in  some  of  these  north-shore  wells,  are  doubtless  the  water-bearing 
horizon. 

In  most  cases  the  water  is  from  the  Pleistocene  gravels  and  the  wells  have 
yielded  as  high  as  125  gallons  per  minute,  natural  flow.  A  flow  of  50  gallons  per 
minute  is  not  uncommon  (Pis.  XIII,  XIV). 

Distribution. — While  these  wells  are  somewhat  irregularly  distributed,  they 
are  generally  in  the  upper  half  of  the  steep-sided  valleys  or  bays  which  characterize 


Fig.  33.— Artesian  well  or  spring  (Xo.  33.51  at  Manhasset.    From  a  drawing  by  J.  H.  L'llommedieu. 


the  region  (PI.  XV).  They  seldom  occur  more  than  10  to  20  feet  above  sea 
level,  although  flows  have  been  obtained  at  an  elevation  of  35  to  50  feet  at  Dosoris 
(466),  Huntington  (626),  and  Glen  Cove  (455). 

Predictions. — Many  shallow,  50-  to  200-foot  artesian  wells  will  doubtless  be 
developed  along  the  north  shore  during  the  next  few  years,  and  in  prospecting  for 
them  the  heads  of  steep  hollows  or  the  bottoms  of  steep  banks  should  be  chosen  in 
preference  to  other  sites,  and  the  lower  the  elevation  the  greater  will  be  the  chances 
for  obtaining  a  flow. 

THE  JAMECO  ARTESIAN  WELLS. 

Cause. — The  water  passing  under  the  blue  clay  (Sankaty),  into  the  Jameco 
gravels  (fig.  24),  has  a  head  dependent  upon  the  height  of  the  water  table  above 
the  landward  edge  of  the  clay,  and  as  the  sand  and  gravel  is  fairly  coarse  and  the 
loss  by  resistance  not  great,  when  a  well  is  drilled  only  a  few  feet  above  tide  level, 
the  water  from  this  gravel  has  a  sufficient  pressure  to  flow.  In  this  case,  although 
the  water-bearing  stratum  has  no  outcrop  and  is  not  inclined,  porous  beds  connect 
it  with  the  surface,  and  the  slope  of  the  water  table  supplies  the  lack  of  slope  of 
the  st  rata. 


U-  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


SAL   PAPER    NO.  44      PL.  XII 


Water  rises  to  within  1  foot  of  top  of  pipe.    Rod  projecting  above  p  pe  is  aluminum  gage  used  in  observations  on 

tidal  fluctuations. 


V,    JONES  WELL,  COLD  SPRING  HARBOR. 

Water  flows  freely  over  elbow  in  pipe. 

VIEWS  SHOWING   HEAD   DEVELOPED   IN   THE   NORTH    SHORE  ARTESIAN 

WELLS. 


ARTESIAN    AND   DEEP  WELLS. 


05 


Distribution. — The  head  of  water  in  the  Jameco  gravels  rarely  exceeds  10 
feet  and  flows  can,  therefore,  not  be  expected  much  above  this  height.  This  basin 
is  best  developed  in  the  region  of  the  old  valley  and  becomes  of  lesser  importance 
in  passing  eastward  because  of  the  conditions  which  governed  the  deposition  of 
the  Jameco  gravel  (see  p.  34).  The  coloring  of  the  Jameco  artesian  area  on  PI. 
XV  has  therefore  been  discontinued  near  Babylon.  At  Riverhead  the  coarse 
gravels  of  this  horizon  again  appear  with  a  thin  capping  of  clay,  and  yield  as  much 
as  130  gallons  per  minute,  but  the  water  is  so  chalybeate  that  it  is  necessary  to 
obtain  water  from  lower  horizons.  West  of  Jameco  the  artesian  supply  soon  gives 
out  because  of  leakage  on  the  line  where  the  Hudson  has  cut  through  the  blue 
(  la  v,  and  at  the  breaks  in  the  clay  layer  at  Barren  Island  and  elsewhere. 

Predictions. — The  main  outlines  of  this  basin  have  been  fully  disclosed  by 
the  work  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks.  Along  New  York  Bay  no  wells  have 
reported  potable  water  from  this  horizon  and  the  limit  of  development  must  be 
drawn  somewhere  to  the  west  of  New  Lots.  On  the  south  at  Barren  Island  the 
blue  clay  is  entirely  absent,  a  fact  which,  it  is  believed,  increases  the  danger  of 
an  influx  of  salt  water  from  heavy  pumping  at  the  pumping  stations  to  the  north. 
This  horizon  may  have  an  artesian  value  on  the  south  side  of  the  South  Fluke,  and 
near  tide  level  wells  50  to  150  feet  deep  are  likely  to.  yield  flows. 

THE  CRETACEOUS  ARTESIAN  WELLS. 

Cause. — The  water  which  sinks  deep  into  the  Cretaceous  sands  may  pass 
under  a  clay  sheet,  and  when  this  clay  is  penetrated  at  low  points  on  the  north 
and  south  shores,  the  head,  which  depends  on  the  height  of  the  water  table  above 
the  landward  edge  of  the  particular  clay  layer  in  question,  may,  under  favorable 
circumstances,  be  sufficient  to  produce  a  flow.  The  principal  requisite  in  this 
case,  in  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  is  that  the  gravel  shall  be  of  such  a 
coarseness  that  the  loss  of  head  in  transmission  from  the  edge  of  the  clay  bed  may 
not  be  excessive.  On  the  north  shore  the  outlet  of  the  gravel  under  the  Sound 
should  be  more  or  less  completely  sealed  by  an  impervious  layer. 

Distribution. — The  principal  bed  of  this  character  is  the  Lloyd  sand  (p.  19),  the 
position  of  the  surface  of  which  is  shown  on  PI.  XVI,  from  which  the  position  of  the 
bed  at  any  point  may  be  inferred.  This  horizon  has  been  developed  to  a  very  con- 
siderable extent  on  the  north  shore  and  at  one  point  on  the  south  shore.  The  most 
important  wells  deriving  water  from  it  are  the  following : 


Table  V. — Wells  in  the  Lloyd  sand. 


No." 

Location  and  owner 

Total 
depth. 

Remarks 

633 

Lloyd  Neck ;  Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  

248 

Elevation  approximately  5  feet  above  mean  high  tide. 
Flows  5  gallons  per  minute  at  high  tide. 

620 

Cold  Spring  Harbor;  T.  S.  Wil- 
liams. 

430 

Elevation  8  feet  above  mean  high  tide.    Flows  12  gallons 
per  minute. 

559 

Center  Island;  C.  W.  Wetmore  

318 

Elevation  approximately  5  feet.    Flows  25  gallons  per 
minute  at  high  tide. 

a  Numbers  correspond  with  those  used  in  Chapter  IV  and  on  index  map.  PI.  XXIV. 


66         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  V. — Wells  in  the  Lloyd  sand — Continued. 


IN  O 

Total 
depth. 

Remarks. 

- 

558 

Center  Island;  Colgate  Hovt  

320 

Elevation  approximately  6  feet.  Flows. 

557 

 S.  T.  Shaw  

292 

Elevation  approximately  5  feet.    Flows  5  to  6  gallons 

per  minute  at  high  tide,  flows  slightly  at  low  tide. 

556 

 C.  S.  Sherman  

351 

Elevation  approximately  8  feet.    Flows  30  gallons  per 

minute  at  high  tide,  20  at  low  tide. 

555 

 G.  M.  Fletcher  

370 

Llevation  approximately  10  feet,    flows  25  to  30  gal- 

lons per  minute  at  high  tide. 

554 

 G.  C.  MacKenzie  

379 

Elevation  approximately  10  feet.    Flows  75  gallons  per 

minute  at  high  tide,  45  at  low  tide. 

553 

Oyster  Bay;  Emily  Roosevelt  

460 

Flow  was  obtained  at  460  feet,  but  well  was  abandoned 

because  of  breaking  of  pipe. 

560 

Bavville;  Dr.  O.L.Jones  

276 

Flows. 

564 

Mill  Neck'  IrvincrCox 

330 

Elevation  about  12  feet.    Flows  72  gallons  per  minute. 

470 

Peacock  Point;  C.  O.  Gates  

Elevation  approximately  6  feet.    Flows  30  gallons  per 

minute.  , 

472 

 ;  do  

ZU) 

Elevation  approximately  15  feet.    Flowed  when  first 

completed  40  gallons  per  minute.    Is  now  being 

pumped. 

471 

 ;  do  

225 

Flows  10  gallons  per  minute. 

473 

 W.  D.  Guthrie  

340 

Elevation  about  10  feet.    Flows  10  gallons  per  minute. 

317 

Lake  Success;  W.K.Vanderbilt ,  jr. 

755 

Pumps  300  |  gallons  per  minute. 

130 

Barren  Island;  Thomas  F.  White 

740 

Elevation  approximately  7  feet.    Flows  103  gallons  per 

Co. 

minute. 

131 

Barren  Island;  New  York  Sani- 

724 

Elevation  5-7  feet.    Flows  50  gallons  per  minute. 

tary  Utilization  Co. 

132 

 ;  do  

700 

Elevation  9  feet.    No  flow.    Pumps  150,000  gallons  in 

24  hours. 

The  many  wells  put  down  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  overlying  this  horizon  have 
yielded  very  conflicting  results.  There  seem,  however,  to  be  several  water-bearing 
horizons  of  greater  or  less  importance  which  can  be  made  available,  and  which  have 
been  overlooked  in  the  earlier  work  because  of  the  ease  with  which  water  could  be 
obtained  from  the  coarse  Jameco  gravels.  A  10-inch  well  near  Lynbrook,  504  feet 
deep,  belonging  to  the  Queens  County  Water  Company,  has  been  very  carefully 
tested  and  found  to  yield  450,000  gallons  per  day.  Flowing  water  has  also  been 
obtained  at  the  following  places  and  depths : 

Flowing  wells  in  the  Cretaceous  on  Long  Island  other  than  those  in  the  Lloyd  sand. 

Depth  in  feet. 


Long  Beach   270-383 

South  of  Baldwin   289 

Quogue,  3  wells   240 

Riverhead   250-330 

Setauket   225 


None  of  these  wells  has  been  carefully  tested,  and  no  definite  data  can  be 
given  regarding  their  capacity. 


U.   S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL   PAPER   NO.  44     PL.  XIV 


HEAD  DEVELOPED  IN  A  40-FOOT  ARTES I  AN  WELL  BELONGING  TO  THE  CITIZENS1 
WATER-SUPPLY  COMPANY  NEAR  DOUGLASTON,  N.  Y. 

Water  rises  to  within  1 .5  feet  of  top  of  pipe.    Box  contains  automatic  gage  used  in  study  of  the  tidal 
fluctuations  in  this  well. 


72°  45' 


SOURCE  OF  UNDERGROUND  WATER. 


67 


Like  the  other  artesian  wells  on  Long  Island,  water  from  the  Cretaceous  horizons 
will  seldom  rise  liigher  than  5  to  10  feet  above  sea  level,  and  artesian  wells  are  there- 
fore restricted  to  the  region  of  the  shore. 

Predictions. — The  Lloyd  gravel  is  the  best-defined  artesian  horizon  on  the 
island  and  is  believed  to  be  remarkably  persistent.  It  may  be  regarded  as  available 
south  and  east  of  a  line  connecting  Bay  Ridge  and  Willets  Point  to,  perhaps,  some- 
what beyond  Riverhead,  and  will  furnish  flowing  water  at  elevations  less  than  5  to  10 
feet  above  sea  level.  The  importance  of  this  horizon  on  the  North  and  South  flukes 
is  uncertain  because  of  the  distance  from  the  main  uplands  of  the  island.  The  South 
Fluke,  however,  is  the  more  promising  territory,  because  it  is  down  the  dip  and  has 
a  greater  area.  The  minor  upper  horizons  are  not  so  well  known  and  their  positions 
can  not  be  definitely  predicted. 

REQUISITE  CONDITIONS  FOR  SUCCESSFUL  WELLS  ON  LONG  ISLAND. 

Were  Long  Island  composed  of  entirely  homogeneous  porous  materials  it  would 
be  necessary  to  sink  wells  only  slightly  below  the  main  ground-water  table,  a  dis- 
tance of  25  or  30  feet  probably  being  all  that  would  be  required  in  any  case.  The  great 
irregularity  of  the  formations,  however,  introduces  a  new  factor.  For  a  permanent 
well  it  is  not  only  necessary  to  go  to  the  main  ground-water  table,  but  to  land  the 
well  in  a  coarse  bed  from  which  water  will  be  given  up  freely.  It  is  this  point  that 
makes  well  sinking  on  the  island  somewhat  uncertain.  In  general  it  is  not  necessary 
to  go  far  below  the  main  water  table  (fig.  24),  but  in  some  cases,  notably  in  the 
Wheatley  Hills,  the  beds  at  the  water  table  and  for  some  distance  below  are  so  fine 
that  they  pass  the  strainers  and  fill  the  well  with  quicksand.  In  these  cases  it  was 
necessary  to  drill  until  a  coarser  bed  was  reached,  which  in  the  Morgan  well  (431)  was 
100  feet  and  in  the  Duryea  well  (430)  was  about  140  feet  below  sea  level,  the  main 
water  table  being  in  both  cases  about  85  feet  above  sea  level.  In  the  Vanderbilt  well 
(317),  although  the  main  water  table  was  encountered  at  about  50  feet  above  sea 
level,  the  well  was  pushed  to  a  depth  of  585  feet  below  sea  level,  completely  penetrat- 
ing the  coarse  Lloyd  gravel,  from  which  an  abundant  supply  was  obtained. 

One  very  significant  point  in  regard  to  these  deep  wells  in  the  higher  parts  of 
the  island  is  that  the  height  to  which  the  water  will  rise  never  exceeds  the  height 
of  the  main  water  table,  and  generally  falls  slightly  below  it.  The  point,  then, 
in  going  deeper,  except  near  the  shores  where  artesian  conditions  are  present,  is 
not  to  get  an  increase  in  head,  but  to  find  a  coarse  la}rer  which  will  readily  yield 
water;  in  other  words,  to  find  an  extensive  natural  horizontal  strainer  which  will  aid 
in  separating  the  water  from  the  adjacent  fine  sands. 

SOURCE  OF  THE  UNDERGROUND  WATER  ON  LONG  ISLAND. 

The  gradual  decrease  in  head,  with  depth  which  is  observable  in  deep  wells  in 
the  center  of  the  island,  is  an  important  matter  in  the  consideration  of  the  source  of 
the  water.  Thus  in  the  Vanderbilt  well  (317)  while  the  main  water  table  was 
encountered  at  54  feet  above  sea  level,  the  height  to  which  the  water  rose  from  the 
Lloyd  gravel  was  only  35  feet,  a  loss  of  20  feet  of  head  in  about  550  feet  of  depth. 
This  height  is,  moreover,  greater  than  that  to  which  the  water  will  rise  from  the 


r>8         I'NDEROROIND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


siime  horizon  on  the  north  and  south  shores.  If  the  water  came  from  below,  as  is 
very  generally  imagined,  the  pressure  should  decrease  from  bed  rock  upward  for 
mi  appreciable  distance,  the  pressure  near  bed  rock  being  greater  because  of  the  loss 
in  head  in  transmission  through  the  sand;  while  if  the  water  came  from  above  it 
would  be  expected  thai  the  head  would  either  remain  the  same  or  decrease  with  the 
depth.  As  it  decreases  it  furnishes  conclusive  proof  of  the  insular  source  of  the 
water. 

The  geologic  structure  of  the  region  (fig.  24),  moreover,  forbids  the  transporta- 
tion <>f  water  from  New  England,  except  through  bed  rock,  and  the  metamorphosed 
and  highly  folded  character  of  these  beds  makes  such  transmission  very  doubtful. 
Early  in  the  consideration  of  the  possible  reason  for  the  deep  flowing  wells  from  the 
Lloyd  gravel,  after  it  had  been  found  that  the  Cretaceous  beds  dip  regularly  south- 
ward, and  before  it  was  known  that  the  clay  beds  were  not  continuous,  it  was  sug- 
gested by  Prof.  W.  II.  Hobbs,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  and  Prof.  H.  E. 
Gregory,  of  Vale  University,  that  if  the  faulted  structure  found  in  Connecticut 
continued  under  Long  Island,  and  if  the  fault  springs  which  are  common  in 
I  he  former  region  were  present,  then  the  water  furnished  by  these  springs  would  be 
retained  beneath  the  clay  layer  and  give  rise  to  an  artesian  condition.  Fault 
springs,  or  natural  artesian  wells,  produced  under  the  proper  conditions  by  the 
cutting  of  a  porous  water-bearing  layer  by  a  fault  line,  are  comparatively  simple 
phenomena, but  the  hypothesis  that  such  springs  occur  under  Long  Island  must  rest 
on  the  assumption  of  a  complexity  of  horizontal  fault  ing  of  which  there  is  no  evidence. 
Moreover,  the  water  obtained  from  these  deep  wells  runs  exceptionally  low  in  chlorine, 
alkalinity,  and  hardness,  while  waters  from  the  rock  wells  in  the  western  part  of  the 
island  and  ir  neighboring  regions  of  New  York  and  Connecticut  have,  as  a  rule,  a 
much  higher  mineral  content. 

TABU  VI.    Analysts  showing  difference  between  waters  from  the  Lloyd  sand  and  those  from  the  rock  wells  of 

Connecticut. 


[Pin  ts  per  million.] 


Location 


Chlorine,  hard- 
ness. 


Center  Island,  Long  Island  3.54 

(55!)). 

Center   Island.   Long  Island  I  3.89 
(588). 

Center  Island,   Long  Island         I  25 
(554). 

Peaioook  Point,  Long  Island'       5  83 

dim. 

Lattlngtown,   Long    Island  |      4. 60 

(473) . 

I.onc  Island  City  (75)   1,902, 1 

Connecticut  i 

Greenwich  

How ay I on  

Norwalk  

Norwalk  

Norwalk  

West  port  

Fairfield  

Fairfield  


9.28 
32.  IK) 
25.0 
20.0 
5.6 
12.0 
31.0 
21.0 


20.0 
20.0 
20.0 


Alka- 
linity. 


Analyst. 


62.9 
60.0 
45.7 
74.3 
121.0 
164.3 


Remarks. 


19.0   C.  S.  Siichter. 


20.0   do. 


Flowing  well  in  Lloyd  sand;  318 
feet  deep. 

Flowing  well  in  Lloyd  sand;  351 
feet  deep. 

Flowing  well  in  Lloyd  sand;  378 
feet  deep. 

27-2         do  '  Flowing  well  in  Llovd  sand;  230 

feet  deep. 

17-6         do  1  Flowing  well  in  Lloyd  sand;  342 

feet  deep. 

  Jacob  B'limer,  Oct.  12,  1888  I  Well  in  rock;  275  feet  deep. 


22.0 


H.  T.  Vnlte. 


H.  E.  Smith  I  \ven 


Well  in  rock;  177  feet  deep. 


S.  P.  Wheeler. 



....do.. 
....do  


..  S.  P.  Wheeler. 


I  in  roek;  395  feet  deep. 
Artesian  well. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


FLUCTUATIONS  OF  GROUND-WATER  LEVEL. 


69 


Table  VI. — Analyses  showing  difference  between  waters  from  the  Lloyd  sand  and  those  from  the  rock  wells  of 

Connecticut — Continued. 


Location, 


Chlorine. 


Connecticut— Continued. 

West  Bridgeport  

Bridgeport  

East  Bridgeport  

Woodmont  

Deep  River  

Niantic  

Middletown  

Hartford  

Hartford  

Hartford  

Hartford  

Hartford  


26.0 
32.9 

7.0 
28.7 

5.5 

9.1 
14.5 

6.6 
22.5 
13.0 
11.0 
30.7 


Hard- 
ness. 


167.5 
60.0 
36.4 
56. 0 
54.0 
15.  0 

160.0 
28.5 
C) 
24.0 
72.9 

128.6 


Alka- 
linity. 


Analyst 


Remarks 


Artesian  well. 

Rock  well;  125  feet  deep. 

Artesian  well. 

Rock  well;  52  feet  deep. 


S.  P.  Wheeler  

....do  

....do  

H.  E.  Smith  

R.  B.  Riggs   Artesian  well. 

A.  B.  Bryant   Deep  artesian  well. 

 do   Do. 

Henry  Souther   Artesian  well;  350  feet  deep. 

  Artesian  well;  242  feet  deep. 

H.  E.  Smith  1  Artesian  well;  250  feet  deep. 

S.  P.  Wheeler  I 

R.  B.  Riggs  i  Artesian  well. 


a  Very  hard. 

On  the*  whole,  there  is  absolutely  no  evidence  of  a  Connecticut  source  for  the 
underground  water  on  Long  Island.  The  water  is  derived  entirely  from  rainfall  on 
the  island,  and  all  the  water  phenomena  observed  can  be  directly  traced  to  this 
source,  except  that  a  slight  amount  may  be  transmitted  through  the  Lloyd  gravel 
from  New  Jersey. 


CAUSES  OF  FLUCTUATION  OF  THE   GROUND- WATER  TABLE." 


The  causes  which  produce  fluctuations  of  the  ground-water  table  on  Long 
Island  may  be  subdivided  as  follows: 

A.  Natural  : 

Rainfall. 

Sympathetic  tides. 
Thermometrie  changes. 
Barometric  changes. 

B.  Artificial : 

Dams. 
Pumping. 

NATURAL  CAUSES  OF  FLUCTUATION . 

Rainfall. — As  rainfall  is  the  source  of  ground  water,  it  would  seem  self-evident 
that  the  ground-water  level  must  vary  directly  with  the  rainfall,  heavy  rains 
raising  it  and  long  periods  of  drought  lowering  it.  While  this  is  true  in  a  broad 
way,  the  relation  between  the  rainfall  and  the  changes  in  level  of  the  ground-water 
table  is  not  such  a  simple  one  as  this  statement  might  imply. 

In  the  summer  of  1903  the  engineers  of  the  Long  Island  division  of  the  com- 
mission on  additional  water  supply  made  daily  observations  on  the  water  levels 
in  wells  in  many  parts  of  Long  Island  and  accumulated  much  definite  data  on 
this  point.  Fortunately  the  observations  began  just  before  the  exceptional  period 
of  drought  which  extended  from  April  16  to  June  7.    The  wells  observed  were 

o  Preliminary  statement;  a  more  complete  report  on  the  observations  on  these  fluctuations  made  during  the  summer  of 
1903  is  now  in  press  as  Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No  155. 


70 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


largely  open  dug  wells  depending  on  the  main  ground-water  level,  which,  as  already 
indicated,  rises  from  sea  level  on  each  side  of  the  island  to  a  summit  somewhat 
north  of  the  surface  divide  (p.  57). 

From  these  records  the  typical  hydrographs  shown  on  PI.  XVII  have  been 
selected.  This  group  of  wells,  with  the  possible  exception  of  Xo.  6,  are  all  south 
of  the  ground-water  divide  and  in  a  region  where  the  direction  of  underflow  is 
southward. 

In  shallow  wells  near  the  south  shore,  such  as  Xos.  1  and  2,  the  relation 
between  the  rainfall  and  the  fluctuation  of  the  ground-water  table  is  very  apparent. 


Fig.  34. — Autograph  record  of  water  level  in  a  386-foot  well  at  Long  Beach,  X.  Y.,  showing  fluctuations  due  to  tides.  Record 
from  a  Means  nilometer  in  charge  of  F.  D.  Rathbun,  field  assistant.    Elevations  indicated  are  approximate. 

Five  or  six  days  after  the  heavy  rains  of  April  14  and  15  the  water,  after  rising 
for  a  few  days,  fell  steadily  through  the  period  of  dry  weather.  Three  or  four  days 
after  the  rain  of  June  7,  which  ended  the  drought,  the  water  in  both  wells  began 
to  rise  and  continued  to  rise  during  the  rainy  weather  which  followed. 

Farther  inland,  a  gradual  change  is  noted  in  the  behavior  of  the  surface  of 
the  ground-water,  wells  7  or  8  miles  from  the  shore,  such  as  Xos.  3,  4,  and  7. 
showing  an  entirely  different  curve.  In  these  the  water  rose  steadily  during  the 
drought  and  began  to  fall  when  the  heavy  rains  commenced.  In  wells  still  farther 
inland,  as  Xos.  5,  6,  and  S,  the  water  rose  steadily  for  the  whole  period  shown. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER   NO.  **     PL.  XVII 


FLUCTUATIONS  OF  THE  MAIN  GROUND-WATER  TABLE  ON  LONG  ISLAND. 
From  observations  of  the  Long  Island  division  of  the  New  York  City  commission  on  additional  water  supply.  March-June,  1 903. 


KLl'CTUATIONS   OF  GROUND- WATKK  LEVEL. 


71 


+  5 


+  4 


+  2 


+  1 


Zero 


—  3 


well  No.  8  actually  rising  over  2  feet  during  the  greatest  drought  this  section  had 
ever  experienced. 

These  curves  indicate  that  the  deeper  the  ground-water  table  and  the  farther 
it  is  from  the  shore  (or  the  higher  it  is  above  sea 
level)  the  more  slowly  it  responds  to  the  rainfall. 
The  retardation  is  entirely  out  of  proportion  to 
the  thickness  of  the  unsaturated  beds  above  the 
main  water  table.  In  the  wells  at  Lynbrook  and 
Massapequa,  which  are  from  4  to  8  feet  deep,  rain 
water  should,  according  to  the  rate  of  flow  deter- 
mined by  laboratory  tests,  reach  the  ground-water 
table  in  a  few  minutes,  yet  the  water  table  did  not 
begin  to  rise  until  four  or  five  days  after  the  heavy 
rains.  As  the  thickness  of  the  unsaturated  beds 
increases,  this  retardation  is  multiplied  at  an 
astonishing  rate.  Thus,  while  the  4  and  8  foot 
wells  at  Lynbrook  and  Massapequa  began  to  fall 
seven  days  after  the  close  of  the  rainy  period  in 
April,  the  32-foot  well  at  Mineola  did  not  begin 
to  fall  until  after  thirty-five  days,  the.  34-foot 
Creedmoor  well  after  about  fifty-five  days,  and 
the  55-foot  Hicksville  well  after  about  sixty-five 
days,  while  the  70-  and  90-foot  wells  at  Lake  Suc- 
cess and  Hicksville  showed  no  tendency  to  fall 
after  seventy-five  days,  but  were  still  rising  from 
the  effects  of  the  March  and  April  rains.  In  this 
delayed  transmission  the  effects  of  single  showers 
is  almost  wholly  neutralized,  the  sand  acting  as 
so  perfect  an  equalizer  that  only  the  mass  results 
of  long  periods  of  rain  or  drought  are  indicated. 
The  question  involved  here  is  apparently  not  so 
much  how  fast  a  constant  stream  of  water  under 
a  given  pressure  will  flow  through  a  column  of 
earth  of  a  given  height  as  how  long  it  will  take 
a  given  quantity  of  water  precipitated  on  the  top 
of  this  column  during  a  relatively  short  time  to 
entirely  or  almost  entirely  run  out  at  its  base. 

Tides. — Nearly  all  the  wells  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  shores,  both  shallow  and  deep,  show  a  sym- 
pathetic vibration  with  the  tides.  The  nature  of 
this  vibration  and  its  clearly  tidal  character  are 
shown  in  figs.  34  and  35.  Fig.  34  represents  a 
386-foot  well  at  Long  Beach  and  fig.  35  a  40-foot 
well  at  Douglaston.  This  fluctuation  is  commonly 
greatest  at  the  shore  and  becomes  less  on  passing  inland,  but  this  rule  is  by  no 
means  invariable,  and  many  very  peculiar  local  variations  are  found. 


AUG.  25 


LOGIC*1!  SURVEY  i 


AUG.  26 


AUG.  27 


TIDE  CURVE 


Fig.  35. — Record  of  water  level  in  a  40-foot 
well  of  the  Citizens'  Water  Supply  Com- 
pany at  Douglaston,  N.  Y.,  and  tidal 
record  in  adjacent  creek.  Record  from 
Friez  tide  gages  in  charge  of  F.  L.  Whitney, 
field  assistant. 


72         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


The  tidal  curves  in  the  wells  are  miniatures  of  those  in  the  near-by  body  of 
water,  but  are  generally  somewhat  behind  them.  Thus,  at  Oyster  Bay,  where  the 
water  is  under  sufficient  hydraulic  head  to  lift  it  considerably  above  the  surface  of 
the  ground  (see  PI.  XIII,  A),  the  tide  in  the  Casino  well,  which  is  in  the  very  edge 
of  the  water,  is  five  to  ten  minutes  behind  that  in  the  bay,  while  in  the  Underbill 
well,  which  is  only  300  feet  from  the  shore,  it  shows  a  lag  of  from  sixty-five  to 
seventy-five  minutes. 

While  this  great  increase  in  the  amount  of  lag  in  very  sihall  distances  indicates 
that  the  factors  concerned  in  the  formation  of  these  sympathetic  tides  are  rather 
complex,  it  is  not  felt  that  the  phenomenon  necessarily  involves  a  free  outlet  of 
the  underground  water  into  the  ocean,  as  is  very  commonly  held  in  this  region. 
On  the  contrary,  it  is  thought  to  be  conceivable  that  the  clay  layers,  rendered 
more  or  less  sensitive  by  the  water-logged  artesian  sands  beneath  them,  may  act 

as  large  diaphragms  and 
respond  directly  to  the  al- 
ternate loading  and  un- 
loading caused  by  the 
flood  and  ebb  tides. 

Therm  ometric  and  ba- 
rometric changes.  —  Self- 
recording  gages  placed  on 
the  wells  of  the  Queens 
County  Water  Company 
at  Lynbrook  (277)  dur- 
ing the  summer  of  1903 
showed  very  regular  daily 
fluctuations  of  the  ground- 
water table,  which  were 
clearly  due  neither  to  rain- 
fall nor  tidal  action.  A 
comparison  of  these  curves 
with  the  thermograph  and  barograph  records  obtained  at  Floral  Park  and 
Brentwood  by  the  commission  on  additional  water  supply  (PI.  XVIII)  shows 
that  the  fluctuations  closely  correspond  to  the  changes  in  temperature  and 
only  remotely  to  those  of  air  pressure,  except  in  the  case  of  the  504-foot 
well.  It  was  at  first  thought  that  the  daily  fluctuations  in  the  temperature 
might  produce  minor  barometric  fluctuations  and  that  the  changes  in  the  water 
level  might  be  ultimately  due  to  changes  in  air  pressure,  but  a  study  of  the  data 
forces  the  conclusion  that  the  normal  fluctuation  shown  in  curves  1  and  2  are 
directly  due  to  temperature.  Thus  the  important  barometric  depression  indicated 
on  July  26  produced  no  effect  on  the  water  level  in  the  14-  and  72-foot  wells,  although 
clearly  noticeable  in  the  504-foot  well.  Even  the  sudden  rise  of  the  water,  which 
occurred  during  the  storm  of  July  30  and  which  has  many  aspects  of  being  due 
to  a  change  in  air  pressure,  has  a  sharpness  and  definition  not  indicated  by  the 
barograph  curve,  although  suggested  by  the  thermograph  curve. 


Fig.  36. — Diagram  showing  cone  of  depression  produced  by  a  pumping  station  and 
its  effect  on  a  near-by  pond  or  well. 


FLUCTUATIONS   OF   (iKOUND-WATKR   LEV KL. 


7:? 


AKTIFICIAL  CAUSES  OF  FIACTIATION. 

Dams. — The  first  important  cause  producing  a  change  in  the  normal  level 
oi  the  ground-water  table  was  the  construction  of  dams  for  mill  purposes.  These, 
without  exception,  raised  the  ground-water  table  and  decreased  the  spring  flow 
in  the  valley  above  the  points  at  which  they  were  constructed  (see  p.  62).  The 
crest  flow  in  every  case  was  less  than  the  normal  flow  of  the  stream  at  the  same 
point.  The  enlargement  of  these  ponds  for  storage  purposes  by  the  Brooklyn 
waterworks  but  emphasized  this  condition. 

Pumping. — When  pumping  stations  were  established  a  diametrically  opposite 
effect  was  produced.  A  pumping  station  instead  of  hindering  the  outward  flow 
of  the  water  helps  it,  and  as  the  group  of  wells  connected  with  a  pumping  station 
is  usually  restricted  to  a  relatively  small  area,  a  more  or  less  symmetrical  cone  of 
depression  is  produced  with  the  group  of  the  wells  as  a  center.  All  wells,  springs 
and  ponds  which  depend  on  this  main  water  table  and  which  arc  in  the  radius 
of  the  cone  of  depression  are  directly  influenced.  As  a  result  preexisting  wells 
have  had  to  be  driven  to  a  depth  slightly  greater  than  that  of  the  new  water  table 
(fig.  36),  the  spring  flow  is  decreased,  and  adjacent  ponds  and  marsh  areas  are 
more  or  less  completely  drained.  Mr.  L.  B.  Ward  has  compiled  the  following 
table  showing  the  decrease  in  stream  flow  on  southern  Long  Island  between  1873 
and  1899,  which  must  be  largely  due  to  the  effect  of  the  pumping  stations: 


Table  VII. — The  effect  of  (/round-water  pumping  in  diminishing  stream  flow  from  1873  to  1899  in  the  old  water, 
shed  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks,  comparing  five-year  periods. 

[By  L.  B.  Ward.] 


Period. 

Aver- 
age 

annual 
rain- 
fall. 

Average  annual 

rainfall  col- 
lected, referred 
to  watershed 
as  a  whole. 

Area 

of 
water- 
shed. 

Driven-well 
supply. 

Other  pumped 
sources  of 
supply. 

Daily 
total  per 
square 

mile 
derived 
from  all 
sources  in 
thev.ater- 
shed. 

Water  collected  as  stream 
flow,  referred  to  50  square 
miles  of  watershed. 

Ex- 
pressed 
as  rain- 
fall. 

Daily  per 
square 
mile. 

Ex- 
pressed 
as  rain- 
fall. 

Daily  per 
square 
mile. 

Daily  per 
square 
mile. 

Expressed  as  rain- 
fall. 

Propor- 
Araount.    tion  of 
total. 

Per 

Sqt.are 

Inches. 

cent. 

Inches. 

miles. 

Inches. 

Gallons. 

Inches. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Inches. 

Per  cent. 

1873-1877 

43.33 

25.07 

10.86 

52.30 

(■) 

(«) 

0. 18 

8,659 

517,206 

532,034 

11.17 

25.79 

1878-1882 

41.58 

29.60 

12.31 

55. 14 

(«0 

(o) 

.99 

47,063 

585,978 

594,310 

12.48 

30.02 

1883-1887 

43.30 

31.60 

13.68 

64.42 

2.95 

140,392 

2.30 

109,041 

651,506 

518,071 

10.88 

25.13 

45.05 

38.43 

17.31 

65.54 

5.85 

278,383 

4.17 

198,605 

824,195 

455,153 

9.56 

21.22 

189.5-1899 

43.14 

36.32 

15.67 

66.44 

7.76 

369,581 

2.74 

130,224 

745,983 

327, 122 

6.89 

15.96 

"  Began  in  1SS3. 


While  a  decrease  in  spring  flow  must  follow  any  extensive  method  of  removing 
the  ground  water  in  this  region,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  cost  of  such 
a  removal  will  probably  be  less  than  its  collection  from  surface  ponds  and  the 
subsequent  filtration  which  must  necessarily  follow.  A  subterranean  system  will, 
moreover,  result  in  the  more  or  less  complete  reclamation  of  the  swampy  lands 
along  many  of  the  brooks. 

The  effect  which  the  lowering  of  the  ground-water  table  by  a  few  feet  in  this 
region  may  have  on  farm  products  is  not  very  clear.    It  is  certainly  true  that 


74         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


plants  thrive  where  the  ground-water  table  is  25  to  100  or  more  feet  below  the 
surface,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  the  lowering  of  the  water  table  a  few  feet 
will  very  definitely  affect  farm  products,  except  where  it  makes  swamp  land 
cultivable. 

BLOWING  WELLS. 

Mr.  William  Jaegle,  a  well  driller  of  Hicksville,  reports  a  number  of  blowing 
wells  about  Woodbury  (519,  588,  589,  590).  These  blow  intermittently,  generally 
before  a  storm,  and  are  clearly  very  similar  to  the  blowing  wells  reported  from 
the  Western  States. " 

The  cause  of  this  blowing  seems  to  a  large  extent  to  be  due  to  changes  in  baro- 
metric pressure,  an  outflow  of  air  occurring  when  the  surface  pressure  is  relatively 
Low,  and  an  inflow  when  it  is  relatively  high. 

A  careful  examination  was  made  of  the  wells  at  Woodbury  by  Mr.  R.  D. 
Rathbun,  field  assistant,  with  a  view  to  attaching  a  recording  instrument  and 
carefully  studying  this  phenomenon,  but  the  conditions  were  found  not  to  be 
favorable. 

WATERWORKS. 

The  porous  nature  of  Long  Island,  which  causes  it  to  readily  absorb .  filter, 
and  store  the  rain  water,  admirably  fits  it  for  furnishing  large  quantities  of  very 
pure  water. 

As  has  been  pointed  out,  the  total  loss  by  evaporation  is  relatively  small, 
and  the  run-off  is  almost  wholly  that  supplied  by  springs.  These  short,  steady- 
flowing,  spring-fed  streams,  which  were  first  utilized  for  small  saw  and  grist  mills, 
were  the  most  natural  source  for  water  when  the  growing  city  of  Brooklyn  began 
to  demand  a  water  supply. 

The  original  Brooklyn  system,  completed  in  1862,  derived  its  supply  wholly 
from  a  number  of  surface  streams  between  Brooklyn  and  Lynbrook.  which  were 
intercepted  by  a  conduit  in  which  the  water  flowed  by  gravity  to  Ridgewood, 
where  it  was  lifted  into  reservoirs  which  supply  a  simple  gravity  system.  As  the 
demand  increased,  it  became  necessary  to  utilize  other  ponds  and  streams  which 
were  too  low  to  flow  naturally  into  the  conduit,  and  in  1872  pumping  stations 
were  established  at  Watts  Pond  and  Smiths  Pond. 

In  the  same  year  a  private  system  supplied  by  springs  was  established  at  Sea 
Cliff.  This  was  the  first  waterworks  plant  on  Long  Island  after  the  Brooklyn 
system.  In  1874  plants  were  completed  by  three  villages:  College  Point,  Flushing, 
and  Long  Island  City  ;  of  these,  the  first  two  depended  on  spring  and  stream  supply, 
and  the  last  on  a  single  large  well.  This  last  was  the  first  plant  using  the  ground 
water  as  a  source  of  supply.  Garden  City  followed  in  a  few  years  with  a  system 
depending  on  a  single  large  well. 

In  1880  the  surface  supply  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  was  supplemented 
by  open-well  stations  at  Springfield  and  Watts  Pond,  and  in  1882  gang-well 
stations  were  established  at  Spring  Creek  and  Baisleys.    Since  that  time  the 

"  Water-Sap.  and  Irr.  Paper  Xo.  67,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1902,  pp.  72,  7:i;  Nebraska  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1.  1903,  pp.  93-97; 
Water-Sup.  and  Irr.  Paper,  Xo.  101,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1904,  pp.  60-61. 


WATERWORKS. 


75 


development  of  the  ground  water  has  been  comparatively  rapid;  many  local  plants 
have  been  erected,  which,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  depend  on  wells.  Of  the 
plants  of  the  five  cities — Brooklyn,  College  Point ,  Flushing,  Sea  Cliff,  and  Nbrthport— 
which  originally  depended  largely  on  surface  water,  the  last  three  now  depend 
wholly  on  wells.  The  plans  for  the  change  of  the  College  Point  (Fresh  Meadow 
station)  to  a  driven-well  plant  have  been  approved,  and  Brooklyn  has  so  supple- 
mented her  supply  by  driven-well  stations  that  at  present  only  about  two-thirds 
of  the  supply  is  derived  from  surface  waters.  At  Sag  Harbor  it  has  been  found 
advisable  to  abandon  the  wells,  and  the  plant  there  is  now  the  only  one  on  the 
island  wholly  dependent  on  a  surface  supply. 

The  amount  of  water  taken  from  Long  Island  lor  waterworks  purposes  during 
1902  may  be  roughly  estimated  at  120,000,000  gallons  per  day,  of  which  65,000,000 
was  from  springs  or  spring-fed  streams  and  55,000,000  was  from  wells.  The 
Brooklyn  Water  Company  consumed  almost  the  whole  of  the  surface  water 
utilized  and  slightly  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  well  water. 

The  distribution  of  the  various  water  systems  on  Long  Island,  the  area  covered 
by  each,  and  the  location  of  the  pumping  stations  and  other  sources  of  supply, 
are  shown  on  the  accompanying  map  (PI.  XIX).  Other  data  are  presented  in  the 
following  table  and  in  the  detailed  records  given  on  pages  116-337. 

17116— No.  44—06  6 


76         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  VIII. — Waterworks 


No.  a 


16 
135 


138 

139 
194 
198 
200 

201 

196 
290 

288 
286 


Owner. 


Description. 


New  York  City, 
department  of 
water  supply, 
gas,  and  elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
ough of  Brook- 
lyn). 

 do   New  Utrecht  sta- 
tion. 

 do  !  Gravesend  station 

 do  


.do. 


New    Lots  sta- 
tion. ' 


Ridgewood  sta- 
tion. 


.do   Spring  Creek  (old) 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


Spring  Creek(tem- 
porary). 

Shetucket  station. 

Oconee  station  . . . 

Baisley's  station  . 

Baisley's  supply 
pond. 

Jameco  station. . . 


/Springfield  sta- 
l  tion. 

Springfield  Pond 


Forest  Stream 
station 


Simonson's  sup- 
ply pond. 

/Clear  Stream  sup- 
l   ply  pond. 

Clear  Stream  sta- 
tion. 

Watts  Pond  


Co- 
ordi- 
nates 

(.») 

Serv- 

.  ice 

Source  of  supply. 

Estimated 
capacity 

of  station 
per  day. 

Average  yield  per  day  for 
year  given  in  last  column. 

began. 

Wells. 

Springs. 

Streams  c 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

1858 

(Driven    wells  and( 
I   streams.  J 

■'125,000,000 



2  B  . 

il885 

120  2-inch  wells,  30 

2,000,000 

1,120,596 

feet  deep. 

2  B 

113  2-inch  wells,  50 
feet  deep. 

2,600,000 

2,444,032 

3  C 

1881 

22  2-inch  wells,  45  to 
50  feet;  14  6-inch 
wells.  80  to  90  feet: 
4  6_inch  wolls  s.  t 
oottoin  of  1  open 
well,  29  by  24  feet. 

4,330,600 

3C. 

1862 

Ridgewood  aque- 
duct; force  main 
from  Millburn. 

28,581,383 

63,761,017 

3  C. 

1882 

100  2-inch  wells,  36 

5,000,000 

3,973, 160 

feet  deep;  1  6-inch 
well,  150  feet  deep; 
7  8-inch  wells,  150 
feet  deep. 

3  C. 

1894 

13  6-inch  wells,  42  to 
75  feet  deep. 

4,500,000 

2,997,945 

4  B 

1897 

12  8-inch  wells,  195 

3  500  000 

1,678,219 

feet  deep. 

4C. . 

1897 

12  8-inch  wells,  195 

2,. 500, 000 

1,634,408 

feet  deep. 

4  C. . 

1882 

100  2-inch  wells,  44 
feet  deep. 

2,500,000 

1,527,051 

4  C. . 

m  1858 

Surface  water  

6,000,000 
6,000,000 

6,000,000 

4C 

1888 

16  8-   and  10-inch 

4,935,482 

wells,  160  feet  deep; 

100  ^-iiicii  vveiib,z/ 

to  73  feet  deep;  4 
4-inch    wells,  160 
feet  deep;  3  6-inch 

urcil  1  c    1        faaf  H  Don 
Wcllo,  lOO  IccL  Ucc^i. 

Y  B  . 

(  1880 

(20  8-inch  wells,  170 
|    feet  deep. 

2, 133,890 

I"  1897 

4  B  . 

1880 

Surface  water  

2,000,000 
5,000,000 

2,000,000 

5  B  . 

1885 

1  1U    Z-U1CI1    wens,  *il 

feet  deep. 

3,439,039 

5  C. 

1862 

Surface  water  

2,000,000 
200,000 

h  C 

1862 

 do  

200,000 

J 

5  B  . 

1885 

150  2-inch  wells,  38 
feet  deep. 

5,000,000 

2,568,055 

5  B  . 

0  1872 

840,000 

}5B  . 

f  1872 
jnl894 

Watts  Pond  

2,500,000 
2,500,000 

12  6-inch  wells,  50 
feet  deep. 

|/.2,213,703 

1,000,000 

K 

1862 

Surface  water  

1,300,000 

Watts  Pond  sta- 
tion. 

Valley  Stream 
supply  pond. 

n  Numbers  correspond  to  those  used  in  the  detailed  records  in  Chapter  IV  and  in  the  index  maps,  Pis.  xfac,  xxiv. 
See  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 

c  Streams  are  all  very  short  and  spring  fed,  and  differ  very  little  from  springs. 

d  Whole  system. 

'  Ridgewood. 

/  Mount  Prospect. 

9  Mount  Prospect  standpipe. 

*  1H99. 

I  Original  station  established  in  1880. 


WATERWORKS. 


77 


systems  on  Long  Island. 


Delivery  of  water. 


Reservoir  or  standpipe. 


Capacity.  Size. 


Gallons,     i  Feet. 

<■  304,000,000  

(Gravity  and  direct  pump-  I  y  19j  j^nno 

111,500     64.4  by  16 


Direct,  connecting  with  . 
Mount  Prospect  reser- 
voir. 

Direct  


Direct  service,  connect- 
ing with  reservoir. 


Ridgewood  reservoir. 
Ridgewood  aqueduct . 


 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Not  used  

Ridgewood  aqueduc  t . 


.do. 


Springfield  station  

Ridgewood  aqueduct . 

 do  


.do. 
.do. 


Ridgewood  aqueduct . 


.do. 


304,000,000 


7,199,000  . 


9,879,000  . 
977,500  . 


3,750,000  . 


10,850,000  . 


Elevation 
of  reser- 
voir or 

standpipe. 


Miles  of  Fire  by- 
mains,  drants. 


Authority. 


Feet. 
el70 
/ 198.5  \ 
a  204-278. 4 


I.  M.  De  Varona. 
L.  B.  Ward  


194 


5.08  J 
1.74  i" 


13. 11  1 
7.05  I 


13.19 
10.19 


6.5  | 
2.7  1 


*35   L.B.Ward. 

*17         A.  144|  

'•49   L.B.Ward. 


.do  . 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


 do  

I.  M.  De  Varona. 

L.  B.  Ward  

I.  II.  De  Varona. 

 do  

L.  B.  Ward  

I.  M.  De  Varona. 


Date.  No." 


1899 


1899 


1899 
1899 


1899 
1896 
1899 
1894 

1894 
1899 
1894 


L.  B.  Ward   1899 


1 


14. 5S  ] 
10.5 


I.  M.  De  Varona. . 


1896 


i  250  feet  high,  16  and  8  feet  in  diameter.    Xot  used. 
k  In  1896. 

I  Formerly  Long  Island  Water  Supply  Company. 
m  Sole  source  of  supply  from  November,  1858,  to  July,  I860. 
«  Driven-well  station  installed. 

o  Temporary  station;  permanent  station  established  in  1880. 
p  Allowing  1,000,000  for  yield  of  Watts  Pond. 


16 
135 


1899  140 


1899  138 


139 
194 
198 
200 


I.  M.  De  Varona   1896 

L.B.Ward   1899    |  201 


196 


290 


288 


286 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  VIII. — Waterworks 


Owner. 


Description. 


New  York  City 
department  of 
water  supply 
gas,  and  elec 
tricity  (Bor- 
ough of  Brook- 
lyn). 


.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


New  York  City, 
department  of 
water  supply, 
gas,  and  elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
o  u  g  h  of 
Queens) . 

 do  


.do. 


.do. 


Co- 
ordi- 
nates 

(») 


.Smiths  Pond  . 


6  B. 


f Smiths  Pond  sta-  ilg  g 
I    tion.  I 

J  Pine's  supply  II.  r 
\  pond.  r 

Schodack  Brook..'  6  C. 

|6  C. 

6  C. 


[Hempstead  sup 
i   ply  pond. 

Hempstead  stor 
age  reservoir. 

Millburn  reservoir 


/Millburn  pump- 
\  ingsUtion. 


|  Millburn  supply 
\  pond. 

/East  Meadow 
\  supply  pond. 

Agawam  station. . 

Merrick  station. . . 

{Matowa  (new 
bridge)  supply 
pond. 

Matowa  station . . 

IWantagh  supply 
\  pond. 

| Seaman's  supply 
\  pond 

Wantage  station. 


Massapequa  sup- 
ply pond. 

Massapequa  sta- 
tion. 

Long  Island  City, 
station  No.  1. 


Long  Island  City, 
station  No.  2. 


Long  Island  City, 
station  No.  3. 

Freeh  M  e  a  d  o  w 
Station  (for- 
merly College 
Point  station). 


6  B 
}6  B 
}6  B 

}7  B 

7  B 

7  B 


>7  C. 
8C. 
2C. 


3  D 


3  D 


Serv- 
ice 
began. 


Source  of  supply. 


1872 

1872 

1862 

1873 
1862 


IS!  12 


1896 
1896 


j-7  BC 

1892 

7  B  . 

1896 

to  c. . 

1892 

to  c. . 

1892 

7  C. 

1896 

1892 
1896 
1874 


ISM, 


1894 


Estimated 
capacity 
of  station 
per  day. 


Surface  water . 


Gallons. 
4,500,000 


Smiths  Pond  . . 
Surface  water. 


.do. 
.do. 


600,000 
1,000,000 


Average  yield  per  day  for 
year  given  in  last  column. 


Wells. 


Gallons. 


Springs. 


Gallons. 


8,000,000 


Streams,  Millburn  to 
Massapequa. 

Streams,  Millburn  to 
Massapequa,  and 
driven-well  sta- 
tions given  below. 

Surface  


.do. 


32  6-ineh  wells,  33  to 
91  feet  deep. 

624^-inch  wells,  40  to 
100  feet  deep. 

Surface  


f' 4, 518, 951 
''4,693,432 


46  4J-inch  wells,  38  to 
97  feet  deep. 

Surface  


.do. 


43  4j-mchwells,24to 
89  feet  deep:  6  6- 
inch  wells,  92  feet 
deep. 

Surface  


53  4J-inch  wells,  37  to 
106  feet  deep. 

7  6-inch  wells,  70  feet 
deep;  1  open  well, 
47J  feet  diameter 
by  30  feet  deep. 


28  4-inch  wells,45  feet 
deep;  1  16-foot 
well,  22  feet  deep. 

12  4-inch  wells,  41  feet 
deep. 


I S74  Springs. 


''4,495,622 


d  3,998,844 


3,114,739 


520, 305 
325, 813 


890,939 


1,37T  682 


Streams  < 


Gallons. 


8,517,299 


8, 000, 000 


30,450,000 
36,974.474' 


''5,373, 196 


w 

682,800 


/  803,000  . 
621,000  . 


2,500,000 


970,  783 
622, 700 


"  Numbers  correspond  to  those  used  In  the  detailed  records  in  Chapter  IV  and  in  the  index  maps,  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 
i>  See  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 

«  Streams  are  very  short  and  spring  fed,  and  differ  very  little  from  springs. 
''  Average  daily  yield  for  test  of  July-December,  1896. 


WATERWORKS. 


79 


systems  on  Lout;  Island — Continued. 


Delivery  of  water. 

Reservoir  or  standpipe. 

Elevation 
of  reser- 
voir or 
standpipe. 

Miles  of 
mains. 

Fire  hy- 
drants. 

Authority. 

Date. 

Capacity. 

Size. 

Smiths  Pond  station  . . . . 

Gallons. 
41,580,000 

Feet. 

Feet. 
|  5.09 

1  1*3 

I  5.09 
j  -.33 
f  13.68 
1           9. 57 

1896 

1899 
1896 

J 
1 

1j.  1 , .   »>  HI  O. .........  . 

 do  

9,046,000 

I.  M.  De  Varona  

 do  

 do  

do 

26,900,000 
1,000,000,000 
373,000,000 

J  12.21 
1  8.42 

1 

do 

do 



1894 

1896 
1894 

1899 

1896 

1896 
1899 
1899 

1899 
1899 
1896 

1896 
1899 

1896 
1899 

1899 

1902? 
1899 

do 

To  Ridgewood  pumping 
station. 

 do  



 do  



It.  B.  Ward  

|  i  u      iviiiiijiii  11     j )  u  i  ii  y  ' 

\  station. 

|  11,100,000 
18,830,000 

f  4.0 
1  1-4 
1  7.7 
I  3.77 

I.  M.  De  Varona  



1 

1 

 do  

MiUburn  aqueduct  

I 

L.  B.  Ward  

 do  

 do  

 do  

11  428,000 

f  8.5 
4. 17 

I.  M.  De  Varona  

 do  

1 

L.  B.  Ward  

 do  

15,030,000 
28,990,000 

|  9.7 
1  4.87 
[  14.9 
i  6.9 

I.  M.  De  Varona  

 do  

!  

\ 

 do  

 do  

J 

L.  B.  Ward  

 do  

19,000,000 

|  5.0 
1  3.5 

I.  M.  De  Varona  

 do  

!  

L.  B.  Ward  

23.19 

L.  B.  Ward  

 do  

Sanborn  Map  Co.ff  

L.  B.  Ward  

....do  

Direct;  overflowing  to 
standpipe. 

 do  

936,000 

188.8 

15. 42 

231 


e  Not  running. 

/  Destroyed  by  boiler  explosion  in  1900  and  not  rebuilt. 

(/  Insurance  maps  of  the  Borough  of  Queens,  city  of  New  York.  vol.  5,  1903. 


80         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  VIII. — Waterworks 


No.  a 


Owner. 


Description. 


j  Co- 
'  ordi- 
nates 
(0) 


238 

239 

242 
4 


New  York  City, 
department  of 
water  supply, 
gas.  and  elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
o  u g  h  of 
Queens). 


Bavside  station 
(formerly  Flush-  ^4  D  . 
ing  station). 


do    Whitestone.  No.  1 

 do   Whitestone  No.  2 

(reserve  station). 

Blythebourne    Principal  station  . 
Water  Co. 


.do  . 


18 
22 


H.  C.  Pfalzgraf 
estate. 

Flatbush  Wa- 
terworks Co. 


Reserve  station 


(German  Amer-  . 
134  i    ican  Improve- 
I    men  t  Co. 


142 

223 
213 

213 

219A 

158 
162 

225 

150 
151 
153 

161 
178 


W  o  o  d  h  a  v  e  n 
Water  Supply 
Co. 


I  Pumping  plant  at 
)  works  of  Agate 
I  Nickel  Steel 
I    Ware  Co. 


Montauk  Water  Dunton. 
Co. 


Jamaica  Water 
Supply  Co. 


.do. 


llolliswood  pri- 
vate high 
service. 

Citizens  Water 
Supply  Co. 

 do  


Jamaica. 


.do... 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Woodside  Wa- 
ter Co. 

 do  

 do  


4D 

4  D  . 

1  B  . 

2  B  . 

2B.. 
2B.. 


3  B 

3C. 

4C. 
4C. 

4C. 


Hollis  I  4C. 


Station  No.  1  !  3  C. 

Station  No.  2  1  3D 

Station  No.  3          4  C. 


Station  No  4  

3C. 

1900 

3  C. 

1901 

Station  No.  1  

3  C. 

1897 

Station  No.  2 

3  D 

3  D 

Serv- 
ice 
began. 


Source  of  supply. 


Estimated 
capacity 
of  station 
per  day. 


1874 


1892 


1892 


1891 
1882 


1892 

1894 

1895 
1887 

1887 


1894 
1897 


1S09 


Gallons. 


[21  3-,  4-,  and  6-inch 
wells,  40  feet  deep. 


Oakland  Lake' 


3,000,000 
1,780,000 


Average  yield  per  day  for 
year  given  in  last  column. 


Wells. 


Gallons. 
980,000 

1,206,584 


[17  4-  and  6-inch  wells, 
I   55  to  75  feet  deep. 


5  3-  and  4-inch  wells, 
80  feet  deep. 

1  open  well  5  feet  di- 
ameter by  90  feet 
deep;  1  open  well, 
20  feet  diameter 
by  90  feet  deep. 

2  7-inch  wells,  70  feet 
deep. 

Brooklyn  water- 
works. 


1,000,000 


Single  well. 


3  5-inch  wells.  18  feet 
deep;  in  each  of  12 
open  wells,  8  feet 
diameter  by  26  feet 
deep;  19  5-inch 
wells.  .55  feet  deep. 

{3  6-inch  wells,  60,  65, 
and  70  feet  deep. 
Island  Water  Sup- 
ply Co.ft 

10  4-inch  and  6  6-inch 
wells,  80  to  150  feet 
deep. 

17  10-inch  wells,  30  to 
50  feet  deep. 

7  10-inch,  12  5-inch 
wells,  50  to  60  feet 
deep. 

[1  8-inch  well,  57  feet 
deep;  1 10-inch  well, 
150  feet  deep;  1  8- 
inch  well,  50  feet 

[   deep;  5-inch  wells. 

Jamaica  Water  Sup- 
ply Co. 

28  6-inch  wells,  45  to 
62  feet  deep. 

78  4i-inch  wells,  45  to 
80  feet  deep. 

31  6-inch  wells,  45  to 
90  feet  deep. 

56  6-inch  wells,  45  to 
90  feet  deep. 

16  6-inch  wells  

13  4$  and  6  inch  wells 


178  shallow  driven 
>  wells. 


70,000 


181,000 
196,551 


Springs.  Streams  e 


Gallons.  Gallons. 


jni  1. 1  ii  id 


1,780,000 

106,000 


,111111,0111) 


75.000 


2, 155, 400, . 

70,000!. 
90, 600  . 

548,000  . 

1,800,000  . 
1,500,000  . 

2,275.000  . 


608,000  . 
1,510,000. 
2,067,700  . 


3,500,000 

2,500,000 
2,000,000 


Small 
Not  used. 
Not  used. 


□  Numbers  correspond  to  those  used  in  the  detailed  records  in  Chapter  IV  and  in  the  index  maps,  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 
''See  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 

(•Streams  are  all  very  short  and  spring  fed,  and  differ  very  little  from  springs. 

a  Also  called  Douglass  Pond;  used  only  for  reserve  in  case  of  fire. 

«  Insurance  maps  of  the  Borough  of  Queens,  city  of  New  York,  vol.  5,  1903. 

/  Five  elevated  tanks. 

a  In  1897.  M.  N.  Baker. 

*  Now  New  Lots  pumping  station  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks. 


WATERWORKS. 

systems  on  Long  Island — Continued. 


81 


Delivery  of  water. 


Reservoir  or  standpipe. 


Capacity.    '  Size. 


Gallons. 


Feel. 


Elevation 
of  reser- 
voir or 
standpipe. 


Direct :  overflowing  to 
standpipe. 


762,000  135  by  33. 


Feet. 
218 


Miles  of 
mains. 


Direct;  overflowing  to 
standpipe. 

 do  

 do  


212,000  95  by  20. 


Direct:  overflowing  to  / 125,000 

tanks. 


1S2.3 


10.4 


Direct:   overflowing  to 
standpipe. 


To  standpipe  and  mains. 


239,700  20  by  102. 


160i  30 


194 


Fire  hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


Date. 


L.B.Ward. 


1899 


Sanborn  Map  Co.*  .  . .  10021 
Chief  engineer   1902 


L.  B.  Ward  

Sanborn  Map  Co.' 


1899 
1902 ' 


L.  B.  Ward. 


  I.  M.  De  Varona  . 

....  L.  B.  Ward  

 do  

'590;  do  


1899 

18% 
1899 
1899 
1899 


No.'" 


238 


239 


/Direct  service:  overflow-  I  '4,000,000  1 
\  ing  to  reservoir.  [         500, 000 )' 


Direct  service;  overflow-    2  stand- 

ing to  standpipe.  pipes 

 do  do.fc  . 


125  32 

175  9. 5 

175       '  60-!- 


J'493  L.  B.  Ward. 


.do. 
.do 


511,000    40  by  50. 


Direct . 

 do. 

 do. 


183,600  25  by  50'" 


....  62 
210  2 


"56.92 


  C.  A.  Lockwood. . . 

640  Sanborn  Map  Co..;'. 


L.  B.Ward. 


L.  B.  Ward. 


1899 

1899 
1899 


1903 
1903 


1899 


1899 


perintendent. 

...do  

...do  


Direct . 


L.  B.  Ward. 


i  Statement  of  F.  H.  Luce,  superintendent. 

1  Insurance  maps  of  the  Borough  of  Queens,  city  of  New  York.  vol.  4,  1903. 
*•■  Combined  capacity  about  1,000.000  gallons. 
'  In  Greater  Xew  York. 

Manual  of  American  Waterworks,  1897,  p.  123. 
n  In  1899  delivered  2,336,400  gallons  to  the  citv  for  use  in  Long  Island  City. 


1903 

1903 

150 

1903 

151 

f  153 

1899 

|  161 

|  1.78 

82         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  III. — Waterworks 


No.a 


174 
176 


273 


379 

375 
397 

490 

405 
414 
442 

452 


466 

455 

525 
503 

579 
568 

674 

650 
658 
675 


Owner. 


Description. 


Co- 
ordi- 
nates 

I  (») 


SteinwayA  Son  d  

Bowery  Bay    North  Beach . 
Building  and 
Improvement 
Co. 


(Queens  County  I 
1    Water  Co.       f  Valley  Stream 


3  D 
3  D 


5  B 


6  B 
6  B 


{R$S£  Center  [Rockville  Center 

Long  Beach  As-  !  East  Rocka way. 
sociation./ 

Freeport  village   Freeport   6B. 

Merrick   7  B  . 

{Hg^steadvil-  ^empstead   6  C. . 

Garden  City  Wa-  Garden  Citv   6  C. . 

ter  Supply  Co.j . 

C.  H.  Mackay...  Roslyn   6D. 

J  Sea  Cliff  Water  L_ 

1   Co.  [Sea  Cliff   6E  . 


Merrick  Water 
Co. 


Serv- 
ice 
began. 


Pratt  estate. 


I     Water  Co. 


Glen  Cove. 


E  . 


.do. 


Amityville  Wa- 
ter Works  Co. 


Babylon  Sump- 
wams  Water 
I  Co. 


irthpo 
;er  Wc 


1884 


1896 


1894 
1896 

1890 
1876 


1872 


J.... do  

6  E  . 

(J) 

Oyster  Bay  

7  E  . 

(*> 

HicksvUle  

7  D  . 

(fc) 

Farmingdale  

8C. 

(*) 

Amityville  

8C. 

1893 

jBabylon  

io  c. 

1893 

j-IIuntington  

8E. . 

1893 

jNorthport  

9  E.. 

1893 

Source  of  supply. 


Wells  

17  6-inch  wells,  65  to 
70  feet  deep. 


16  3  and  4  inch  wells, 
145  to  180  feet  deep; 
45  3-inch  wells  30 
to  50  feet  deep. 

32  4  and  5  inch  wells, 
33  feet  deep. 

19  6-inch  wells,  150  to 
190  feet  deep. 

2  wells,  50  feet  deep. . 

4  8-inch  wells,  40  to 
50  feet  deep. 

Shallow  wells  


2  6-inch  wells.  35  feet 
deep;  2  10-inch 
wells,  35  feet  deep. 

Shallow  wells  


[Wells  

18  6-inch  wells,  50  feet 
I  deep. 

Well  50  feet  diameter 
by  35  feet  deep. 

Shallow  wells  

6  6-inch  wells,  60  feet 
deep. 

1  6-inch  wells  


Estimated 
capacity 
of  station 
per  day. 


Gallons. 


.".(10,000 


500,000 


3  driven  wells  

3  6-inch  wells,  38  to 
48  feet  deep. 

1  6-inch  well,  82  feet 
deep. 

14  10-inch  wells,  45  to 

1  60  feet  dee]>. 

Driven  wells  

2  8-inch  wells,  85  feet 
deep. 

Driven  wells  

6- inch  wells,  40  feet 
deep. 

(Driven  wells  

1 4  8-inch  wells,  60  feet 
I  deep. 


3  8-inch  wells,  60  feet 
deep. 


|2  8-inch  wells,  47  feet 
t  deep. 


{XwaVVco.|Ksh™ 10  C.  1889  90  f'^ 


20  5-inch  wells,  40  to 
feet  deep. 


1,000,000  + 


500, 000 


1.000,000 


I  Ml.  01  ll  I 


Average  yield  per  day  for 
year  given  in  last  column. 


Wells. 


Gallons. 
500,000 

1,123,581 

1,634,000 

25,000 
1.50,  466 


60,000 


Springs. 


Gallons. 


Streams  c 


Gallons. 


ji  in. in  in 
75,000 

500.000 


(*) 


75, 000 
100,000 


104.000 


175,000 


66, 274 
96, 280 


2,250,000  . 


CO 


«  Numbers  correspond  to  those  used  in  the  detailed  records  in  Chapter  IV  and  in  the  index  maps,  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 
b  See  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 

<  stu  iiins  arc  very  short  and  spring  fed,  and  differ  very  little  from  springs. 

''  A  small  private  plant  supplying  houses  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Steinway  piano  factory. 

«  Two  standpipes. 

/Private  plant,  supplying  Long  Beach. 
(/Manual  of  American  Waterworks,  1897. 


WATERWORKS. 


83 


system.i  on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Delivery  of  water. 


Reservoir  or  standpipe.  Elevation 
of  reser- 


Capacity. 


Size.  standpipe. 


Miles  of  Fire  hy- 
mains.  drants. 


Gallons. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


To  tank. 
Direct . . . 


A  uthoritv. 


Date.  No." 


L.  C.  L.  Smith,  eon-  1903 
suiting  engineer. 


Direct  and  lo  standpipes. 


37.17-1-   L.  B.  Ward. 


235.000  20  by  100. 
93,000  12  by  100. 


(Direct,  overflowing  to 
[  standpipe. 

To  standpipe  at  Long 
Beach. 

Direct,   overflowing  to 
standpipe. 

Pumped  by  windmill  to 
tanks. 

jDirect  pumping  and  to 
j  standpipe. 

Direct  pressure  


235,000 


50 


20  bv  100. 


258,000 


20  by  110. 


To  tanks  

To  standpijie. 


235,000  20  by  100. 


To  reservoir  and  stand- 
pipe.  I 

To  standpipe  


.do. 


.do. 


158,000 


....do  

Acme  system . 


....do  

To  standpipe. 

Acme  system . 
 do  


To  reservoir. 


282,000 

235,000 
25,000 

25,000 
300,000 

(') 
100,000 


30  by  30. 


20  by  120. 
20  bv  100. 


1 

190  j 

1 

160  ] 

265  \ 

145  | 

It 

245  \ 

145  I 

250,000 


[Ground  reservoir . 
}Acme  system  


20  by  125. 


170 


To  standpipe. 


250,000 
25,000  I 

350,000 


20  by  150. 


16 


49 


35 


C.  R.  Bettes. 

M.  N.  Baker. 
Village  clerk. 


1899 


1902 


1897 
1902 


Engineer   1902 


M.  N.  Baker!/. 
Engineer  


If.  X.  Baker u . 


1897 
1903 

1897 


J.  T.  Pirie.  president . . 

Sanborn  Map  Co  

M.  X.  Baker  


D.  M.  Munger  super- 
intendent. 

fW.  F.  Clapton,  super- 
l  intendent. 


(Oscar  Darling,  con- 
49  |    suiting  engineer. 


1903 
1902 
1897 

1903 

1903 
1903 


49  . 
:,o  . 


.do. 
.do. 


33 


1 10 


Solomon  Ketchen;. 

1902 

secretary.. 

M.  X.  Baker  

1897 

Oscar    Darling,  con- 

1903 

sulting  engineer. 

Chief  engineer  

1903 

Oscar  Darling,  con- 

1903 

sulting  engineer. 

J.  Irwin,  treasurer. . . . 

1903 

Oscar  Darling  

j  1903 

S.  L.  Ackerly  

C.  A.  Lockwood,  sec- 

1903 

retary. 

Sanborn  Map  Co. "... 

1902 

*  Originally  supplied  by  springs. 

'Reservoir,  120,000  gallons;  elevation,  175  feet;  standpipe,  235,000  gallons;  elevation,  250  feet, 
j  Construction  well  advanced  in  September,  1903. 
*•■  Under  construction  September,  1903. 
'  Two  7.000-gallon  tanks. 

>»  The  springs  which  formerly  supolied  this  plant  were  abandoned  in  1903. 
n  Maps  of  Bayshore  and  Islip. 


174 
176 


273 

379 
375 
397 

490 

405 
414 
442 

452 

466 

455 

525 

503 

579 
568 


650 
658 


84 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  III. — Waterworks 


N'o.o 


Owner. 


Description. 


began. 


777    Great  S  o  u  t  h  ;  Patchogue   13  D  1887 

BavWaterCo.d 


803    I'ort  Jefferson 
Water  Co. 


863 
861 
879 


(Riverhead  War 
I    ter  Works. 


Port  Jefferson          11  F.  1898 

Riverhead   18  E  1892 


Quantuck  Wa-    Quogue   18  D.  »  1903 

ter  Co. 


Southampton    Southampton          21 E  1894 

Waterworks 
Co. 

910    Easthampton    Easthampton          23  F.  1899 

Home  Water 

Co.  |  j 

903    Sag    Harbor    Sag  Harbor   22  F.  1889 

Water  Co. 

889    Shelter   Island    Shelter  Island         21 H  

Heights  Asso- 


890 
892 


Manhasset   do  '  21  HI  

House. 

Green  port  vil-    Greenport   21  H  I  m  1889 

lage. 


Source  of  supply. 


Estimated  Average  yield  per  day  for 

capacity  vear  given  in  last  column, 
of  station 

per  day.  Wells.     Springs.  Streams  ej 


Gallons.     Gallons.    Gallons.  Gallons. 


2  6-inch  wells,  54  feet 
deep. 

1  8-inch  well.  225  feet 
deep;  16-inch  well, 
305  feet  deep.*- 

6  8-inch  wells,  40  feet 
deep. 

3  6-inch  wells,  80  feet 

deep. 

3  4-inch  wells,  70  to  75 
feet  deep. 

Ligonee  Brook  


200,000 


SO.OOO  . 
6,000  . 


500,000  . 


OpeD  well,  21  feet 
deep,  with  6-inch 
pipe  to  a  depth  of 
33  feet. 

Group  of  18  wells  


1,000,000  340,500. 
250,000  '250,000. 

V)  L 

(96,000  . 


120,000 


(') 


9  6- inch  wells,  28  to  48 
feet  deep. 


150.000 


a  Numbers  correspond  to  those  used  in  the  detailed  records  in  Chapter  IV  and  in  the  index  maps,  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 
*  See  Pis.  xix,  xxiv. 

e  Streams  are  very  short  and  spring  fed,  and  differ  verv  little  from  springs 
d  Until  1894  the  Suffolk  County  Water  Company. 
t  Statement  of  driller,  N.  W.  Davis. 
1  Pumped  by  water  power. 
9  June  1  1903. 


WATERWORKS. 


85 


systems  on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Delivery  of  water. 


To  standpipe. 


To  tank/  

j....do  

To  standpipe. 

Acme  system. 
To  standpipe. 


.do. 


To  reservoir  and  tanks . 


To  standpipe. 


Reservoir  or  standpipe. 


Capacity. 


Gallons. 

272,000 


40,000 
235.000 

8,5.000 


Size. 

Feet. 
20  by  115. 


20  by  100. 


235,000  20  by  100. 
fc  400, 000   


235,000  20  by  100. 


Elevation 
of  reser- 
voir or 
standpipe. 


Feet. 


100+ 
120  + 


1  Hi 
100 


.\i  lies  ot 
mains. 


Fire  hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


I  >!l  tC. 


47 


Sanborn  Map  Co 


W.  T.  Wheeler,  secre- 
tary. 

.7.  R.  Perkins  

Sanborn  Map  Co  

1 1.  Gardner,  treasurer 

Geo.  Elliston,  engi- 
neer. 


B.  H.  Van  Scoy,  presi- 
dent. 


H.  F.  Cook,  president . 

Wesley  Smith,  super-  [ 
intendent. 


W.  H.  Havens,  chief 
engineer. 


1902 
1902 

1903 
1902 
1903 

1902 

1903 

1902 
1903 


No.a 


777 
803 

863 
861 
879 

910 

903 
889 


h  Three  10,000-gallon  tanks. 

i  Yield  in  summer,  1903.    Average  for  year  much  less. 
i  Well  supply  abandoned. 

Ground  reservoir.  There  are  also  three  storage  tanks  in  this  system, 
i  Not  known. 

"i  Built  by  Greenport  Water  Company.    Purchased  by  village  1899. 


CHAPTER  III. 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  THE   RATE  OF  UNDERFLOW  OX  LONG  ISLAM). 

By  Charles  S.  Slichter. 
DISTRICT  INVESTIGATED. 

The  following  determinations  of  ground- water  velocities  were  made  along  the 
south  side  of  Long  Island,  between  the  villages  of  Freeport  and  Massapequa. 
These  places  are  located  about  6  miles  apart  on  the  Montauk  division  of  the  Long 
Island  Railroad,  which  between  these  points  runs  nearly  east  and  west  about  1  mile 
north  of  the  edge  of  the  extensive  salt  marshes  which  border  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
(See  fig.  37.) 

Freeport  is  about  24  miles  from  Brooklyn  Bridge,  and  Massapequa,  6  miles 
east  of  Freeport,  is  within  2  miles  of  the  western  line  of  Suffolk  County. 

Within  the  6-mile  stretch  above  mentioned  the  city  of  Brooklyn  has  5  pumping 
stations,  drawing  water  from  extensive  batteries  of  driven  wells.  The  names  of 
these  stations,  from  the  wrest,  are:  Agawam,  Merrick,  Matowa,  Wantagh,  and 
Massapequa.  A  brick  conduit  on  the  north  side  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  Long 
Island  Railroad  receives  the  water  from  the  pumping  station  and  carries  it  by 
gravity  to  a  pumping  station  at  Millburn,  just  west  of  Freeport,  where  an  additional 
lift  sends  it  into  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 

Within  the  6  miles  from  Freeport  to  Massapequa  the  conduit  crosses  several 
small  surface  streams,  four  of  which  have  been  ponded  and  their  waters  gated  into 
the  conduit.  These  surface  waters  flow  into  the  conduit  the  year  round,  the  driven 
wells  constituting  an  auxiliary  supply  for  the  summer  months,  the  period  of  use 
extending  usually  from  July  to  December,  but  varying  with  the  rainfall  and  other 
climatic  conditions. 

The  particular  district  under  discussion  was  selected  as  the  object  of  study 
because,  first,  the  region  seemed  typical  of  conditions  on  the  south  side  of  the 
island,  and  second,  because  the  ground  water  was  substantially  in  normal  condition, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  driven-well  plants  had  not  been  operated  since  the 
previous  December.  The  purpose  of  the  work  was  to  determine  the  principal 
facts  concerning  the  underground  drainage  of  the  island,  so  that  a  preliminary 
basis  might  be  established  from  wiiich  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  ground  waters 
available  for  municipal  supply  could  be  made. 

The  determination  of  ground-water  velocities  was  made  at  certain  selected 
stations  or  localities,  following  in  general  an  east-west  line.  The  stations  were 
86 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  RATE  OF  UNDERFLOW. 


87 


restricted  for  the  most  part  to  the  highways  or  other  public  lands,  but  this  fact 
did  not  interfere  materially  with  the  selection  of  the  best  sites  for  the  work.  One 
set  of  stations  was  placed  south  of  the  railroad  and  just  north  of  the  line  of  wells 
of  the  driven-well  stations,  it  being  considered  of  importance  to  measure  velocities 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  pumping  plants  both  before  and  after 
pumping  had  commenced.  Other  stations  were  located  north  of  the  railroad  and 
conduit,  out  of  range  of  any  extensive  influence  of  the  pumping  plants. 


73°30' 


73°3S' 


73"30' 


73°25' 


Fig. 


37.— Map  of  southern  Long  Island,  showing  location  of  underflow  stations  at  which  determinations  of  the  rate  of 

flow  of  underground  water  were  made. 


Measurements  were  made  by  the  electrical  method  described  by  the  writer  in 
Engineering  News  for  February  20,  1902,  and  in  Water-Supply  and  Irrigation 
Paper  No.  67  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  test  wells  were  driven  by  the  commission  on  additional  water  supply, 
and  the  measurements  were  in  charge  of  the  writer  and  of  Mr.  Henry  C.  Wolff. 


88         DNDERGKOUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

APPARATUS  USED. 

The  apparatus  used  comprised  a  series  of  test  wells  and  various  electrical 
devices  for  ascertaining  the  conditions  that  obtained  in  them. 

TEST  WELLS. 

Test  wells  may  be  common  lj-inch  or  2-inch  drive  wells  if  the  soil  and  water- 
bearing material  is  easily  penetrated  and  if  the  depths  desired  to  be  reached  do 
not  exceed  30  or  40  feet;  for  greater  depths  and  more  difficult  materials  wells  of 
heavier  construction  are  necessary.  The  test  wells  put  down  by  the  commission 
on  additional  water  supply  for  Greater  New  York  in  1903  for  the  work  described 
herewith  are  suitable  for  ordinary  conditions  as  met  with  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  United  States  or  in  any  place  where  the  gravels  are  not  too  coarse  or  too 
compact.    In  them  there  was  used  full-weight  standard  wrought-iron  2-inch  pipe 


Fig.  38.— Plan  of  arrangement  of  test  wells  used  in  determining  the  velocity  and  direction  of  motion  of  ground  waters. 
A,  B,  C,  D  are  the  test  wells.  The  direction  A  C  is  the  direction  of  probable  motion  of  the  ground  waters.  The 
dimensions  given  in  plan  (a)  are  suitable  for  depths  up  to  about  25  or  30  feet;  those  in  plan  (6)  for  depths  up  to  about  75 
feet.  For  greater  depths  the  distances  A  B,  A  C,  A  D,  should  be  increased  to  9  or  10  feet  and  the  distances  B  C  and  C  D 
to  4  feet.   The  well  A  is  the  "salt  well  "  or  well  in  which  the  electrolyte  is  placed. 

in  lengths  of  6  or  7  feet,  with  long  threads  (li-inch)  and  heavy  wrought  nipples 
which  could  be  screwed  up  until  the  ends  of  the  pipe  abutted. 

The  well  points  were  4-foot  standard  brass  jacket  points,  No.  60  gauze. 
For  wells  no  deeper  than  30  feet  closed-end  points  were  driven,  but  for  deeper 
work  open-end  points  were  used.  The  test  wells  were  driven  in  place  by  use  of  a 
ram  from  150  to  250  pounds  in  weight,  simultaneously  hydraulicking  a  passage 
for  the  pipe  with  water  jet  in  $-ineh  standard  wash  pipe.  In  fine  material 
there  were  coupled  ahead  of  the  open-end  well  point  3  or  4  feet  of  pipe  carry- 
ing a  shoe  coupling,  so  that  the  sand  in  running  in  through  the  open  end  of 
the  pipe  would  not  rise  above  the  bottom  of  the  screen  inside  of  the  finished  well, 
i  The  test  wells  were  grouped  as  shown  in  figure  38. 

In  case  the  wells  are  not  driven  deeper  than  25  feet,  an  "upstream"  or  "salt" 
well.  A.  i-  located,  and  three  other  wells,  B,  C,  and  D,  are  driven  at  a  distance  of 
•1  feet  from  A.  I  he  distance  between  B  and  C  and  between  C  and  D  being  about  2 
feet.    The  well  C  is  located  so  that  the  line  from  A  to  C  will  coincide  with  the 


APPARATUS  USED  IN  MEASURING  UNDERFLOW. 


probable  direction  of  tbe  expected  ground-water  movement.  This  direction 
should  coincide,  of  course,  with  the  local  slope  of  the  water  plane.  For  deeper 
work  the  wells  should  be  located  farther  apart,  as.  shown  in  the  right  portion 
of  figure  38.  For  depths  exceeding  75  feet,  a  radius  of  8  or  9  feet  and  chords  of 
4  feet  should  be  used,  the  general  requirement  being  that  the  wells  should  be  as 
close  together  as  possible,  so  as  to  cut  down  to  a  minimum  the  time  required  for 


Fig.  39.— Diagram  showing  electrical  method  of  determining  the  velocity  of  ground  water.  The  ground  water  is  supposed 
to  be  moving  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow.  The  upstream  well  is  charged  with  an  electrolyte.  The  gradual  motion  of 
the  ground  water  toward  the  lower  we'l  and  its  final  arrival  at  that  well  are  registered  by  the  ammeter  A.  B  is  the 
battery  and  C  a  commutator  clock  which  is  used  when  A  is  a  recording  ammeter 

a  single  measurement,  but  not  so  close  that  important  errors  are  liable  to  be 
introduced  from  the  inability  to  drive  the  wells  perfectly  straight  and  plumb.  On 
this  account,  the  deeper  the  wells  the  farther  apart  they  should  be  placed.  The 
angles  B  A  C  and  CAD  should  not  exceed  30°. 

Electrical  connection  is  made  with  the  casing  of  each  test  well  by  means  of  a 
drilled  coupling  carrying  a  binding  post.    Each  of  the  downstream  wells.  B,  C,  D, 


90 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


contains  within  the  well  point  or  screen  section  an  electrode  consisting  of  a  nickeled 
brass  rod  three-eighths  inch  by  4  feet,  insulated  from  the  casing  by  wooden  spools. 
This  electrode  communicates  with  the  surface  by  means  of  a  rubber-covered  copper 
wire.  Fig.  39  illustrates  the  arrangement  of  electric  circuits  between  the  upstream 
well  and  one  of  the  downstream  wells.  An  electrode  is  shown  in  PI.  XX 
Each  of  the  downstream  wells  is  connected  to  the  upstream  well  in  the  manner 
shown  in  that  plate. 

FORMS  OF  METERS. 

The  meters  used  were  of  two  types:  (1)  Direct  reading  or  hand,  which  required 
the  personal  presence  of  the  operator  every  hour  for  reading,  and  (2)  self-recording, 
which  required  attention  but  once  a  day. 

DIRECT-READING  METERS. 

A  photograph  of  the  direct-reading  underflow  meter  is  shown  in  PI.  XXI,  A. 
Six  standard  dry  cells  are  contained  in  the  bottom  of  the  box,  their  poles  being 
connected  to  the  6  switches  shown  at  the  rear  of  the  case.  By  means  of  these 
switches  any  number  of  the  6  cells  may  be  thrown  into  the  circuit  in  series.  One 
side  of  the  circuit  terminates  in  8  press  keys,  shown  at  the  left  end  of  the  box.  The 
other  side  of  the  circuit  passes  through  an  ammeter  shown  in  the  center  of  the  box, 
to  2  three-way  switches  at  right  end  of  the  box.  Four  of  the  binding  posts  at  the 
left  end  of  the  box  are  connected  to  the  casing  of  well  A,  and  to  the  three  electrodes 
of  w  ells  B,  C,  and  I),  in  order.  The  binding  posts  at  the  right  end  of  the  box  are 
connected  to  the  casings  of  wells  B,  C,  and  D.  There  are  enough  binding  posts 
so  that  two  different  groups  of  wells  can  be  connected  to  the  same  instrument. 
When  the  three-way  switch  occupies  the  position  shown  in  photograph,  pressing 
the  first  key  at  left  end  of  box  will  cause  the  ammeter  to  show  the  amount  of  current 
between  casing  of  well  A  and  casing  of  well  B.  When  the  next  key  is  pressed  the 
ammeter  will  indicate  the  current  between  the  casing  of  well  B  and  the  electrode 
contained  within  it.  In  one  case  the  current  is  conducted  between  the  two  well 
casings  by  means  of  the  ground  water  in  the  soil  ;  in  the  second  case  by  means  of 
the  water  within  well  B.  By  putting  the  three-way  switch  in  second  position  and 
pressing  the  first  and  the  third  keys  in  turn,  similar  readings  can  be  had  for  the 
current  between  casings  A  and  C,  and  between  casing  C  and  its  internal  electrode. 
Similarly  with  the  switch  in  the  third  position  readings  are  taken  by  pressing  the 
f i  rst  and  the  fourth  keys.  The  results  may  be  entered  in  a  notebook,  as  shown 
in  Table  IX,  p.  95. 

The  electrolyte  docs  not  appear  at  one  of  the  downstream  wells  with  very 
great  abruptness,  but  its  appearance  there  is  somewhat  gradual,  as  shown  in  the 
curves  in  figs.  40  and  41.  The  time  required  for  the  electrolyte  to  reach  its  max- 
imum strength  in  one  of  the  downstream  wells  (and,  hence,  for  the  current  to  reach 
its  maximum  value)  may  vary  from  a  few  minutes  in  a  case  of  high  ground-water 
velocity  to  several  hours  in  a  case  of  low  velocity.  The  writer  formerly  supposed 
that  the  gradual  appearance  of  the  electrolyte  at  the  downstream  well  was  largely 
due  to  the  diffusion  of  the  dissolved  salt ,  but  it  is  now  evident  that  diffusion  plays 
but  a  small  part  in  the  result  .    The  principal  cause  of  the  phenomenon  is  now 


FORMS  OF  UNDERFLOW  METERS. 


<>1 


known  to  be  the  fact  that  the  central  thread  of  water  in  each  capillary  pore  of  the 
soil  moves  faster  than  the  water  at  the  walls  of  the  capillary  pore,  just  as  the  water 
near  the  central  line  of  a  river  channel  usually  flows  faster  than  the  water  Dear 
the  banks.  For  this  reason,  if  the  water  of  a  river  suddenly  be  made  muddy  at 
a  certain  upstream  point,  the  muddy  character  of  the  water  at  a  downstream 
point  will  appear  somewhat  gradually,  being  first  brought  down  by  the  rapidly 


C  s, 


O.90 


0.80 

o.ro 

0.60 

J 

5  0.50 
( 

0.40 
0.30 
0.20 
0.10 


10  12 
A.M.  M. 

AUG  5 


AMPEF 

*E  CUF 

iVE  Wf 

LL  "B 

/ 

t 

1 

-t  

>?/ 

k  

-VEL.  =  i- 

—  ="5.3 

HR9. 

FT  PER 

;  / 
'  / 

±-t  

18 

BAV  

-i  

M 

II 



"a 

A 
/ 1 

/ 1 
/  i 
/  i 

i 

i 

i 
i 
i 

 / 

/ 

/ 

10 

P.M. 


2  4 
AJA. 


6 

AUG.  6 


8  10 

A.M. 


FIG.  40. — Curves  showing  electric  current  between  casing  of  well  A  and  casing  of  well  B  (heavy  curves),  and  between 
casing  of  well  B  and  its  internal  electrode  (dotted  curve)  at  station  No.  5,  San  Gabriel  River,  California.  These 
curves  illustrate  results  made  with  the  hand  form  of  apparatus. 

moving  water  in  the  center  of  the  channel,  and  later  by  the  more  slowly  moving 
water  near  the  banks.  The  effect  of  the  analogous  gradual  rise  in  the  electrolyte 
in  the  downstream  well  requires  us  to  select  the  "point  of  inflection"  of  the  curve 
of  electric  current  as  the  proper  point  to  determine  the  true  time  at  which  the 
17116—  No.  44—06  7 


V>2 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


arrival  of  the  electrolyte  should  be  counted.  This  point  is  designated  b}*  the  letter 
"M  "  in  figs.  40  and  41. 

Owing  to  the  repeated  branching  and  subdivision  of  the  capillary  pores  around 
the  grains  of  the  sand  or  gravel,  the  stream  of  electrolyte  issuing  from  the  well 
will  gradually  broaden  as  it  passes  downstream.  The  actual  width  of  this  charged 
water  varies  somewhat  with  the  velocity  of  the  ground  water,  but  in  no  case  is 
the  rate  of  the  divergence  very  great.  Figures  42  and  43  show  some  actual  deter- 
minations of  the  spread  of  the  electrolyte  around  a  well  in  a  coarse  sand,  in  one 
case  the  ground  water  moving  12  feet  per  day,  and  in  the  other  case  moving  23 
feet  per  day.  Samples  of  ground  water  were  taken  from  small  test  wells  placed 
only  6  inches  apart,  and  the  amount  of  salt  or  electrolyte  was  determined  chem- 


6  QUARTS 

1 

WATER 

TAKE 

N  FRC 

IM  WE 

LL 

V 

2  QV> 
TAKE 

RTS  V 
1  FRO 

YATEF 
M  WEI 

L 

-r 

1  2  Q 

UART 

;  WAT 

ER  TA 

KEN 

ROM 

VELL 

CASir 

G 

LECTRODE 

 - 

1  1 

2.40 

2.20 
2.00 
1.80 
1.60 
1.40 
1.20 
1.00 
.80 
.60 
.40 
.20 


0  10  12 
A.M. 


12 


4      (J      8     10  12 
VELOCITY  5.5  FEET  PER  DAY 


2  4  6  8  10 
JUNE  21  &  22,  1903 

Fig.  41.— Curves  showing  possibility  of  using  direct-reading  apparatus  when  well  points  are  not  used.  The  casing  in 
this  instance  consisted  of  common  black  2-inch  pipe,  with  a  few  small  holes  in  'bottom  section.  The  "casing"  curve 
must  be  relied  upon  for  determining  velocity.  The  "electrode"  curve  was  obtained  by  drawing  water  from  well  C,  as 
shown  on  diagram,  the  charged  water  penetrating  the  well  through  small  holes  and  the  open  end  of  well. 

This  diagram  shows  the  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Massapequa,  L.  I.,  Station  No.  1. 
Velocity  5.5  feet  a  day,  S.  10°  K. 

ically.  The  amount  at  any  point  is  indicated  by  the  area  of  the  circles  shown  in 
the  diagrams.  It  will  he  seen  that  the  salt  barely  showed  itself  at  a  distance  of 
3  inches  upstream  from  the  well.  Three  feet  downstream  from  the  well  the  width 
of  the  salt  stream  was  about  3  feet  in  the  first  case  and  about  2  feet  in  the  other 

case. 

Application  of  principles. —It  is  possible  to  dispense  with  the  circuits  from  the 
casing  of  well  A  to  those  of  the  other  wells,  as  the  short  circuit  between  the  well  and 
the  electrode  forms  the  best  possible  indication  of  the  arrival  of  the  electrolyte  at 


DIRECT-READING  APPARATUS. 


FORMS  OF  UNDERFLOW  METERS. 


93 


the  downstream  well.  For  cases  in  which  the  velocity  of  ground  water  is  high  the 
circuit  to  well  A  is  practically  of  no  value,  but  for  slow  motions  this  circuit  shows 
a  rising  current  before  the  arrival  of  the  electrolyte  at  the  lower  well,  often  giving 
indications  of  much  value  to  the  observer. 

The  method  can  be  used  quite  successfully  even  though  nothing  but  common 


WELL  SALTED  AT  2:00  P.M. 


4  P.M. 


O 


o 

oV 

o 

O  o 

o 

O  o 

o 

O  o 

Fig.  42. — Diagram  showing  the  manner  in  which  the  electrolyte  spreads  in  passing  downstream  with  the  groundwater. 
The  shaded  circle  shows  the  location  of  the  salted  well,  and  samples  were  taken  from  the  sand  at  the  comers  of 
li-inch  squares,  shown  by  dots  in  the  diagram.  The  areas  of  the  circles  are  proportional  to  the  strength  of  the  electro- 
lyte found  at  their  centers.  The  rough  outline  indicates  the  area  covered  by  the  charged  water  at  the  times  specified. 
The  velocity  of  the  ground  water  (in  the  direction  of  the  arrows)  was  12  feet  a  day.  It  can  be  seen  that  the  electro- 
lyte barely  reached  a  distance  of  3  inches  against  the  direction  of  flow. 

pipe  be  used  for  the  wells.  In  this  case,  however,  the  absence  of  screen  or  per- 
forations in  the  wells  renders  the  internal  electrodes  useless,  and  one  must  depend 
upon  the  circuit  from  well  casing  of  the  upstream  well  to  well  casing  of  downstream 
well 


94         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


The  results  in  the  table  on  page  95  and  fig.  41  present  such  a  case.  In  this 
case  the  wells  were  not  provided  with  well  points,  but  merely  possessed  a  4-foot 
length  of  pipe,  provided  with  4  or  5  holes  on  opposite  sides  of  the  pipe  containing 
small  i-inch  washer  screens.  These  few  openings  are  not  sufficient  to  permit  the 
electrolyte  to  freely  enter  the  well,  so  that  readings  between  casings  were  relied 


Fig.  43.— Diagram  showing 
or  22.9  feet  a  day. 


upon  for  results, 
well  to  give  smal 
given  in  the  table 
holding  about  6 
well  into  the  per 


10:15  A.M. 


WELL  SALTED 


spread  of  electrolyte  from  a  well  with  ground  water  moving  about  twice  as  fast  as  in  fig.  42, 
The  electrolyte  spreads  less  rapidly  for  the  higher  velocity,  as  is  shown  at  a  glance. 


As  a  matter  of  fact,  enough  of  the  electrolyte  did  get  into  the 
increased  readings,  but  in  order  to  secure  the  electrode  readings 
,  water  was  removed  from  the  downstream  wells  by  a  small  bucket 
ounces,  so  as  to  force  a  quantity  of  the  water  surrounding  the 
forated  sections. 


RECORD  OF  ELECTRIC  CURRENT  READINGS.  95 


Table  LX. — Station  No.  1,  Massapequa ,  Long  Island,  June  21  and  22,  1903. 

FIELD  RECORD  OP  ELECTRIC  CURRENT  READINGS  IN  AMPERES,  OBTAINED  WITH  DIRECT 

READING  UNDERFLOW  METER. 


Time. 

Casing  B. 

Electrode  B. 

Casing  C. 

Electrode  C. 

Casing  I). 

Electrode  D. 

IllltO    O  1         O       T>  *  ■ 

O 11I1L    _  1  .  U .  Ill . 

0  03 
u.  uo 

0  OS 

U.  Uo 

o  na 

0.  10 

0  03 

U.  UO 

0  OQ 
yj.  yjtf 

Qfl 

y.ou  "   

04 

.  u^t 

oa 

04 

uy.j 

03fl 
.  uoo 

088 

1U   . .  

04 

07Q 

.  u/  y 

03Q 
.  uoy 

0Q9 

03fi 

088 

10  ^0 

04. 
.  u^ 

07Q 

.  u/  y 

04 

0Q7 
.  uy/ 

.  uoy 

087 

.  Uo/ 

1 1 

.  U^r 

07Q 
.  u/  y 

04 

.  uoy 

087 
.  Uo/ 

1  1  ^0 

04 
.  U^ 

07Q 
.  u/  y 

04 

.  u^ 

OQ1 

03Q 
.  uoy 

087 
.  Uo/ 

19 

041 

07  Q 

04 

0Q9 

040 

.  U^rU 

087 
.  Uo/ 

.Til  fit*  91      f»    m  • 
v  U  1  II     _  1,    L.  111. 

1 

049 

07Q 
.  u/  y 

04 

000 

040 
.  UrfU 

088 

.  Uoo 

1  ^0 

049 

07Q 
.  u/  y 

04 

092 

040 

.  U^U 

088 

.  Uoo 

o 

043 
.  u^o 

07Q 

04 

0Q9 

040 
.  u^±u 

08Q 

.  uoy 

9  20 

043 

.  UIO 

078 
.  u/o 

041 

0Q4 

040 
.  u^u 

088 

.  uoo 

3  6 

043 

078 
.  u/  o 

041 

094 

040 
.  u^u 

0Q0 

3  30 

043 
.  u^o 

I 178 

040 
.  u^u 

0Q4 

041 

0QO 

.  uyu 

4 

043 

.  UtO 

078 
.  u/  o 

042 

094 

041 

OQO 

.  uyu 

a  in 

*fc.dU  

.  U4o 

.  U/  a 

.  (HZ 

.  uyo 

(HI 

.  Ut»U 

5  

.043 

.078 

.042 

.096 

.041 

.090 

5.30  

.045 

.078 

.043 

.096 

.041 

.090 

6.30  

.045 

.078 

.043 

.097 

.042 

.091 

7...  

.045 

.078 

.046 

.099 

.041 

.091 

730''...  

.045 

.078 

.046 

.099 

.041 

.090 

8  

.045 

.080 

.048 

.099 

.042 

.093 

8.30  

.049 

.080 

.049 

.  100 

.043 

.094 

9   

.048 

.079 

.0.50 

.  100 

.043 

.094 

10.30  

.0.50 

.079 

.070 

.  101 

.045 

.095 

12  

.050 

.079 

.095 

.  106 

.047 

.095 

a  10  pounds  of  sal  ammoniac  placed  in  well  A.  6  2  pounds  of  sal  ammoniac  placed  in  well  A. 


96         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  IX..— Station  Xo.  1,  Massapequa,  Long  Island,  June  21  and  22,  1903— Continued. 

FIELD  RECORD  OF  ELECTRIC  CURRENT  READINGS  IN  AMPERES,  OBTAINED  WITH  DIRECT 
READING  UNDERFLOW  METER — Continued. 


Time. 

Casing  B. 

Electrode  B. 

Casing  C. 

Electrode  C. 

Casing  D. 

Electrode  D. 

June  22,  a.  w. 

1  

  0. 051 

0.  079 

0. 120 

0. 122 

0.  049 

0.099 

2  

 '  .051 

.079 

.  147 

.  152 

.050 

.  100 

3"   

 050 

.079 

.  168 

.  19.5 

.050 

.  100 

4  

  -.053 

.079 

.  178 

.430 

.050 

.  100 

a  an 

.0.53 

.079 

.  188 

.470 

.050 

.  1<)0 

i  .in 

&1.3 

5   

 053 

.075 

.200 

1.4 

.0.50 

.  100 

fi 

.200 

1.4 

7.45  -  

.260 

1.5 

8   .052 

.075 

.260 

<1.9 

.050 

'M00 

8.15  

'2.20 

8.30  

<2.20 

i 

u  is   

.26 

2.20 

.049 

.099 

10 

.0.50 

.072 

2.20 

.049 

.099 

10  

.25 

''2.30 

11  

.245 

2.30 

11   

''2.30 

1 

<>  2  pounds  of  sal  ammoniac  placed  in  well  A. 

b  Before  this  reading  some  water  was  taken  from  well  C. 

<•  About  2  quarts  of  water  were  taken  from  well  C  before  this  reading. 

<1  After  6  quarts  of  water  were  taken  from  well  C. 

In  cases  where  good  well  points  are  used  the  ground  water  charged  with  the 
electrolyte  finds  its  way  gradually  and  naturally  into  the  well.  The  well  point 
should  be  clean  enough  to  allow  as  free  passage  into  the  well  as  through  the  soil 
itself.  Second-hand  points  used  for  this  purpose  may  show  a  marked  lag  in  the 
entry  of  the  electrolyte.  By  comparing  the  curves  for  station  No.  1  (fig.  41)  with 
those  of  stations  No.  6  (fig.  46)  and  No.  21  (fig.  57),  where  good  well  points 
were  used,  the  lag  caused  by  insufficient  perforations  in  the  well  of  station  No.  1 
is  brought  out  very  clearly. 

Granulated  sal  ammoniac  is  used  in  well  A,  a  single  charge  varying  from  4  to 
10  pounds.  If  common  pipe  without  points  or  screens  is  used  for  the  wells,  so 
I  hat  internal  electrodes  must  be  dispensed  with,  about  2  pounds  should  be  used 
every  hour.  The  dry  salt  should  not  be  poured  directly  into  the  well,  but  should 
be  lowered  in  perforated  buckets,  shown  in  PI.  XX.  These  buckets  are  If  by 
30  inches  and  hold  about  2  pounds  of  the  salt.  Two  of  these  buckets  may  be  tied 
one  above  the  other  for  the  initial  change,  followed  by  two  more  in  ten  or  twenty 
minutes. 

If  the  wells  are  not  too  deep,  the  sal  ammoniac  may  be  introduced  into  the 
well  in  the  form  of  a  solution.    A  common  bucketful  of  saturated  solution  is  suffi- 


UNDERFLOW  METERS. 


97 


cient.  There  is  an  uncertainty  in  introducing  the  sal  ammoniac  in  solution  in 
deep  wells,  as  the  time  required  for  the  solution  to  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  well 
may  be  considerable. 

The  ammeter  used  in  the  work  has  two  scales,  one  reading  from  0  to  1.5  amperes 
and  the  other  from  0  to  5  amperes.  With  a  given  number  of  cells,  the  amount 
of  current  between  the  upstream  and  downstream  wells  will  -depend,  of  course, 
upon  several  factors,  such  as  the  depth  of  the  wells  and  their  distance  apart,  but 
more  especially  upon  the  amount  of  dissolved  mineral  matter  in  the  ground  water. 
The  initial  strength  of  the  current  can  be  readily  adjusted,  however,  after  the  wells 
have  been  connected  with  the  instruments,  by  turning  on  or  off  some  of  the  battery 
cells  by  means  of  the  switches  at  the  rear  of  the  box.  A  good  rule  is  to  use  enough 
cells  to  make  the  initial  current,  if  practicable,  about  one-tenth  of  an  ampere. 

SELF-RECORDING  METER. 

In  the  second  form  of  underflow  meter,  self-recording  instruments  are  used  so 
as  to  do  away  with  the  tedious  work  of  taking  the  frequent  observations  day  and 
night,  required  when  direct-reading  instruments  are  used.  The  arrangement  of  the 
apparatus  is  not  materially  different  from  that  described  above.  In  the  place  of 
the  direct-reading  ammeter  a  special  recording  ammeter  is  used,  of  range  0  to  2 
amperes.  It  has  been  found  practicable,  although  a  matter  of  no  small  difficulty, 
to  construct  an  instrument  of  this  low  range  sufficiently  portable  for  field  use  and 
not  too  delicate  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended.  The  ammeter  has  a 
resistance  of  about  1.6  ohms  and  is  provided  with  an  oil  dash  pot  to  dampen 
swing  of  arm  carrying  the  recording  pen.  The  instruments  were  manufactured 
by  the  Bristol  Company;  the}-  have  gone  through  hard  usage  in  the  field  without 
breakage  or  mishap.  The  portability  of  the  instruments  will  be  materially 
increased  by  changes  in  design  which  are  now  being  made. 

The  methods  of  wiring  the  wells  when  the  recording  instruments  are  used  is 
slightly  changed.  In  this  case  one  side  of  the  battery  circuit  is  connected  to  casing 
of  well  A  and  to  all  of  the  electrodes  of  wells  B,  C.  and  D.  The  other  side  of  the 
battery  is  run  through  the  recording  ammeter  to  a  commutator  clock,  which,  once 
every  hour,  makes  a  contact  and  completes  the  circuits,  one  after  the  other,  to  a 
series  of  binding  posts.  One  of  these  binding  posts  is  connected  to  the  casing  of 
well  B,  one  to  the  casing  of  well  C,  and  one  to  the  casing  of  well  D.  The  time  of 
contact  is  ten  seconds,  which  gives  the  pen  abundant  time  to  reach  its  proper 
position  and  to  properly  ink  its  record. 

Pis.  XXI,  B,  and  XXII,  A,  show  two  commutator  clocks  made  for  this 
purpose  by  the  instrument  maker  of  the  college  of  engineering,  University  of 
Wisconsin.  The  clock  movement  is  a  standard  movement  of  fair  grade,  costing 
about  $5.  It  can  readily  be  taken  from  the  case  for  cleaning  or  oiling  and  as 
quickly  replaced.  A  seven-day  marine  movement  with  powerful  springs  is  best 
for  this  purpose. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  method  of  wiring  the  wells  that  the  record  will  show 
the  sum  of  the  current  between  well  A  and  well  B  added  to  the  current  between 


98         UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OE  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


the  casing  of  well  B  and  its  electrode.  The  removal  of  the  connection  to  well  A 
would  permit  the  record  to  show  the  current  between  the  casing  of  a  downstream 
well  and  its  electrode,  but  the  connection  to  the  upstream  well  involves  no  addi- 
tional trouble  and  occasionally  its  indications  are  of  much  service,  especially  if  the 
velocities  are  low. 

All  of  the  instruments  above  mentioned  can  be  placed  in  a  common  box,  16 
by  22  by  36  inches,  covered  with  tar  paper  and  locked  up.  PI.  XXII,  B,  shows  a 
photograph  of  the  instruments  thus  arranged.  The  shelf  contains  the  recording 
ammeter  (shown  at  left  of  cut)  and  the  commutator  clock  (shown  at  right  of  cut). 

The  contacts  of  the  commutator  clock  are  arranged  about  five  minutes  apart, 
so  that  the  record  made  for  the  wells  will  appear  on  the  chart  as  a  group  of  lines, 

one  for  each  downstream  well,  of  length  cor- 
responding to  the  strength  of  the  current. 
The  increasing  current  corresponding  to  one 
of  the  wells  will  finally  be  indicated  by  the 
lengthening  of  the  record  lines  for  that  well. 
This  can  be  seen  by  consulting  the  photo- 
graphs of  records  shown  in  PI.  XXIII.  Light- 
green  ink  is  used  for  record  charts  and  red 
ink  in  the  recording  pen,  so  that  record  lines 
can  be  distinguished  when  superimposed 
upon  the  lines  of  the  chart.  A  special  chart 
has  been  designed  for  this  work,  and  is  fur- 
nished by  the  Bristol  Company  as  Chart  458. 

The  recording  instruments  in  use  have 
given  perfect  satisfaction,  and  the  method 
is  a  great  improvement  in  accuracy  and  con- 
venience over  the  direct-reading  method. 
The  highest  as  well  as  the  lowest  ground- 
water velocities  yet  found  have  been  success- 
fully measured  by  the  recording  instru- 
ments. By  using  one  or  two  additional  dry 
cells  the  instrument  is  quite  as  sensitive  as 
the  direct-reading  type. 

In  using  the  recording  instruments  but  a 
single  charge  of  salt  need  be  placed  in  the 
upstream  well.  If  the  wells  are  deep  it  is 
important  to  use  enough  salt  solution  to  be  sure  that  the  salt  reaches  as  far  down 
as  the  screen  of  the  well  point  immediately  alter  the  solution  is  poured  into  the 
well.  A  gallon  of  solution  will  fill  about  6  feet  of  2-inch  wrought-iron  pipe,  so 
that  10  gallons  of  solution  should  be  used  if  well  is  60  feet  deep.  If  the  proper 
amount  of  solution  be  not  used  it  will  take  an  appreciable  time  for  the  solution 
to  reach  the  bottom  of  the  well  by  convection  currents  and  the  results  will  be 
vitiated  to  that  extent.  As  before  stated,  it  is  preferable  to  introduce  into  the 
well  granulated  sal  ammoniac  contained  in  a  suitable  bucket,  in  case  the  depth 
of  the  well  renders  the  use  of  a  solution  uncertain. 


5 

<  .to 


VELOCITY  6UFEET  PER  DAY. 

Fig.  44. — Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of 
flow  of  underground  water  at  Wantagh  pumping 
station. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL   PAPER   NO.  44     PL.  XXII 


B. 


RECORDING  AMMETER,  COMMUTATOR  CLOCK,  AND  BATTERY  BOX  IN  USE  IN 

THE  FIELD. 


UNDERFLOW  METERS. 


99 


PRINCIPLES  INVOLVED. 

The  principles  involved  in  the  working  of  the  apparatus  are  quite  simple. 
The  upstream  well  A  is  charged  with  a  strong  electrolyte,  such  as  sal  ammoniac, 
which  passes  downstream  with  the  moving  ground  water,  rendering  the  ground 
water  a  good  electrolytic  conductor  of  electricity.  If  the  ground  water  moves  in 
the  direction  of  one  of  the  lower  wells,  B,  C,  D,  etc.,  the  electric  current  between 
A  and  B,  A  and  C,  or  A  and  D  will  gradually  rise,  mounting  rapidly  when  the 


f>  1.40 


—  "li'* 

4: 

> 

\ 

C 

V 

EcOCIT 

Y  6.4  F 

T.  PER 

DAY  J 

VEL 

DCITY  t 

FT.  PE 

R  DAY 

'VELO 

:ity  5 

4  FT.  P 

:r  DAY 

JULY  3 

auu  iy  

JUNE  2 

3 

JUNE  29  10A.M.  12  2  4  6  8  10         12  2  4  6  8  10         12  2 

JULY  3    12  M.    2  4  6  8         10         12         2         4  6  8         10         12         2  4 

AUG.  19    4  P.M.  6  8         10        12         2  «  6  8         10         12         2  4  6  8 

Fig.  45. — Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Agawam  pumping  station  (.Station  5). 

electrolyte  begins  to  touch  one  of  the  lower  wells.  "When  the  electrolyte  finally 
reaches  and  enters  one  of  the  wells  B.  C,  D,  it  forms  a  short  circuit  between  the 
casing  of  the  well  and  the  internal  electrode,  causing  an  abrupt  rise  in  the  electric 
current.  The  result  can  be  easily  understood  by  consulting  fig.  40,  in  which  the 
current  is  depicted  graphically. 

The  time  which  elapses  from  the  charging  of  the  well  A,  to  the  arrival  of  the 
electrolyte  at  the  lower  well,  gives  the  time  necessary  for  the  ground  water  to  cover 
the  distance  between  these  two  wells.  Hence,  if  the  distance  between  the  wells  be 
divided  by  this  elapsed  time,  the  result  will  be  the  velocity  of  the  ground  water. 


100      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


RESULTS  AND  CONCLUSIONS. 


EXISTENCE  OF  UNDERFLOW. 

The  6-mile  line  from  Freeport  to  Massapequa  is,  as  has  been  stated,  about  1 
mile  distant  from  the  edge  of  the  tidal  marshes  bordering  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
North  of  this  line  for  a  distance  of  9  or  10  miles  the  natural  surface  drainage  of  the 
land  is  toward  the  south,  the  slope  for  nearly  8  miles  of  the  distance  being  almost 
exactly  15  feet  to  the  mile.  This  drainage  plain  is  not  only  very  flat  and  unbroken, 
but  the  surface  conditions  are  exceedingly  favorable  for  the  absorption  of  a  large 
percentage  of  the  rainfall.    The  soil  for  the  most  part  is  coarse  and  sandy  and 


i.eo 

1.40 
1.20 


f 

/  / 
/  / 

-Elec 

:rode 



// 
/ 

Case 

11  A.  M.  1 

■«  JULY  1- 


 *  JULY  2- 

VELOCITY   5  FEET  PER  DAY. 


FlG.  4f>.— Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Agawam  pumping  station  (Station  6). 

very  porous.  The  slope  of  the  water  plane  is  somewhat  less  than  that  of  the  surface 
of  the  land,  being  approximately  10  or  12  feet  to  the  mile.  The  underground 
drainage  is  in  general  toward  the  south,  the  main  east-west  underground  water- 
shed probably  coinciding  within  a  mile  or  two  with  the  surface  watershed.  The 
average  rainfall  is  about  44  inches,  a  very  large  share  of  which  enters  the  ground. 

In  the  localities  where  the  test  wells  were  bored  the  material  for  the  first  30  to 
40  feet  was  yellow  sand  and  gravel,  quite  clean  and  uniform,  but  growing  finer  with 
the  depth.  The  first  20  feet  below  the  water  plane  seemed  in  every  case  to  be  of 
high  transmission  capacity,  and  the  material  below  this  level  was  usually  of  increas- 
ing fineness,  finally  changing  into  a  fine,  dark-colored,  micaceous  sand.  At  a 
depth  of  from  40  to  60  feet  a  compact  layer  of  clave}-  and  bog-like  material  was 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  *4     PL.  XXIII 


CHARTS  MADE  BY  RECORDING  AMMETER. 


EXISTENCE  OF  UNDERFLOW. 


101 


often  met  with,  and  in  driving  the  test  wells  into  and  through  this  layer  the  water 
rose  continuously  in  the  wells  until  a  marked  artesian  head  was  developed.  Imme- 
diately below  this  compact  layer  good  sands  were  again  encountered. 

In  the  report  on  New  York's  water  supply  made  by  Jolm  R.  Freeman  in  the  year 
1900  it  is  stated  as  probable  that  the  layer  of  clayey  material  referred  to  above 
is  distributed  as  a  wide  and  practically  unbroken  sheet  40  to  60  feet  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  south-sloping  drainage  plain  of  the  island. 

One  of  the  objects  of  the  measurement  of  ground-water  velocities  was  to 
determine  whether  or  not  there  was  a  considerable  southerly  movement  to  this 
water  in  the  sands  and  gravels  above  the  supposed  clay  sheet  and  to  determine 
the  order  of  magnitude  of  such  a  movement  if  it  existed.    Whenever  there 


IIIM  29*                     Center  tine  of  road 

Hi  ^ 

3  \ 
o  \ 

t 

ol  1  1  1  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  1  1  

1  P.M.  591591591591591 

*  JULY  5  *  JULY  6  *  JULY  T-  ■  »± 

VELOCITY   2.6  FEET    PER  DAY. 

Fig.  47. — Diagram  showing  direction  and  velocity  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Kast  Meadow  Brook  and  Babylon  road 

(Station  7). 

exists  in  any  drainage  area  a  body  of  ground  water  which  does  not  escape 
into  the  beds  of  surface  streams  as  seepage  water  but  continues  seaward  through 
the  sands  and  gravels  independent  of  the  surface  streams,  this  moving  sheet 
of  water  is  known  as  the  underflow.  One  of  the  problems  was,  therefore,  to 
determine  whether  or  not  a  true  underflow  existed  in  this  part  of  Long  Island, 
and  to  learn  something  of  its  magnitude  if  it  was  found  to  exist.  Another  problem 
was  to  discover,  if  practicable,  if  any  part  of  the  underground  drainage  existed  below 
the  bed  of  clay;  in  other  words,  it  was  sought  to  determine  whether  the  underground 
drainage  consisted  only  of  a  surface  zone  of  flow,  or  whether  a  deeper  zone  of 
flow — or  possibly  several  deeper  zones — were  also  present. 


102       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


In  respect  to  the  first  problem  above  mentioned — the  existence  of  an  underflow — 
there  can  be  no  question  but  that  a  true  underflow  of  considerable  importance 
exists  witliin  a  depth  below  the  surface  of  from  40  to  50  feet.  In  practically  all  of 
the  stations  established  a  good  movement  was  found  to  exist,  having  a  strong 
southerly  component,  in  many  cases  surprisingly  free  from  the  influence  of  neighbor- 
ing surface  streams.  The  velocity  near  the  surface — from  16  to  24  feet  below  the 
water  plane — ran  as  high  as  5  to  12  feet  per  day.  At  greater  depths  the  velocities 
ran  much  less;  at  two  stations,  at  depths  of  30  and  42  feet,  the  velocities  were  each 
about  15  inches  per  day.    At  station  No.  9  the  sand  was  so  fine  at  a  depth  of  45  feet 


Pipe  lin 


4  P.M.     8  12 

i-JULY  14-~— 


12 

—JULY  15— 


— JULY  ie 
DAY 


VELOCITY   3.1    FEET    PER  _ 

Fig.  48.— Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  near  Merrick  pumping  station  (Station  8) . 

that  it  could  not  be  prevented  from  running  into  the  bottom  of  the  well  above  the 
top  of  the  screen  so  that  the  wells  could  not  be  used. 

The  existence  of  a  deep  zone  of  flow  was  also  established.  At  station  No.  15 
day  was  encountered  at  a  depth  of  about  44  feet.  These  wells  were  driven  to  a 
depth  of  about  62  feet,  when  an  artesian  head  of  about  30  inches  developed.  A 
measurement  was  then  made,  the  screens  on  the  wells  being  just  below  the  imper- 
vious layer.  A  velocity  of  6  feet  per  day  was  found  to  exist,  in  a  direction  about 
10°  west  of  south.  The  rate  of  flow  at  the  same  point  just  above  the  clay  was 
only  18  inches  per  day,  so  that  a  true  deep  zone  of  flow  undoubtedly  exists  at  this 
point.  This  result,  although  very  important,  was  not  a  surprise,  as  it  had  already 
been  quite  well  established  by  the  work  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Veatch,  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  and  others,  that  the  clay  layer,  formerly  supposed  to  be  of 


EXISTENCE   OF  UNDERFLOW. 


103 


wide  expanse  and  quite  unbroken,  is,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  absent  over  considerable 
areas  of  the  island,  so  that  no  reason  exists  why  a  part  of  the  underground  drain- 
age should  not  exist  below  this  impervious  bed. 

The  surface  zone  of  flow  of  the  underground  waters  is  probably  divided  into  a 
number  of  drainage  areas,  although  it  is  exceedingly  doubtful  if  the  underground 
drainage  basins  coincide  very  closely  with  the  drainage  areas  of  the  surface  streams. 
In  general,  the  velocities  seemed  to  increase  from  west  to  east,  the  lowest  velocities, 
however,  being  in  a  middle  area,  where  the  yellow  gravels  contain  a  quantity  of 


.10 


6  P.M.  9         15  81  8         9         15  915  91 

<JULY  17*  JULY  18  — <  —JULY  19  — >■ 

VELOCITY  2.6  FEET   PER  DAY. 
Fig.  49. — Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Cedar  Brook  (Station  10). 

fine,  clay-like  silt.  The  Wantagh  area  seemed  to  have  the  largest  underflow.  It 
would  be  exceedingly  interesting  to  have  series  of  measurements  extended  eastward 
into  Suffolk  County.  By  increasing  somewhat  the  number  of  stations  in  the  area 
already  covered  and  comparing  with  results  from  drainage  areas  in  Suffolk  County, 
a  comparative  study  of  underground  drainage  systems  would  result  which  ought  to 
have  much  value  in  planning  new  sources  of  supply  for  Brooklyn. 

The  details  of  the  measurements  are  given  in  the  reports  on  individual  stations 
contained  in  the  following  table.  The  locations  of  the  stations  are  shown  in 
fig.  37  (p.  87),  and  the  curves  of  electrical  current  for  various  stations  are  given  in 
fig.  41  and  figs.  44  to  57. 


104       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  X. — Under /low  measurements  on  Long  laid  nil. 


(lumber  of 
station. 


I. 

2. 
2x 
3. 
4. 
5. 
5x 

5y 

6. 

7. 

8. 

8' 
10. 
LI. 
12. 
13. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
15x 
16. 
16x 
Mix 
17. 
18. 
21. 
22. 


Velocity  of 

ground 
water  per 
day. 


Feel. 
5.5 
2. 0 
0.0 
2.0 
<2.0 
6.4 
5.4 
8.0 
5.0 
2.6 
.0 
3. 1 
2.6 
.0 
1.07 
96.00 
6.90 
9.30 
1.53 
6.00 
.00 
77.00 
11.60 
10.60 
1.00 
21.30 
5.60 


Direction. 


Date,  !<)<«. 


Depth  of 
wells  below 
water  plane. 


Kind  of  point. 


S.  10°  E   June  21  

  June  24  

S.  40°  E   August  21  

  June  26  

  June  27  

S.  8°  W   June  29  

S.  8°  W   July  3,4  

S.  22°  E   August  19  

S.  8°  W   July  1,2  

S...   July  5,  6  

S   July  9,  11,  11  

N.  34°  W   July  14,  15,  16,  17. . . 

S.  37°  E   July  17,  18,  19,20... 

  July  27-August  8. . . 

S.  3°E   July  27-August  1 . . 

S   August  3,  4  

S   August  3,  4  

S   August  5,  8  

S   August  6,  7,  8,  9, 10. 

S.  15°  W   August  17, 18, 19.  - . 

S.  30°  E   August  10,  11  

S.  60°  E   August  13,  14  

S.  60°  E   August  13, 14  

S.  30°  W   August  12, 13  

S   August  15-21  1 

S.  50°  E   August  18,  19  

S.  30°  E   August  20,21  


Feet. 

22 

Perforated  pipe. 

22 

Do. 

22 

Do. 

22 

Do. 

22 

Do. 

22 

Common  point. 

22 

Do. 

22 

Do. 

34 

Do. 

20 

Do. 

21.6 

Open-end  point. 

21.6 

Do. 

28.0 

Common  point. 

22.0 

Do. 

27.0 

Open-end  point. 

16.0 

Common  point. 

16.0 

Do. 

17.0 

Do. 

42.0 

Open-end  point. 

62.5 

Do. 

16.0 

Common  point. 

16.0 

Do. 

16.0 

Do. 

20.0 

Do. 

62.0 

Open-end  point. 

16.5 

Common  point. 

16.0 

Do 

EFFECT  OF  THE  RAINFALL  ON  RATE  OF  MOTION  OF  GROUND  WATER. 

An  excellent  opportunity  was  presented  at  one  of  the  stations  for  noting  the 
influence  of  a  heavy  rain  upon  the  velocity  of  ground  waters. 

At  station  No.  5,  at  Agawarn  pumping  station  (see  figs.  45  and  58),  the 
upstream  well  A  was  salted  at  9.45  a.  m.,  June  27,  1903.  Between  9  a.  in.  and 
1  p.  m.  nearly  3  incites  of  rain  fell,  so  that  the  heavy  precipitation  coincided  with 
the  early  part  of  the  ground-water  measurements.  The  velocity  found  was  6.4 
feet  per  day.  On  July  3  the  experiment  was  repeated,  there  heing  no  rain  in  the 
intervening  time.  The  velocity  found  in  the  second  trial  was  5.4  feet  per  day. 
The  change  in  velocity  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  enormous,  rainfall  during  the 
first  experiment.      Part  of  the  liigh  velocity  during  the  rainstorm  may  he  attrih- 


EFFECT  OF   RAINFALL  ON  RATE  OF  UNDERFLOW. 


105 


uted  to  the  effect  of  the  low  barometer  accompanying  the  storm,  but  part  of  it 
should  be  assigned  to  the  increased  head  of  ground-water  pressure  caused  by  the 
heavy  rainfall  upon  the  receiving  area.  As  I  have  shown  in  another  place,"  ground 
waters  move  very  much  as  electricity  is  conducted  in  a  good  conductor,  the  most 
striking  quality  in  ground-water  motion  being  an  almost  complete  absence  of  true 
inertia.  The  motion  of  a  mass  of  ground  water,  even  for  the  highest  velocities, 
is  so  slow  that  the  resistance  presented  by  the  inertia  of  the  ground  water  to  an 
accelerating  force  is  almost  nothing  when  compared  with  the  component  of  the 
retarding  force,  consisting  of  the  capillary  resistance  in  the  small  pores  of  the  sand 


2.00 
1.80 


s 

<  .80 


<  —  y          Grand  Avenue 

T 

,  

12  M. 

-AUG.t- 


12  M. 

— 2— 


12  M. 

— 3— 


VELOCITY  1.07   FEET   PER  DAY 

Fig.  50. — Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Grand  avenue  and  Newbridge  Brook 

(station  12). 

or  gravel.  Actual  computation  will  show  that  in  a  uniform  sand  of  diameter  of 
grain  of  one-half  millimeter  the  ground  water  will  reach  within  1  per  cent  of  its 
final  maximum  velocity  by  a  sudden  application  of  pressure  or  head  in  approxi- 
mately thirty  seconds  of  time.  This  surprising  result  of  the  theory  of  ground-water 
motions  receives  a  very  striking  verification  in  the  increase  in  velocity  noted  during 
the  rain  storm  as  described  above. 

These  results  have  important  bearings  on  our  knowledge  of  ground-water 
phenomena  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  well.    They  indicate  that  the  velocity  of  the 

a  Slichter,  C  S.,  Theoretical  investigation  of  motion  of  ground  waters:  Nineteenth  Ann.  Rept.  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
pt.  2,  1899,  p.  331. 


106       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


ground  waters  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  well  reaches  a  maximum  value  soon  after 
pumping  is  commenced.  The  gradual  formation  of  the  cone  of  depression  near  the 
well  shows  that  there  must  be  a  progressive  augmentation  to  the  initial  velocity  of 
the  ground  waters  toward  the  well.  Nevertheless,  the  rate  of  depression  of  the 
water  table  is  so  slow  that  the  ground-water  motion  established  soon  after  the 
pumping  has  begun  is  substantially  the  same  as  after  prolonged  pumping.  These 
remarks  have  their  most  important  bearing  upon  the  phenomena  of  the  mutual 
interference  of  wells.  The  interference  of  one  well  with  the  supply  of  a  neighboring 
well  is  thus  seen  to  come  into  existence  almost  instantaneously  and  .need  not  wait 
for  the  establishment  of  a  cone  of  depression  of  large  area.  The  phenomena  of  the 
cone  of  depression  have  much  to  do  with  the  permanent  supply  of  the  well,  but  have 

slight  bearing  upon  the  proper  spacing 
of  the  wrells  or  the  percentage  of  inter- 
ference of  one  well  with  another. 


Center  line  of  road- 


2  .60 
< 


EFFECT  OF  SEEPAGE  WATERS  FROM.PONDS 
AND  RESERVOIRS  ON  RATE  OF  MOTION 
OF  GROUND  WATER. 

Some  unusually  good  opportunities 
occurred  during  the  work  on  Long  Island 
of  determining  the  rate  of  seepage  below 
the  impounding  dams  of  some  of  the 
storage  ponds  which  the  Brooklyn  water- 
works has  established  north  of  the  con- 
duit line  referred  to  in  the  opening  pages 
of  this  chapter.  The  batteries  of  driven 
wells  which  have  been  placed  a  few  hun- 
dred feet  south  of  nearly  all  of  these 
ponds  were  quiescent  during  the  summer 
of  1903,  as  the  heavy  rains  furnished  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  surface  water,  and 
the  auxiliary  supply  from  the  wells  was 
not  drawn  upon,  as  usual,  during  July 
and  August.  At  station  No.  5,  below 
East  Meadow  Pond  and  somewhat  within  its  line  of  seepage  (see  fig.  58),  the  normal 
velocity  of  the  ground  water  is  5.4  feet  per  day.  At  station  No.  7,  just  north  of  the 
pond,  the  velocity  was  2.6  feet  per  day.  It  seems  clear  that  the  natural  velocity  at 
these  points,  if  the  influence  of  the  dam  and  pond  were  removed,  would  be  about  4 
feel  per  day.  The  velocity  at  station  No.  6,  located  but  a  few  feet  from  No.  5,  at 
a  depth  of  34  feet,  was  5  feet  per  day,  as  compared  with  5.4  feet  per  day  at  a  depth 
of  22  feet.  The  dam  has  the  effect  of  making  the  water  table  nearly  level  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  the  pond,  and  also  of  greatly  augmenting  the  slope  of 
the  water  table  for  a  short  distance  below  the  pond.  The  lower  velocity  above  the 
pond  and  the  higher  velocity  below  the  pond  correspond  with  these  facts.  "When 
there  was  no  How  over  the  waste  weir  of  the  dam  I  measured  the  flow  of  the  small 


M  J 

1P.M.   3  5  7  9  II  1  3  5  7  9 

<  AUQ.-5  x  AUQr6  > 

VELOCITY  8.6   FEET   PER  DAY. 

Fig.  51.— Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of 
underground  water  at  liellevue  road  (station  14). 


EFFECT  OF  SEEPAGE  ON  RATE  OF  UNDERFLOW. 


107 


stream  which  rises  below  the  clam  at  the  bridge  marked  "A"  in  fig.  58.  On  July  10 
this  flow  was  1.2  second-feet,  practically  all  of  which  represented  seepage  water 
from  the  reservoir. 

This  amount,  1.2  second-feet,  or  103,680  cubic  feet  per  day,  represents  the 
amount  of  water  that  would  flow  through  a  bed  of  sand  30  feet  deep  and  1,000  feet 
wide  at  a  velocity  of  1  foot  per  day,  the  porosity  of  the  sand  being  supposed  equal 
to  one-third.  The  normal  velocity  of  the  ground  water  is  augmented,  as  shown 
by  the  measurement  quoted  above,  by  somewhat  more  than  1  foot  per  day.  lhe 
width  of  the  lower  end  of  the  pond,  or  the  length  of  the  earthen  dam,  is  about 
1,400  feet;  basing  the  estimate  on  this  minimum  length  and  on  a  minimum 
depth  of  30  feet,  and  augmented  velocity  of  1  foot  per  day,  gives  a  minimum  esti- 


1.40 
1.20 


.20 


o  I         I         I         I         I         I         I         I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I 

12  M.  12  M.  12  M.  12  M.  12  M. 

«-Aug.  6-x.-  Aug.  7  x  Aug.  8  x  Aug.  9  x-  Aug.  1 0  * — ► 

VELOCITY  1.53   FEET   PER  DAY. 
Fig.  52. — Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Bellevue  road  (station  15). 

mate  of  the  seepage  from  the  dam  of  1.6  second-feet;  since  1.2  feet  are  known  to 
actually  come  to  the  surface  to  feed  the  stream  below  the  dam,  it  is  evident  that 
this  estimate  of  seepage  is  a  minimum.  It  seems  evident  that  a  considerable 
volume  of  seepage  water  could  be  recovered,  without  seriously  lowering  the  water 
plane,  by  extending  the  line  of  driven  wells  to  the  east  of  the  present  terminus  a 
distance  of  600  or  700  feet. 

A  test  well  was  driven  in  the  lower  south  end  of  East  Meadow  Pond  to  a  depth 
of  10  feet  to  determine  the  pressure  gradient  of  ground  water  beneath  the  surface 
of  the  pond.  The  water  in  this  test  well  stood  about  1  foot  lower  than  the  water 
in  the  pond  itself,  showing  a  slope  of  the  water  plane,  or  a  hydraulic  gradient,  of 
7  feet  to  a  mile.  These  facts  are  shown  in  fig.  59  (p.  113). 
17116— No.  44—06  8 


108       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

The  gradient  of  the  water  plane  below  the  dam — that  is,  between  the  dam 
and  station  No.  5 — was  17  feet  to  the  mile,  so  that  the  velocities  to  be  compared  are: 

Pressure  gradients  and  velocities  above  and  below  East  Meadow  Pond,  Long  Island. 


Station. 

Gradient  of 
water  plane 
per  mile. 

Velocity  of 
ground  water 
per  day. 

No.  7,  above  pond  

No.  5,  below  pond  

Feet. 

7 
17 

Feet. 
2.6 
5.4 

These  results  check  very  favorably,  especially  when  it  is  considered  that  the 
gradient  above  or  north  of  station  No.  7  was  probably  10  or  12  feet  per  mile,  which 


a  -3c 

cr 
ul 

|  .20 
< 


2  P.M.    6  10         2         6         10         2         6  10         2  6         10  2         6         10  2 

«— AUG.17-  *  ;  AUG.18  AUG.  19  <— » 

VELOCITY  6   FEET    PER  DAY. 
Fig.  S3.— Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground  water  at  Bellevue  road  (station  15x). 

would  make  the  effective  gradient  at  this  station  somewhat  greater  than  7  feet 
per  mile. 

Very  striking  results  were  obtained  below  the  dam  at  the  Wantagh  Pond, 
where  measurements  were  undertaken  especially  to  determine  the  rate  of  seepage. 
The  dam  of  the  Wantagh  Pond  runs  parallel  to  the  right  of  way  of  the  Long 
[sland  Railroad  about  75  feet  north  of  the  latter,  and  has  an  extreme  length  of 
500  or  600  feet,  About  150  feet  south  of  the  railroad,  downstream  from  the  res- 
ervoir, the  city  of  Brooklyn  began  in  the  summer  of  1903  the  construction  of  an 
infiltration  gallery,  consisting  of  a  line  of  36-inch  double-strength  tile  laid  at  a  depth 
of  1 6  feet  below  the  water  plane.  It  is  purposed  to  extend  this  gallery  for  a  mile  east 
and  west  from  the  Wantagh  pumping  station.    Stations  Nos.  13,  16,  and  17  were 


EFFECT  OF  SEEPAGE  ON  RATE  OF  FNDERFLOW. 


established  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  the  normal  ground-water  velocities  at 
the  depth  (16  feet)  of  the  purposed  gallery.  Two  of  these  stations  are  immediately 
south  of  the  pond  and  in  the  apparent  direct  line  of  seepage,  while  station  No.  17 
is  located  slightly  to  the  east  of  the  edge  of  the  pond,  and,  as  seems  evident  from 
fig.  60,  just  on  the  edge  of  the  main  influence  of  seepage  from  the  ponds.  The 
seepage  velocities  at  stations  No.  13  and  16  turned  out  to  be  enormous,  the  velocity 
at  Xo.  13  being  96  feet  per  day,  S.,  while  at  station  No.  16  it  was  77  feet  per  day. 
about  S.  30°  E.,  the  deflection  being  toward  the  neighboring  stream  as  shown  in  fig.  60. 
These  velocities  are  the  highest  the  writer  has  determined,  and  may  be  regarded 
as  record-making  rates  for  the  horizontal  motion  of  ground  waters.  Both  measure- 
ments were  made  with  the  re- 
cording instruments;  by  consult- 
ing the  curves  in  figs.  54,  55,  and 
56  it  will  be  noted  that  each 
curve  has  two  maximum  points, 
which  must  correspond  to  the 
velocities  in  two  distinct  layers  of 
gravel.  The  secondary  velocity 
for  station  No.  13  was  7.4  feet 
per  day  and  for  station  No.  16, 
11.3  feet  per  day.  A  very  strik- 
ing verification  of  the  fact  that 
the  high  movements  here  found 
were  due  to  the  escape  of  water 
from  the  pond  will  be  noted 
when  the  temperatures  of  the 
waters  in  the  wells  of  these  sta- 
tions are  compared  with  the  tem- 
peratures of  the  water  in  the  pond 
and  the  water  in  wells  outside  of 
the  influence  of  seepage  from  the 
pond.  Practically  all  water  from 
wells  on  Long  Island  has  a  tem- 
perature between  58°  and  60°  F. 
In  the  present  case,  the  tempera- 
ture of  water  drawn  from  H.  A. 
Russell's  well,  22  feet  deep,  located  just  west  of  the  Wantagh  Pond  (see  fig.  60), 
was  59°  F.  cm  August  8,  1903,  while  the  temperature  of  water  from  well  D.  of 
station  No.  17,  just  east  and  slightly  below  the  pond,  was  61.2°  F.  on  August  11, 
1903.  This  well  was  20  feet  deep,  the  bottom  being  at  the  same  depth  as  the 
wells  of  stations  Nos.  13  and  16.  The  temperature  of  water  in  the  pond  varies 
more  or  less,  especially  the  temperature  of  the  surface  layer.  The  temperature 
of  the  pond  water  on  August  8,  a  cloudy  day,  was  72.5°  F.,  and  on  July  30,  a 
sunny  day.  80°  F.  The  temperature  of  water  from  the  wells  of  station  No.  13 
was  65.8°  F.  on  July  30,  and  that  from  the  wells  of  station  No.  16  on  Augu>t  8 
was  69.5°  F.  These  high  temperatures  at  stations  Nos.  13  and  16  show  that  a 
large  portion  of  the  moving  ground  water  must  come  directly  from  the  pond,  and 


.20 


.01 — i  1  1  I  I  I  1  1  I  1  1  1  

6  P.M.    8  10  12          2  4  6  8  10         12  2  *  6 

<  AUG-3  *  AUG.-4  » 

VELOCITY  ••(!)  96  FEET  PER  DAY;',2i  6.9  FEET  PER  DAY. 
Fig.  54. — Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  under- 
ground water  south  of  Wantagh  Pond  at  station  13. 


110       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


that  the  rate  of  motion  is  so  great  that  the  ground  water  has  not  time  to  be  reduced 
to  the  normal  temperature  of  the  ground. 

Ai  station  No.  17  the  water  had  a  velocity  of  10.6  feet  per  day  in  a  direction 
S.  30°  W.,  and  a  temperature  of  61.5°  F.  The  ground  water  at  this  point  is  probably 
not  entirely  free  from  the  seepage  water  from  the  pond.  The  direction  of  flow, 
the  velocity,  and  the  temperature  of  the  water  all  indicate,  however,  that  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  water  is  the  natural  underflow  which  at  this  point  is  diverted 
toward  the  lowland  occupied  by  the  streams  below  the  pond. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but 
wastabh   posh  that  the  proposed  infiltration 

gallery  will  .  intercept  a  large 
amount  of  seepage  water  from 
the  pond  which  at  present  runs 
entirely  to  waste.  The  amount 
of  seepage  in  the  first  16  feet 
of  depth  is  probably  somewhat 
less  than  3  second-feet  per  1,000 
feet  of  length  of  cross  section, 
or  about  2  million  gallons  per 
twenty-four  hours. 

At  station  Xo.  21,  located 
just  above  the  Wantagh  Pond, 
the  velocity  at  a  depth  of  17  feet 
w  as  21.3  feet  per  day  in  a  direc- 
tion 60°  east  of  south.  This 
station  is  near  the  west  bank  of 
the  main  brook  that  feeds  the 
pond,  and  the  greater  share  of 
the  ground  water  at  this  point 
percolates  into  the  bed  of  the 
stream.  The  true  underflow  at 
this  point  can  be  found  by  tak- 
ing the  southerly  component  of 
this  velocity,  which  gives  10.6 
feet  per  day.  The  temperature 
of  the  ground  water  at  this 
point  was  58°  F. 

The  increase  of  underflow  rate  at  the  Wantagh  Pond  from  10.6  feet  per  day 
to  96  and  77  feet  per  day,  as  compared  with  velocities  above  and  below  East  Meadow 
Pond  of  2.6  and  5.3  feet  per  day,  respectively,  are  easily  understood  when  the 
material  constituting  the  bottom  of  the  ponds  is  inspected.  The  material  of  the 
bed  of  the  pond  at  Agawam  is  good,  the  soil  being  fine  and  compact,  while  at 
Wantagh  the  bottom  of  the  pond  is  very  sandy,  in  some  places  having  a  closer 
resemblance  to  a  filter  bed  than  to  a  puddled  floor. 


-AU0.3 


VELOCITY:  (1)  77  FEET  PER  DAY;  (2)  11.6  FEET  PER  DAY. 
Flo.  55.— Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground 
water  at  Wantagh  Pond  (station  16x) 


RESULTS   AND  CONCLUSIONS. 


Ill 


EFFECT  OF  PUMPING   ON  RATE  OF  MOTION  OF  GROUND  WATER. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  I.  M.  De  Varona,  an  excellent  opportunity  was 
furnished  the  writer  of  making  some  observations  upon  the  influence  of  pumping 
Upon  the  normal  rate  of  motion  of  ground  water  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  of 
the  Brooklyn  driven-well  stations.  For  this  special  purpose,  the  pumping  stations 
at  Agawam  and  Wantagh,  which  had  been  idle  since  December,  1902,  were  started 
up  for  two  days  each  in  August,  1902.  Agawam  was  operated  continuously  from 
7  a.  m.,  August  19,  to  7  a.  m., 
August  21,  and  Wantagh  was 
operated  from  7  a.  m.,  Au- 
gust 22,  to  7  a.  m.,  August 
24.  At  the  Agawam  station 
observations  were  made  at 
station  No.  5,  by  means  of  the 
recording  instrument.  Well 
A  was  charged  at  4  p.  m., 
August  19,  or  after  nine  hours 
of  continuous  pumping,  an 
interval  supposed  to  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  establishment  of 
the  maximum  rate  of  flow  of 
the  ground  water,  although, 
of  course,  the  cone  of  depres- 
sion near  the  wells  would  still 
be  changing  quite  rapidly. 

Station  No.  5  is  30  feet 
north  of  the  intersection  of 
the  chief  suction  mains  com- 
municating with  the  line  of 
driven  wells  and  12  feet  east 
of  the  central  discharge  main 
(see  fig.  58).  The  depth  of 
the  test  wells  was  22  feet, 
while  the  depth  of  the  30  sup- 
ply wells  of  the  Agawam  sta- 
tion system  varies  from  30  to 
105  feet,  the  wells  being  arranged  at  intervals  of  50  feet  along  two  suction  mains, 
each  750  feet  long. 

The  rate  of  pumping  during  the  48-hour  test  was  very  uniform,  this  average 
being  2,250,000  gallons  per  twenty-four  hours.  The  vacuum  at  the  pump  was 
maintained  at  24  inches,  while  that  at  the  first  well  east  of  the  engine  house  was 
23.2  inches.  The  charge  of  the  centrifugal  pump  was  dropped  from  4  p.  m.  to 
4.40  ]).  m.  August  19,  during  which  time  the  vacuum  fell  to  7  inches.  This  was 
the  only  interruption  during  the  test. 


<  AUQ.-12  * —  AUG.-13  


VELOCITY  10.6   FEET   PER  DAY. 

Fig.  5fi.— Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of  flow  of  underground 
water  at  Wantagh  Pond  (station  17). 


112       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Fifth  telephone  pole  south  of  grist  mill 


The  velocity  determined  at  station  No.  5  during  the  test  was  8  feet  per  day, 
in  a  direction  S.  22°  E.  The  normal  velocity  at  this  station  is  5.4  feet  per  day, 
S.  8°  W.,  so  that  the  influence  of  the  pumping  was  to  increase  the  velocity  by  2.6 
feet  per  day,  or  an  increase  of  about  50  per  cent.  The  actual  velocity  found  and 
the  percentage  of  increase  are  both  very  moderate,  and  indicate  that  the  pumping 
station  is  not  making  an  unreasonable  draft  upon  the  ground-water  supply  at  this 
point. 

The  30  wells  of  the  Agawam  supply  station  have  screens  each  10  feet  long, 
or  altogether  about  730  square  feet  of  screen.  The  maximum  velocity  of  ground 
water  as  it  enters  these  screens  must  be  at  the  rate  of  1,230  feet  per  day,  since  the 

actual  pumpage  was  2,250,000  gallons  or 
300,000  cubic  feet  per  twenty-four  hours. 
The  mean  velocity  in  the  area,  10  by  1,500 
feet  cross  section,  immediately  drawn  upon 
by  the  wells  (the  supply  wells  covering  an 
expanse  of  about  1,500  feet)  was  about  30 
feet  per  day.  The  reduction  of  this  rate  to 
2.6  feet  per  day  represents  a  ratio  of  reduc- 
tion of  11  to  1,  which  could  be  taken  care 
of  by  a  depth  of  110  feet  in  the  water-bear- 
ing gravels,  without  going  outside  of  the 
1,500-foot  east  and  west  line  of  the  driven 
wells. 

To  put  this  in  another  way:  The  daily 
pumpage  of  300,000  cubic  feet  of  water 
could  be  supplied  by  the  normal  rate  of 
motion  of  the  ground  water  at  this  point 
(5.4  feet  per  day)  through  a  cross  section 
of  510,000  square  feet,  or,  say,  100  feet 
deep  by  1  mile  wide.  To  supply  this  amount 
of  water,  if  removed  from  the  ground  on 
each  of  the  365  days  in  a  year,  would  re- 
quire 1  foot  of  rainfall  on  12  square  miles 
of  catchment  area,  or  18  inches  of  rainfall 
on  8  square  miles  of  catchment  area.  Since 
the  watershed  is  at  least  12  miles  north  of 
the  station,  t  here  is  ample  area  to  supply  this  amount  of  ground  water,  and  the  rate 
of  removal  at  the  Agawam  station  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  moderate. 

The  observations  at  Wantagh  pumping  station  were  made  on  August  21  and 
22.  The  pumping  at  this  station  began  ,  at  7  a.  m.,  August  21,  and  continued 
forty-eight  hours  at  the  uniform  rate  of  4,366,000  gallons  per  twenty-four  hours. 
The  water  at  this  station  is  drawn  from  48  driven  wells,  arranged  on  three  lines 
of  suction  mains,  as  shown  in  fig.  60.  The  east-west  expanse  of  the  two  chief  lines 
of  wells  is  about  1,500  feet.  The  wells  of  this  station  are  of  two  different  types- 
shallow  wells  of  depth  of  about  24  feet;  and  deeper  wells,  extending  below  an 
impervious  bed  to  depths  of  from  60  to  112  feet.    These  latter  wells  have  an  artesian 


Elec 

trode 

 i 

0  — 

/ 

Casin 

g 

/ 

/ 

/ 

o  

/  

•  s 

J 

—f — 

0  

VELOCITYU21.38FEET   PER  DAY. 

Fig.  o7.  -Diagram  showing  velocity  and  direction  of 
flow  of  underground  water  above  Wantagh  Pond  at 
station  21. 


EFFECT   OF   PUMPING   ON   RATE   OF  UNDERFLOW. 


113 


head  of  3  or  4  feet,  and  when  the  pumping  plant  is  idle  the  water  from  the  deep 
wells  flows  into  the  suction  main  and  into  the  shallow  wells,  from  the  latter  of 
which  it  escapes  into  the  sands  and  gravels  of  the  upper  zone  of  flow,  raising  abnor- 
mally the  zone  of  saturation. 

An  attempt  was  made  on  June  24  to  measure  the  rate  of  motion  of  the  ground 
water  at  station  No.  2,  situated  17  feet  west  of  the  chief  discharge  pipe,  and  300 
feet  north  of  the  intersection  of  the  main  suction  pipes  from  the  driven  wells,  as 
shown  in  fig.  60.    The  attempted  measurement  was  a  failure,  it  not  being  known 


Fig.  58. — Map  showing  locations  of  stations  5  and  t>  with  reference,  to  Agawam  pumping  station  and  East  Meadow  Pond. 

at  the  time  that  the  discharge  from  the  numerous  artesian  wells  was  entering  the 
surface  layers  of  gravels  and  hence  interfering  with  the  normal  flow  in  these 
gravels.  The  ground  water  at  station  No.  7  was,  on  account  of  this  situation, 
either  entirely  stationary  or  moving  slightly  toward  the  north.  On  August  21, 
well  A,  of  station  No.  2,  was  charged  at  6  p.  m.,  after  eleven  hours  of  continuous 


Station  7 

Level  of  pond 

Test 

Dam  L.I.R.R 
r"_.JV\stat,o5 

"a|  Water  plane 

Slope  7  feet  per  mile 

B    ^-.^Pond       Slope  6  feet  per  m 

le 

_^    C  '7  feet 

0 

E 

0 

Horizontal  scale 
i00       200       300       *0O       500       600  700 

800     900      iooo  feet 

Fig.  59. — Vertical  sections  through  stations  5  and  7  and  test  wells  in  Agawam  Pond,  shown  in  fig.  58 


pumping  from  the  driven  wells.  The  velocity  of  the  ground  water  observed  was 
at  the  rate  of  6  feet  per  day  in  a  direction  S.  10°  E.  As  this  station  is  distant 
only  300  feet  from  the  lines  of  driven  wells,  it  is  evident  that  the  withdrawal  of 
4,366,000  gallons  or  582,000  cubic  feet  per  twenty-four  hours  has  not  an  excessive 
influence  on  the  normal  rate  of  motion  of  the  ground  water.  The  results  at 
Wantagh  compare  very  well  with  the  results  at  Agawam  and  indicate  that  the 
driven-well  plants  have  not  exhausted  the  possibilities  of  ground-water  develop- 
ments. 


114       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


SPECIFIC  CAPACITY. 

The  writer  uses  the  term  "specific  capacity"  to  designate  the  numerical 
expression  of  the  readiness  with  which  a  well  furnishes  water  to  the  pump."  This 
quantity  can  be  obtained  by  dividing  the  yield  of  a  well  by  the  amount  that  the 
water  is  lowered  in  the  well.  Thus,  in  the  case  of  the  Agawam  wells,  the  discharge 
was  1,560  gallons  per  minute  under  a  vacuum  of  23.2  inches  of  mercury  at  the 
first  well  east  of  the  engine  house.  This  vacuum  corresponds  to  a  head  of  26  feet 
of  water,  but  the  water  in  the  wells  was  lowered  only  20  feet  by  the  pump.  The 
specific  capacity  of  the  group  of  wells  was  therefore  78  gallons  per  minute.  The 
area  of  all  strainer  surface  in  the  wells  was  730  square  feet.  From  these  data  it 
can  be  readily  estimated  that  the  specific  capacity  of  the  Agawam  wells  was  0.11 


FlG.  60.    Map  showing  locations  of  stations  2,  13,  16,  and  17,  near  Wantagh  pumping  station  and  Wantagh  Pond. 

gallon  per  square  foot  of  well  strainer  under  1  foot  head.  This  is  a  numerical 
expression  of  the  degree  of  coarseness  of  the  material  in  which  the  well  is  placed, 
combined,  of  course,  with  any  resistance  offered  to  the  intake  of  water  by  the  well 
strainer  itself.  At  Wantagh  station  the  discharge  of  3,030  gallons  per  minute 
took  place  under  a  vacuum  of  15.3  inches  of  mercury  at  the  wells.  The  average 
head  under  which  the  water  entered  the  wells  was  equivalent  to  17.4  feet  of  water, 
f Void  which  the  specific  capacity  is  estimated  to  be  176  gallons  per  minute.  The 
total  strainer  surface  on  the  wells  of  this  group  amounts  to  1,170  square  feet,  from 
\\  hu  ll  we  conclude  that  the  specific  capacity  per  square  foot  of  well  strainer  is  0.15 
gallon  per  minute.  This  is  nearly  40  per  cent  higher  than  at  the  Agawam  wells. 
With  carefully  constructed  wells  of  large  diameter  a  minimum  specific  capacity  of 
0.15  gallon  per  minute  per  square  loot  of  strainer  can  be  depended  upon  for  all 
wells  in  the  Long  Island  watershed  if  properly  designed  strainers  be  used. 

a  See  Water-Sup.  and  to.  Paper  No.  140,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  l'J0.r>,  chapter  7. 


RESULTS  AND  CONCLUSIONS. 


115 


CONCLUSION. 

The  vcrv  evident  conclusion  from  observations  on  Long  Island  is  thai  large 
amounts  of  ground  water  can  still  be  obtained  along  the  south  shore  of  the  island, 
especially  if  deep  wells  of  large  diameter  can  be  successfully  bored.  The  writer 
has  already  called  attention  to  the  possibility  of  constructing  12-inch  wells  of 
the  California  or  "stovepipe"  type  in  the  unconsolidated  material  met  with  to 
considerable  depths  on  Long  Island."  Such  wells,  several  hundred  feet  in  depth, 
with  perforations  opposite  the  best  water-bearing  material,  would  utilize  a  large 
part  of  the  underflow  which  now  escapes  to  the  sea.  The  practicability  and  success 
of  such  wells  in  this  locality  seem  very  probable,  but  the  actual  construction 
of  a  test  well  is  the  only  way  of  arriving  at  an  entirely  satisfactory  conclusion. 


aSlichter,  C.  S.,  The  California  or  •'  stovepipe  "  method  of  well  construction  for  water  supply:  Eng.  News,  Nov.  12, 
1903,  p.  429. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


WELL  records  on  long  island. 

Compiled  by  A.  C.  Veatch  and  Isaiah  Bowman. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  presentation  in  a  compact  form  of  the  data  and  detailed  well  records 
collected  during  the  work  on  Long  Island  has  proved  a  considerable  problem. 
Presented  in  the  text  in  connection  with  the  geologic  discussion,  they  furnish  the 
necessary  proof  of  many  of  the  statements  there  made  but  so  encumber  the  text 
that  the  mind  loses  itself  in  the  mass  of  detail.  Recourse  has  therefore  been  had 
to  the  presentation  of  all  the  well  data  in  a  compact  table  with  notes  giving  such 
additional  information  as  may  be  available.  The  arbitrary  numbers  assigned  to 
the  wells  in  the  table  correspond  to  those  used  in  the  index  map  (PI.  XXIV)  and 
through  the  text  in  Chapters  I,  II,  and  V.  While  an  attempt  has  been  made  to 
indicate  the  geologic  subdivisions  in  some  of  the  records  for  a  critical  discussion 
of  their  geologic  bearing,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  paper  on  the  geology  of  Long 
Island,  which  will  be  published  in  a  short  time. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

Thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  I.  M.  De  Varona,  chief  engineer  of  the  Borough  of 
Brooklyn,  for  access  to  some  of  the  invaluable  records  collected  by  his  department ; 
to  Mr.  L.  C.  L.  Smith,  engineer  in  charge  of  the  Borough  of  Queens,  for  many 
kindnesses  and  suggestions  regarding  that  borough;  to  Mr.  Cord  Meyer  and  Mr. 
Edward  Meyer,  of  the  Citizens'  Water  Supply  Company,  and  to  Mr.  Franklin  B. 
Lord  and  Charles  R.  Bettes,  of  the  Queens  County  Water  Company,  for  much 
assistance  in  the  study  of  the  fluctuations  of  well  waters. 

From  the  commission  on  additional  water  supply,  samples  were  received  from 
the  many  shallow  wells  which  they  put  down  in  their  study  of  the  position  of  the 
ground-water  table.  Descriptions  of  these  samples  will  be  found  in  the  descriptive 
notes  following  and  the  results  of  the  sizing  and  filtration  tests  in  Chapter  V. 

The  well  drillers  on  the  island  almost  without  exception  rendered  valuable 
assistance,  and  it  is  a  great  pleasure  to  acknowledge  aid  from  the  following  sources: 

Samuel  II.  Allen,  well  driver,  .513  Broadway,  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y. 
Arthur  &  Tu thill,  well  drivers,  Cutchogue,  N.  Y. 
(iillK>rt  Baldwin,  well  driver,  Woodmere,  N.  Y. 

116 


A  ( '  K  NO  WLEDGMENTS. 


117 


William  H.  Beers,  well  driver,  Wading  River,  N.  Y. 

Ralph  B.  Carter  Company,  artesian-well  contractors,  47  Dey  street,  New  York  City. 

Cole  Brothers,  artesian-well  contractors,  102  Fulton  street,  New  York  City. 

P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan,  artesian-well  contractors,  253  Lafayette  street,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Chester  D.  Corwin,  artesian-well  contractor,  198  Seventh  avenue,  New  York  City. 

C.  H.  Danis,  artesian-well  driller,  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  N.  Y. 

N.  W.  Davis,  artesian-well  driller,  Port  Jefferson,  N.  Y. 

Dollard  Brothers,  artesian-well  drillers,  Babylon,  N.  Y. 

H.  J.  Dubois,  artesian-well  driller,  Huntington,  N.  Y. 
L.  J.  Dubois,  artesian-well  driller,  Glen  Cove,  N.  Y. 
J.  Elliott,  tile  wells,  Pinelawn,  N.  Y. 

John  Fisher,  well  driller.  West  bury,  X.  Y. 

I.  H.  Ford,  artesian-well  contractor,  102  Fulton  street,  New  York  City. 
C.  L.  Grant,  artesian-well  contractor,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Elisha  Gregory,  artesian-well  contractor,  123  Liberty  street,  New  York  City. 

Paul  Haller,  well  driver,  Cedarhurst,  N.  Y. 

W.  J.  Hancock,  well  driver,  Baldwin,  N.  Y. 

Thomas  B.  Harper,  artesian-well  contractor,  Jenkinstown,  Pa. 

John  Heerdegen,  44-46  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

J.  H.  Herbert,  tubular  wells,  Floral  Park,  N.  Y. 

Hudson  Engineer  and  Contracting  Company,  water  supply  engineers,  92  William  street,  New  York  City. 

E.  K.  Hutchinson,  artesian-well  driller,  Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y. 
W.  C.  Jeagle,  artesian-well  driller,  HicksviOe,  N.  Y. 
Isaac  Kasteard,  well  digger,  Port  Washington,  N.  Y. 
Thomas  J.  Kirk,  well  driver,  Patchogue,  N.  Y. 

J.  W.  Nichols,  well  driver,  Manorville,  N.  Y. 
R.  F.  Nichols,  well  driller,  Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y. 
J.  M.  Peler,  well  driver,  Manhasset,  N.  Y. 

Phillips  &  Worthington,  artesian-well  contractors,  136  Liberty  street,  Newr  York  City. 
Pierce  Well  Engineering  and  Supply  Company,  artesian-well  contractors,  136  Liberty  street,  New  York 
City. 

Charles  E.  Price,  artesian-well  driller,  Smithtown  Branch,  N.  Y. 

O.  W.  Quinn,  well  driller,  257  Seventh  avenue,  New  York  City. 

J.  B.  Redwood,  well  digger,  Smithtown,  N.  Y. 

Robinson  Brothers,  well  drivers,  Center  Moriches,  N.  Y. 

T.  B.  Rogers,  artesian-well  driller,  Stonybrook,  N.  Y. 

Rust  Well  Machinery  Company,  artesian-well  contractors,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

A.  O.  Ryder,  well  digger,  227  Franklin  place,  Flushing,  N.  Y. 

George  Schmidt,  well  driller,  East  Williston,  N.  Y. 

Ed.  Schmidt,  well  driver,  Mineola,  N.  Y. 

Harry  Strausbinger,  well  digger,  Shelter  Island,  N.  Y. 

H.  S.  Stewart,  well  contractor,  354  South  Highland  avenue,  East  End,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Stotthoff  Brothers,  artesian-well  contractors,  Flemington,  N.  Y. 

Sweeney  &  Gray,  consulting  engineers  and  well  drillers,  81-85  Sixth  street,  Long  Island  City. 

John  Tart,  driller,  with  Hudson  Engineering  and  Contracting  Company,  92  William  street,  New  York  City. 

S.  E.  Terry,  well  borer,  Holtsville,  N.  Y. 

Andrew  Vandewater,  well  digger,  Hempstead,  N.  Y. 

A.  J.  Velsor,  well  digger,  Fort  Salonga,  N.  1 . 

Lawrence  Verdon,  well  driller,  Far  Rockaway,  N.  Y.,  with  Queens  County  Water  Company. 

F.  K.  Walsh,  artesian-well  driller,  Woodmere,  N.  Y. 

Frank  Wankel,  well  driller,  535  Himrod  street,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  with  Hudson  Engineering  and  Contract- 
ing Company. 

Alfred  Wisson,  well  driller,  Old  West  bury,  N.  Y. 

W.  V.  Young,  artesian-well  driller,  Baiting  Hollow,  N.  Y. 


118      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 

Table  XI. — Representative 


No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*1     Hoffmann  Island. 


..  1  A... 


Fort  Lafayette   1  B  . 

Bay  Ridge   IB. 


*4    Bay  Ridge  Park   1  B  . 


New  York  Quarantine  Sta-    Elisha  Gregory . 
tion. 

U.  S.  Army  '  !'.':■>: 

Brooklyn    sewer  depart-   

ment. 

Blythebourne  Water  Co  


*5 
6 

*7 
8 
9 

*10 
*11 

*12 

*13 

14 
15 

*lfi 

17 
*18 
*19 

*20 

21 

22 

*23 

24 

*25 

28 
*27 

*28 

*29 
♦30 

m 


Brooklyn   1  B. 

 do   1C. 

 do   1C. 


.do. 
.do. 


1  C. 
1  C. 


1  C. 


Brooklyn  Rapid  Transit  Co  !  Elisha  Gregory. 

Milliken  Bros   Milliken  Bros... 

Barrett  Manufacturing  Co.  

P.  H.  Gill  &  Sons  '  

Crescent  Chemical  Co  '  


Governors  Island. . . 
Ellis  Island  !  1  C. 


New  York-Brooklyn . 


Brooklyn   1C. 

[10.. 
|2C. 

Manhattan  Beach   2  A  . 

New  Utrecht  pumping    2  B  . 
station. 


U.  S.  Army   P.  H.  and  J.  Conlan  

 '  Pierce  Well  Engineering 

Co. 

Long  Island  R.  R  

Rapid  Transit  '  


Manhattan  Beach  Hotel         Dollard  Bros. 

Brooklyn  waterworks  


Gravesend  pumping  sta- 
tion. 

Gravesend  

Mapleton  


2  B. 


.do. 


W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro. . 


2  B. . 
2B.. 

Borough  Park  j  2  B  . . 

West  Brooklyn   2B.. 

Blythebourne  j  2B.. 

Flatbush   2B.. 

Brooklyn: 

8th"avenue  and  18th  I  2  B  . . 
street. 


Brooklyn  Borough  Gas  Co.. 

Pfalzgraf  estate  ' 

(West  Brooklyn  Water  Co.) 


.do. 


2C. 
2C. 


 do.ff  

....do./  

L.  B.  Ward  

The  Maltine  Co   Foster  Pump  Works. . .  The  Maltine  Co  

Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co   Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co  1 


Blythebourne  Water  Co 
Flatbush  Water  Co  


Elisha  Gregory 


E.  Lewis  

J.  C.  Meem,  engineer. 

L.  B.  Ward''  


Brooklyn  Rapid  Transit  Co 

Milliken  Bros  

Barrett  Manufacturing  Co. . 

P.  H.  Gill  &  Sons  

Crescent  Chemical  Co  

Elisha  Gregory  

Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co. 

C.  M.  Jacobs,  engineer  

Chief  engineer  


Dollard  Bros. 
L.  B.  Ward". 

....do.ft   


Brooklyn  Borough  Gas  Co. 

L.  B.  Ward*  

I.  M.  De  Varona/  


Tartar  Chemical  Co. 


Elisha  Gregory   Elisha  Gregory. 


2C. 
2C. 


Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co  I   Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co  

  Samples  in  office  of  Transit] 

Development  Co. 

  Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co.. 


Transit  Development  Co 
20  '  Brooklyn  I'nion  Gas  Co. 


12th  street  and  Go- 
wanus  Canal. 

!lth  street  and  Go- 
wanus  Canal. 

Hoyt  and  5th  avenue 

3d  avenue  and  3d 
street. 

3d  avenue,  between 
Degraw  and  Doug- 
lass streets. 

Dean  street,  near 
Yanderbilt  avenue. 

St.  Marks  and  Grand 
avenues. 

Lewifl  and  De  Kalb 
avenues. 

*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
a  Yield  from  a  single  shaft- 

Merchants'  Association  report  on  water  supply  of  the  city  of  New  York,  1900,  table  following  p.  186. 
r  Average  per  well  for  1899. 
d  See  Table  VIII. 


2C          Humbert  A:  Andrews  

2C         Knox  Hat  Co  

2C          Borden  Condensed  Milk  Co. 


Chester  D.  Corwin   Chester  D.  Corwin  

Klisha  Gregory   Elisha  Gregory  

Chester  D.  Corwin   Chester  D.  Corwin  


WKLL  RECORDS. 


119 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


wells  on  Long  Inland. 


Height  of 
Depth  of  water 

Diameter  Depth  of  principal  abo™(  +  )  Geologic  horizon  of 

of  well,    of  well.     water   ,  ,  mfinite    water-bearing  strata, 

supply-  gnn.nd 
level. 


Inches. 
8 


Feet. 
1,000 


Feel. 
'50-1,000 


Feet. 


Gallons. 

33    Cambro-Silurian  (?). 


Remarks. 


No. 


Rock  encountered  at  a  depth  of  4.W  feet. 


60 
240  | 
8-6 

24 

8 
4-2 

6 

12-8 


96 
7 

96-5 
5 

96-8 
6 


2 

6-4J 

6 
10 
8 


53 
40-90 

90 
90 
1,503 
65 
50 
50 
56 

1,822.5 
1,400 

120 

12-102 

40 
30 

50 

14 


  Foundation  test  borings. 

n  520-69.">  1  Wisconsin   Sewer  tunnel  


<-139 


.do   See  Table  VIII 


52 
1,715 


-  10 

-  10 

-  35 

-  15 

Flows. 


Cambro-Silurian   Salt  water  

100    Wisconsin   Hard  water;  used  only  for  cooling  

..do   Used  for  cooling  purposes  only  

..do   Water  salty  and  hard  

..do   Slightly  brackish;  not  used  for  boiler  or 


-  10 

-  3.6 

'  -  17.4 


65 

60 
44 

55 


60 


c6.5 
e  15 


177.6  157.5-17 
65     !  ... 


■  157.  5 


143 


40 

30-50 


72-911 


331 
101 


140 


81-98 
217 


-  67 


c27 
.500 

100 

■  1,200 

(20 


■  38 


40+ 


100 


drinking. 

Cambro-Silurian   Salty  water  

  Brackish  water 


Test  boring. 


(Pleistocene:  Cambro-  \\  , 
\    Silurian.  J  ao 

Pleistocene  |  Coarse  sand  and  gravel. . . 

Wisconsin  ;  Group  of  120  driven  wells 

 do  |  Group  of  113  driven  wells 


Wisconsin. 


Wisconsin  . 
Tisbury " . . 


Jameco?. 


Jameco?. 

Tisbury? 
Jameco. . 
Tisbury . 


Blue  clay  at  a  depth  of  14  feet  

Single  well  used  for  local  water  supply  

Reserve  station  of  old  West  Brooklyn 
Water  Co. 

Principal  station  of  old  West  Brooklyn 
Water  Co. 

Reserve  station:  not  used  


Group  of  SS  wells  

Used   for  cooling   and  manufacturing: 
slightly  hard. 

2  wells  


2  wells;  water  not  used  for  boilers. 


Group  of  5  wells  

Test  borings  for  foundations. 


Group  of  11  wells. 


Bed  rock  at  331  feet. 


8 
9 

10 
11 

12 

13 

14 
d  15 

d  16 

17 
d  18 
19 

20 

a  21 

J  rf22 

23 

24 

25 

26 
27 

28 

29 
30 
31 


i  Op.  cit.,  p.  181. 

/History  and  Description  of  the  Water  Supply  of  Brooklyn,  1896,  p.  139. 

?Op.  cit'.,  p.  138. 

i  Average  of  each  well. 


120       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK, 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


Location. 


B  rooklyn  —Continued. 
Pulaski  street  and 
Lewis  avenue. 

254  Hart  street  

Central  avenue  and 
Grove  street. 

Forest    street  and 
Evergreen  avenue. 

Noll    and  Bremen 
streets. 

Bartlett  street  and 
Harrison  avenue. 

Bartlett  street  and 
Flushing  avenue. 

Flushing  and  Frank- 
lin avenues. 

20-34  Ryerson  street. 

163  Carlton  avenue  . . 

Between  Wallabout 
and  (iowanus.  , 

Clarke,  Willow,  and 
Pineapple  streets. 

Mi  Water  street  

Brooklyn  Bridge  


Pearl  and 
streets. 

50  Jay  street. 


Front 


John  and  Jay  streets 

Bridge  and  Ply- 
mouth streets. 

Brooklyn  Navy-Yard 


Coordi- 
nates. 


2C. 


2C. 
2C. 


2C. 

2C. 

2C. 

2C. 

2C. 

2C. 
2C. 
2C. 

2C. 

2C. 
2C. 


2C... 
2C 

20.... 
2C... 
20.... 


Owner. 


H.  B.  Scharmann  &  Sons. 


Excelsior  Brewing  Co. 
Jos.  Epping  


S.  Liebmann  Sons  Brewing 
Co. 

Obermeyer  &  Liebmann. . . 

Pfeizer  Chemical  Co  

....do  

Malcom  Brewing  Co  


Merger  A  Thrall  ( ?)  . . 
Walter  M.  Debevoise. 
(  Johnson)  


Sweeney  Manufacturing  Co.  I.  H.  1-ord 


Driller. 


Authority. 


Elisha  Gregory  

Pierce  Well  Engineer- 
ing Co. 


C.  D.  Corwin  

Phillips*  Worthington 
Stotthof?  Bros  


C.  D.  Corwin . 
I.  H.  Ford... 


Jones  Bros. 


John  W.  Masury  &  Son. 


BrooklynNavy-Yard  2C. 


Brooklyn  Navy-Yard 
Brooklyn  Navy- Yard 

Brooklyn  Navy- Yard 


556  Kent  avenue. 


Keap  street  and 
Kent  avenue. 

Harrison  and  Broad- 
way streets. 

Leonard  and  Meser- 
ole  streets. 

Meserole  and  Hum- 
bolt  streets. 

Bushwlck  and  Mes- 
erole avenues. 

White  and  Boerum 
streets. 


2C. 

2C. 


2C. 


2C. 

2C. 
20. 
20. 
20. 
2C. 
2C. 


Arbuckle  Bros. 


Howard  &  Fuller  Brewing 
Co. 

U.  S.  Navy  

...do  


.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co. 

Chrome  Steel  Works  

The  J.  H.  ShultsCo  

Burger  Brewing  Co  

Congress  Brewing  Co  

Eastern  Brewing  Co. . . . 
F.  H.  Klabfleisch  Co.... 


(Pierce  Well  Engineering 
Co. 


II.  3.  Stewart. 


F.  Wankel. 


.do. 
.do. 


H.  B.  Scharmann. 


Elisha  Gregory  

Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co. 

Alfred  Liebmann  

E.  Obermeyer  

C.  D.  Corwin  

Phillips  &  Worthington. 

Stotthoff  Bros.a  


C.  D.  Corwin  

I.  H.  Ford  

W.  W.  Mather  b. 

Arthur  Hollicki'. 


I.  H.  Ford  

Long  Island  Historical  So- 
ciety. 


Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co 
John  W.  Masury  &  Son . . . 

H.  S.  Stewart  

Howard  &  Fuller  


Civil  engineer  of  navy-yard. 
F.  Wankel  


.do. 
.do. 


Chester  I).  Corwin . 


Civil  engineer  of  navy-yard 

Brooklyn  Lnion  Gas 06... 

T.  I.  Jones,- treasurer  

The  J.  H.  Shults  Co  

L.  G.  Burger  

James  D.  Long,  manager.. 

Chester  D.  Corwin  

F.  H.  Klabfleisch  Co  


*For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"  Ann.  Kept.  Geol.  Survey  Now  Jersey  for  1898,  1809,  p  137. 


representative:  wells. 


1-21 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 

of  well 


Inches. 


6 

5-0 


Depth  of 
well. 


Feet. 
105 

138 
100 

275 

60-70 

165 

176 

62 

84 
90 
84 

65 

60 
89 

60 

100 

53-75 
2, 148 
800 
50 

50 

316 

220 
108 


129.5 

85 
85 
65 

65 
3.5-45 
140 
117 

50 


Depth  of 
principal 
water 
supply. 


Height  of 

water 
above(+) 
or 

below  (—) 
ground 

level. 


Feet. 


63-105 


150-165 
124-176 


Feet. 


21-60 


275 
296 
190 


90 

101-117 


Yotr  Geologic  horizon  of 
minute,    water-bearing  strata. 


Gallons. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Nothing  but  sand   32 


200  Pleistocene . 
100  '  do  


360 


350 


Pleistocene . 


  33 

Brown  sand,  0  to  100  feet   34 

  35 


3  wells;  all  sand . 


Water  8  feet  from  cellar  floor 
Bed  rock  at  S4  feet  


300 
225 


Flows. 


-20 


100 
100 
100 


-51 

-15 


Pleistocene . 
....do  


Bowlder  clay  

Foundation  sounding. 


Pleistocene . 
....do  


Pleistocene . 


Group  of  wells.  Water  rather  hard 
Bed  rock  at  93.    No  water  in  rock  . . 

Bed  rock  at  97  

Coarse  reddish  sand,  0  to  50  feet  


  Struck  rock  or  bowlders  and  abandoned  . 

^Silurian?   Bed  rock  at  103  feet  


36 

37 

38 

39 

40 
41 
42 

43 

44 
45 

46 
47 

48 
49 
50 
51 


.do   Bed  rock  at  96  feet   52 


Pleistocene . 

....do  


.do. 


Nothing  but  brackish  water.    Rock  at  101 
feet. 

Record  of  l)eds  penetrated  in  dry-dock  exca- 
vations. 

Original  yield  in  1873,  SOOgallonsper  minute 


2  wells. 


Pleistocene   Hard  water;  temperature,  50°  F  . 

All  sand  

  Blue  clay,  90  to  140  feet  

Pleistocene  J  

 do   Used  for  cooling  purposes  only. . . 


53 
54 


56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 


t>  Geologv  of  the  First  District,  1843,  p.  259. 
c  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  225. 


122       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*62 
63 
*64 


Brooklyn— Continued. 
Ten    Eyck  street, 
between  Bushwick 
and  Florence 

Montrose  and  Sen- 
eca streets. 

Maspeth  and  Gardi- 
ner avenues. 


*65 


5  { 


*66 
*67 


69 
70 
*71 
*72 


Porter  and  Maspeth 
avenues. 

Meeker  and  Kings- 
land  avenues. 

Meeker  avenue,  be- 
tween North 
Moore  and  Moni- 
tor streets. 

Wythe  and  Metro- 
politan avenues. 

Kent  avenue  and 
North  12th  street. 

11th 


2C. 
2C. 
2C. 

;2C. 
2C. 
2C 


N.  Seitz's  Sons. . . 
Robinson  Bros. . . 


|  Phillips  A;  Worthington  Phillips  &  YV'orthington. 


I.  H.  Ford. 


Peter  Cooper  Glue  Co. 


Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co. 


Neptune    Consumers    Ice    I.  H.  Ford. 

Co. 


nth 


12th 


110-118  North 
street. 

99-117  North 
street. 

Kent  and 
streets. 


Noble    and  West 
streets. 

Fly    Island,  New- 
town Creek. 


Long  Island  City: 


2C. 


2C. 


2C. 


2C. 


20. 

►2C. 
2C. 


Blissville   2C. 


*76  : 

77  ! 

78 
*79 

*80  |. 
81 

*82  L 

•83  . 
81  . 


Blissville. 


2C. 


Streeter  &  Dennison  

Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co . 
Hecla  Iron  Works  


New   York   Quinine  and 
Chemical  Co. 

Standard  Oil  Co  


/American  Cordage  and 
\    Manufacturing  Co. 

Empire  Oil  Refinery  


/Fleischmann  Manufactur- 
l  ingCo. 


Standard  Oil  Co. 


Laurel  Hill   2C         Nichols  Chemical  Co. 


Laurel  Hill  

New  Calvary  Ceme- 
tery. 


Van  Dam  street. 


*8« 
*87 
♦88 


Manhattan  Bor- 
ough to  Thom- 
son street. 

Near  depot  

0th  and  West  

Vernon  avenue  


2C         General  Chemical  Co. 

2  C         Calvary  Cemetery  


2C. 
2C. 
2C. 


J  Department  Water  Supply, 
\    gas  and  electricity. 

Flower  estate  


2  0. 
2C. 


Flower  estate. 


2  C. ...   Pennsylvania,  New  York 
and  Long  Island  R.  R. 

2  C         Westinghouse  Electric  Co. . . 

2C         A.  &  S.  B.  Coyson  

2C. ...  Jas.  GillisA  Sons  


I.  H.  Ford  

Robinson  Bros. 


Peter  Cooper  Glue  Co. 


Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co  .. 
C.  Hartv,  foreman  


Chester  D.  Corwin   Chester  D.  Corwin. 


The    Rust    Well  Ma- 
chinery Co. 


P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan  . 

Elisha  Gregory  

I.  H.  Ford  


P.  H.  &  ,T.  Conlan  

Nichols  Chemical  Co  

General  Chemical  Co. .  . 

Pierce  Well  Engineering 

Co. 

Commission  


Pierce  Well  Engineering 
Co. 

Commission  


Pierce  Well  Engineering 
Co. 


W.  E.  Dohrman  

Sweeney  &  Gray  

Pierce  Well  Engineering 
Co. 

*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
o  Ann.  Kept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1000,  1(101,  p.  l.io. 
I*  Originally  —5. 

<■  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1897,  1898,  p.  284. 


Streeter  <t  Dennison  

Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co... 
Hecla  Iron  Works  


New   York   Quinine  and 
Chemical  Co. 

H.  L.  Pratt  


P.  H.  &  3.  Conlan  a 

Elisha  Gregory  

I.  H.  Ford  


Jacob  Blumer,  chemist. 


Chas.    O  "Conner,  superin- 
tendent. 

P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan  e  

Nichols  Chemical  Co  

Genera!  Chemical  Co  

E.  Lewis d  


Commission  

L.  B.  Ward'  

Chas.  I).  Pierce,  manager  .. 


Commission  

Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co. 


Chief  engineer. 


W.  E.  Dohrman  

Sweeney  &  Gray  ,  

Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


123 


un  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter  Depth  of 
ot  well.  I  of  well. 


Inches. 


12-9 
72 


10-8-6 


6 
C 

180-6 


2 
6 
570 


Height  of 

t»         .  water 
Depth  of    ,       ,  ,  v 

principal  aD(ne(+') 


Feet. 
240 
160 
15 

30 

100 

54 
225 

73 


60 

46 

60 

333 

±200 

80 
610 

300 

60-70 

27.5-450 

60-70 

100-135 
60 
66 
582 

38 
70 
30 
145 

40 
100 

10-150 


water 
supply. 


Feet. 
52-75 
58-76 


152 
100 


48 
190 


28-32 
63-70 


llll  Hill 


I  :.2 


below  (  — ) 
ground 
level. 


Feet. 


-  40 
-220 
-250 
b-  60 


Yield 
per 
minute. 


Gallons. 
400 
100 
.50 

10 

200 
125 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Tisbury?  . 
....do  .... 
Wisconsin . 

....do  


Wisconsin . 


Wisconsin . 
Silurian  ?  . . 


200 
10-125 


75-100 
66 


711 


/474 
75 


-19 


72 
100 


Pleistocene . 
Silurian  ?... 
Pleistocene . 
 do  


Tisburv . 


Remarks. 


No. 


Hard  water  used  for  cooling  . 
Temperature,  54°.    Sis  wells  . 


No  water  below  32  feet . 


"  Water  cold  and  pure  and  plenty  of  it" 


69 

Hard  water   70 

Rock  below  125  feet.  Not  used  for  drinking.1  71 
Struck  rock  and  abandoned   72 


Brackish  water  

Rock,  90  to  610  feet;  brackish  water. 
Rock,  100  to  300  feet  


Water  lowered  from  —15  to  -  40  feet. . 
Rock  below  124  feet  


Gneiss,  182-582  feet. 


Rock,  50  to  100  feet  

Test  borings  for  East  River  Tunnel. 


Test  borings  for  foundations  

Gneiss,  22-152  feet;  brackish  water. . . 
Rock,  30  to  100  feet;  brackish  water. 


d  Annals  NT.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  316;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  138,  p.  31. 

«  Merchants'  Association  report  on  water  supply  of  the  city  of  New  York,  1900,  table  following  p.  186. 
/Average  from  station  for  1899. 
aSee  Table  VIII. 


63 
64 

66 
66 
67 


Water  of  good  quality  

Group  of  6  wells.    Used  only  for  cooling. . . 


78 


Long  Island  City  pumping  station  No.  1   »81 

Rock,  112  to  145  feet:  no  water   82 


83 
84 

85 


87 


17116— No.  44—06- 


-9' 


124      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XL — Representative  wells 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Long  Island  City— Cod. 

Vernon  and  Xott 
avenues. 

Skillman  avenue  and 
School  street. 

Skillman  a  venue  and 
School  street. 

596  Jackson  avenue . 

Jackson  avenue 
and  Hill  street. 

Long  Island  R.  R. 
and  Remsen 
street. 


Millers)  mrg  avenue 
and  Moore  street. 

Buckley  and  Mid- 
dleburg. 


Long  Island  R.  R. 
and  Lowerv  street. 


Long  Island  R.  R. 
and  Grove  street. 


Steinway  avenue 
between  Pierce 
and  Graham. 

5th  avenue  between 
Pierce  and  Gra- 
ham. 

"Washington  and 
4th  avenues. 

2d  avenue  between 
Pierce  and  Wash- 
ington avenues. 

Pierce  avenue  and 
Crescent  street. 

Williams  street  and 
Beebe  avenue. 

Ely  between  Payn- 
tar  and  Beebe 
avenues. 

Hancock  avenue  near 
Bodine  street. 

337  Vernon  avenue. 

Vernon  and  Harris 
avenues. 

401  Vernon  avenue. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


2C... 

2C. .. 

2C... 

2  D. . 
2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 
2D.. 
2D.. 


C.  A.  Willey  A  Co   Sweeney  &  Gray   Sweeney  &  Gray 

Mrs.  Mary  Ryan   S.  H.  Allen  

Bragnaw  estate  !  S.  H.  Allen,  foreman   do  


Gus.  Steinhert   Sweeney  &  Gray   Sweeney  &  Gray. . 

Long  Island  R.  R   Long  Island  R.  R . 


Westcott  Kxpress  Co   S.  H.  Allen. 


S.  H.  Allen. 


Smith  do  

  Sweeney  &  Gray. 


Ed.  O'Kiefe   S.H.Allen. 

.do  


^2  D  ...  Consumers  Hygeia  Ice  Co  . .  j 


(Sweeney  &  Gray . 


(Department  water  supply, 
1    gas,  and  electricity.  [commission 


2  D   S.  H.  Allen. 


2  D 

2  D 

2  D  . 

2  I) 
2  D 
2  D 


Frank  Froellich. 
Martin  Hummel . 


Mrs.  Wonder  

W.  J.  Matherson  &  Co. 


2D...  Emken  Chemical  Co . 


2  D  . 
2  D 


2  I) 

Vernon  avenue   2D. 

Vernon  avenue  |  2D. 

Vernon  avenue   2D. 

725  Vemon  avenue..  2  I)  . 

  2D. 

Broadway  and  2D. 

Academy  street. 

•Jth   and   Jamaica  2  I)  . 


Young  <V  Metzner 
D.  G.  Morrison. .. 


New    York  Architectural 
Terra  Cotta  Co. 

John   Good  Cordage  and 
.Machine  Co  


Young  Bag  Co  

East  River  Gas  Co.. 


Witherspoon  &  Son  

New  York  Asbestos  Co. 
Wm.  Siebrecht  


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


....do  

Sweeney  &  Gray . 

S.  H.  Allen  

....do  


Sweeney  &  Gray. 

L.  B.  Wards.... 

(A.  S.  Farmer  

{Commission  

S.  H.  Allen  


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


C.  C.  Venneule   W.  J.  Matherson  &  Co. 

S.  H.  Allen   S.  H.  Allen  


Sweenev  <fc  Grav   Sweenev  &  Grav. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


Pierce  Well  Engineering   Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co. 

Co. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Sweeney  &  Gray   Sweeney  &  Gray. 

F.  W.  Miller  j  

Sweeney  &  Gray   Sweeney  &  Gray. 


Rudolph  Harek . 


S.  H.  Allen   S.  H.  Allen. 


*Kor  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
a  Several  inches. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


125 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Inches. 


3ti-ll 


1} 

36 

3 
240 

2 


Depth  of 
well. 


4*-3 


3fi-2 


Feet. 

85 

31 

30 

30 
30 

53 

38 

19 

42 

51-66 

62 
41 
125 
42 
43 

60 

57 
63 

74 
30 
22 


125 
125 

115 

350 

150 
100 

125 
31 
90 

74 


Height  of 

DePtho{,above(+)  Yield 

Pwate?         °r  Ppr 
below(-)  minute. 

ground 

level. 


supply. 


Feet. 

85 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


30 


Feel. 

(°) 

+  2 

+  3 

—  5 
Flows. 


Gallons. 


Flows. 

0 

-16 
-  3 
-  5 
-22 
-10 


+  0.7 


-30 


-30 


0 

+  2 


-25 
-40 
-20 

-25 

(?) 

-40 

Flows. 
-18 

-43 


48-60 


36 


Wisconsin . 
....do  


Pleistocene. 


....do.. 
Tisburv 


34 


50 


Good. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Gneiss,  25  to  85  feet. 


89 


90 


Group  of  4  wells;  all  flowing;  pumps  78  gal- 
lons per  minute. 

Well  now  entirely  clogged  up   91 


  92 

Slight  flow  J  93 

  94 


95 


Long  Island  City  pumping  station  No.  3  

Fordham  gneiss,  118  to  126  feet  


Rock  at  60  feet;  water  level  formerly  — 18  . 


Rock,  at  63  feet. 


Used  for  manufacturing. 


Fordham  gneiss   Gneiss,8  to  80  feet;  water  slightly  brackish  . 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


....do  

Pleistocene . 
....do  


Gneiss,  6  to  125  feet;  brackish  water. 
Gneiss,  0  to  125  feet;  brackish  water. . 


Gneiss,  22  to  115  feet:  brackish  water. 
Gneiss,  20  to  350  feet  


Gneiss,  20  to  150  feet  

Gneiss,  20  to  100  feet;  well  probably  aban- 
doned. 

Gneiss,  0  to  125  feet;  water  very  brackish  . . . 

Rock  at  31  feet  

Brackish  waters  


■<$9 


100 


102 
103 

104 
105 
106 


108 
109 

110 

in 

112 
113 

114 
115 
116 

117 


b  Annals  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.3, p. 346;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survev  No.  138. p. 34. 
cSee  Table  VIII. 


126       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*118 
*119 

♦120 

*m 

*122 
*123 

124 
*125 
*126 

127 

*128 
*129 
*130 
*131 

*I32 
*I33 


*!:{.-> 


*136 
*137 


*138 

*139 
140 
*I41 


Location. 


Long  Island  City — Con. 

408  9th  avenue  

Stein  way  and  Ja- 
maica avenues. 

Albert  street  and 
Jamaica  avenue. 

12th  between  Broad- 
way and  Jamaica 
avenue. 

Grand  street  and 
3d  avenue. 

Elm  street  and 
Hopkins  avenue. 

Fulton  and  Halsey 
streets. 

Munson    and  Or- 
chard streets. 

Stein  way  avenue 
and  River  road. 

Woolsey  and  Van 
Alst  avenues. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Barren  Island . 

 do  

 do  


2  D  . 
2  D  . 

2  D. 

2D. 

2  D. 
2  D. 
2D. 
2  D. 
2  I). 

2  D. 

2D. 

3  A. 


3  A. 
3  B. 


 do   3B. 

Crook  Island   3  B. 

East  New  York: 

f  Pennsylvania  and 
I        Stanley  avenues. 


New  Lots  road  and 
Fountain  avenue. 


Brooklyn  Aqueduct 
Brooklyn  Aqueduct 


J  Old  Spring  Creek 
(       pumping  station. 


Temporary  Spring 
Creek  pumping 
station. 

Ridgewood  pump- 
ing station. 

Jamaica  avenue  and 
Aqueduct. 


}3  C . . 


3  C. 
3C. 


Woodbaven 


•3  B. 


}sc. 


3C. 


3C. 
3C. 

3C 


Owner. 


Driller. 


S.  H.  Allen 

....do  


Dr.  Harnier  

Chas.  Bickerman  I  do 

 do 


Commission  

Mrs.  Fleming  

Ward's  ship  yards. . . 

Astoria  Steel  Co  

Consolidated  Gas  Co. 
Newwitter  &  Migel . . . 


 McKievery  

Thos.  F.  White  Co  

New  York  Sanitary  Utiliza- 
tion Co. 

 do  

White  Lead  Co  


[German  American  Improve- 
I    ment  Co. 


/Department  water  supply, 
i    gas,  and  electricity. 


.do. 
.do. 


S.  H.  Allen  

....do  

Elisha  Gregory. 


S.  H.  Allen  

Thos.  B.  Harper. 

 do  

....do  


Chester  D.  Corwin . 

 do  


.do. 


W.D.  Andrews  &  Bro. 


.do. 


Authority. 


S.  H.  Allen  . 

....do  


.do. 
.do. 


Commission  

S.  H.  Allen  

....do  

Elisha  Gregory  

Phillips  &  Worthington. 
S.  H.  Allen  


 do  

Thos.  B.  Harper. . 
Lewis  Woolman". 
 do.  b  


Chester  D.  Corwin. 

 do  


L.  B.  Ward. 


|Robt.  Van  Buren,  engineer. 
[l.  B.  Ward''  


I.  M.  De  Varona  f  . 

 do.ff  

 do.  A  


L.  B.  Wardd. 


W.D.  Andrews  &  Bro. 
I.  M.  De  Varona '  


L.  B.  Ward. 


.do  I  I.  M.  De  Varona". 

-<1"  do.ff   


(Woodbaven Water  Supply  \  L.  B.Ward rf 

ll   Co.  J ) 

*For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"  Ann.  Kept.  New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey  for  1896,  pp.  155-156. 
'<  Average  per  well  for  1899. 
cSee  Table  VIII. 

>'  Merchants'  Association  report  on  water  supply  of  the  city  of  New  York,  19(H),  table  facing  p. 
e  Report  of  P.  II.  &  J.  Conlan,  drillers;  Ann.  Kept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1898,  p.  142. 
/Ann  Rept  Dept.  City  Works,  Brooklyn,  1896,  p.  298. 
«  History  and  Description  of  the  Brooklyn  Waterworks,  1896,  pi.  4(> 
Op.  cit.,  p.  20. 


186. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


127 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter  Depth  of 
of  well.  well. 


Inches. 


10-8 
3 


Height  of 

Yield 
or  per 
below (—)  minute, 
ground 
level. 


principal 
water 
supply 


Feel. 
57 
65 

60 

65 

31 
35 
22 

008 
55 

100 

48 
740 
740 
720 


10-1} 

700 

2 

134 

6 

60 

6 

65 

6 

70 

6 

168 

2 

4.5-50 

6 

80-90 

288-6 

24  + 

5 

191 

5 

148 

2 

30-11 

2 

36 

6 

150 

8 

150 

2 

100+ 

6 

42-75 

6 

42-75 

284 
80-150 


Feet. 


42-60 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Feel. 


-47 
-42 


Gallons. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Marine  shells  at  50  feet . .-.   118 

 !  119 


120 
121 

12? 


-  1 
Flows. 
+  10 
+  10 


  Rock  at  35  feet   123 

  Well  unsatisfactory;  rock  at  22  feet   124 

  Rock  28  to  608  feet;  salty  water   125 

Fordham  gneiss   Hard  water   126 

  Abandoned   127 


103 
50 


  Bad  water  at  14  feet   128 

Lloyd  gravel  '   129 

-...do   130 

 do  I  131 


.do. 


2.5 


M6 


"•270 
Xone. 


Pumps  105  gallons  per  minute   132 

Salt  water  at  134  feet  I  133 

 <-134 


Jameco   New  Lots  pumping  station  e  i 

1 135 

(Wisconsin  and  Tis-    Average  for  whole  station  of  40  wells  for  1899  1(c) 


t  bury 


was  3,007  gallons  per  minute. 

Brooklyn  waterworks  test  well  No.  17   136 

Brooklyn  waterworks  test  well  No.  4   137 


  Jameco  

1 80-103    Wisconsin  I  Test  of  1894 

 do  

;2, 759  Jameco  

 do  

*  30-40    Test  wells  sunk  in  1882 

»i240    Wisconsin  and  Tis-    Test  in  1894;  group  of  13  wells, 
bury. 

160   do  

Good  do  


138 
(<0 


Good.  Jameco 
6  24 


Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
burv. 


Il39 

Average  for  1899  I(C' 

Temporary  pumping  station  yielded  4,000.-  -140 
000  gallons  daily. 

Brooklyn  waterworks  test  well  No.  5.  141 
|Group  of  16  wells  cl42 


'Tests  of  separate  wells.   Average  per  well  for  test  of  whole  plant  at  same  time  30+  gallons. 
;  Average  for  whole  station  of  108  wells  for  1899. 
It  With  a  hand  pump. 

'  History  and  Description  of  the  Brooklyn  Waterworks,  1896,  p.  21. 

Average  yield  in  1899  was  160  gallons. 
■  Op.  cit.,p.  100. 


128      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XL — Representative  wells 


No. 


*161 
*162 

*163 
*164 
*165 
*166 

*167 

*168 
*169 

*170 

*171 

*172 
*173 
174 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


*143  Woodhaven. 


3  C... 


*144  Union  Place   3C. 

*145  Glendale  1  3C. 

146  Evergreen   3C. 

*147  Metropolitan   3C. 

*148  Middle  ViUage   3C. 

*149  Middle  Village   3C. 

150  Flushing  Creek  I  3C. 


Lalance  <fc  Grosjean  Manu- 
facturing Co. 

Commission  

 do  

The  Frank  Brewery  


Montauk  Brewing  Co. 


*151    Flushing  Creek  !3C. 


*152    Flushing  Creek  1  3C  

*153  |  Maspeth  1  3C  

*154  j  New  Calvary  Cemetery  .  3C  

*155    New  Calvary  Cemetery  .  3C  

*156  I  New  Calvary  Cemetery  .  J  3C  

*157    Newtown  |  3  C  

158  I  Newtown   3  C  

*159    Elmhurst   3C  

*160    Woodside   3D... 


Commission  

H.  Bottjer  

Citizens'  Water  Supply  Co 


Driller. 


Authority. 


John  Brvson". 


.do. 


Commission  

Woodside  Water  Co  

New  Calvary  Cemetery  

..do  

..do  

Commission  

Citizens'  Water  Supply  Co . 
Commission  


Ed.  Schmidt. 


Commission  

....do  

The  Frank  Brewery. 


Montauk  Brewing  Co . 

Commission  

Ed.  Schmidt  


J.  Edward  Mej'er,  superin- 
tendent. 


.do. 


Commission. 


H.  Allen   S.  H.  Allen. 

..do  do  

..do  


Do  . 


Do. 


Long  Island  City: 

Albert  street  near 
Grand  avenue. 

Grand  and  9th  ave- 
nues. 

13th  avenue  near 
Vandeventer. 

Bowery  Bay  road 
near  Flushing 
avenue. 

Albert  street  and 
Ditmars  avenue. 

Steinway  avenue . . . 

Potter  avenue  near 
Park  place 

Merchant  treet  and 
Ditmars  avenue 

Near  Merchant 
street  and  Dit- 
mars avenue. 

Crescent  street  near 
Ditmars  avenue 

Lawrence  street  and 
Wolcott  avenue. 

Bowery  Bay  


3  D. 
3D. 


fNew  York  and  Queens 
\  County  R.  R. 


Woodside  Water  Co  

Citizens'  Water  Supply  Co. 


}-S.  H.  Allen. 


I.  Isenburg. 


3  D. 

3  39  .  ..  I  

3D  

3D...  Commission . 


3  D. 


3  D. 
3  D. 


3D. 
3  D. 


Commission . 


Astoria  Silk  Works 
 Dillman  


Rivercrest  Sanitarium . 

 do  


3  D.  do  

3D  |  Commission. 


(stotthoff  Bros 
S.  H.  Allen  

 do  

 do  


 do  

Commission. 
L.  B.  Ward. 
Commission 

S.  H.  Allen.. 


L.  B.  Ward  

Lewis  Woolman/. 


S.  H.  Allen.. 

 do  

....do  

Commission. 

 do  


S.  H.  Allen  I  S.  H.  Allen. 

 do  i  do  


.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


 do  

Commission . 


3  D. 


Stein wav  &  Son  i  Pierce  Well  Engineering    Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co . 

I     Co.  I 


*For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
a  Am.  Gcol.,  vol.  2,  1888,  pp.  136-137;  vol.  3,  1889,  pp.  218-219. 
6  Estimate  for  whole  station. 
cSee  Table  VIII. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


129 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Depth  of 
well. 


Depth  of 
principal 
water 
supply. 


Height  of 
water  | 
above(-f-)  Yield 
or  per 
below(  — )  minute, 
ground 
level. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Remarks. 


No 


Inches. 


2 
2 
96 
6 
5 
2 
2 
6 

4J-6 
2 


36 


Feet. 

577 

46 
76 

no 

106 
109 

96 
135 

50 

50 
190 
22 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 
0 


-85 


Hi'i 


104 
100 


Pleistocene . 

 do  

 do  


-35 
Flows. 


Flows. 


6  1,735 
l>  1,388 


Pleistocene . 

 do  


6 

70 

8 

51 

8 

56 

2 

26 

6 

45-62 

2 

69 

4 

32 

4 

52 

4 

60 

45-80 
227 

61 

60 
72 
40 

40 

112 

63 

48 
70 

42 
31 
100 


50-90 


Flows. 
-  1 
-26 


rt  15 


-  2 


e  -15 


d  14 
0 


Pleistocene . 

 do  

....do  


Wisconsin . 
....do  


Pleistocene . 


Pleistocene. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


80 


210  Pleistocene. 
 do  


-31 
-59 


200 


3.5-10 


—  6 


Gneiss  556  to  577  feet . 


143 


Commission  No.  567   144 

Commission  No.  1372   145 

Temperature  50°  F   146 


}l47 


Temperature  51°  R  

Commission  No.  1204  |  148 

  1W 

Station  No.  4;  group  of  16  wells  !cl50 


Station  No.  5;  group  of  13  wells  1 151 

Test  well ;  no  water  below  90  feet  j  (c) 

Commission  No.  1188   152 

Pumping  station  No.  1  ci53 

Rockat80feet:pumps80  gallons  perminute.  154 

  1 155 

156 
157 
C158 


Commission  No.  1189  

Pumping  station  No.  1:  28  wells  

Commission  No.  662  |  159 

160 


Pumping  station  No.  2  

[Pumping  station  No.  2;  78  wells 
(Gneiss,  138  to  227  feet  


Commission  No.  827;  rock  at  40  feet,  prob- 
ably a  bowlder. 


Commission  No.  828. 


Group  of  3  wells  

Water  in  crevice  in  rock . 


el61 

llfi2 
[('•) 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 
169 

170 

171 

172 


Commission  well  No.  859   173 

Rock,  50  to  100  feet  d74 


d  Average  per  well  for  1899. 

«  Report  of  J.  Ed.  Mever,  who  states  that  a  few  of  these  wells  were  originallv  artesian. 
/  Ann.  Rept.  New  Jersev  Geol.  Survey  for  1899.  1900.  p.  80. 


130       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


175 

*176 

*177 
*178 

*179 

*180 

*181 

*182 
183 

*184 
185 

*186 

*187 

*188 

*189 
*190 

*191 

192 
*193 
194 

*195 

*196 

*197 

198 
*199 

*200 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates 


Long  Island  City— Con. 

Cabinet  and  Bowery  1,  n 
Bay  road.  joa».. 


North  Beach. 


North  Beach  

Flushing  and  Ehret 
avenues. 

Trains  Meadow  and 
Highway  roads. 

Trains  Meadow 
road  near  Jack- 
son avenue. 

Junction  avenueand 
Strongs  Lane. 

College  Point  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Tallman  Island  


3D... 


3  D. 
3  D. 

3  D. 

3D. 

3  D. 


3D.. 
3  D.  . 
3  D. . 
3  D.  . 
3  D.  . 


Far  Rockaway  I  4  B . 


.do. 


...do. 
...do. 


....do  

Nigger  1'oint. 


Shetucket  pumping  sta- 
tion. 

....do  


4  B . . 

4  B.. 
4  1!.. 

4  B.  . 

4  B.  . 
4  B. . 
4  B. . 


/Springfield 
1  station. 


pumping 


*201 


Near  Springfield  pump- 
ing station. 

Oconee  pumping  station 

Near  Oconee  pumping 
station. 

/Baisley's  pumping  sta- 
1  tion. 


(Jameco  pumping  sta- 
i  Won. 


4  B. 
•4  B. 
4  B. 

4C. 

4C. 


♦21)2     Aqueduct  and  Cornell 
Cl 


*203 


(reck. 

Aqueduct  and  Rocka- 
way  road. 


Owner. 


(Department  water  supply, 
t   gas,  and  electricity. 

Bowery  Bay  Building  and 
Improvement  Association 


Woodside  Water  Co . 
Commission  

....do  


.do. 


India  Rubber  Comb  Co. . 

 Stonebanks  

American  Hard  Rubber  Co. 


Long  Island  R.  R. 

Jas.  Caffery  

B.  L.  Carroll  


Jas.  CaSery  

Long  Island  R.  R . 


Queens  County  Water  Co.  . 

Idlewild  Hotel  

Theo.  R  Chapman  

Department  water  supply, 
gas,  and  electricity. 

....do  


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Driller. 


Sweeney  <$:  Gray. 


Chester  D.  Corwin 


Lawrence  Verdon . 
Gilbert  Baldwin. . 
F.  K.  Walsh  


C.  A  Lockwood . 


Theo.  R.  Chapman. 


Authority. 


L.  B.  Ward. 


L.  C.  L.  Smith,  consulting 
engineer. 


Commission . 


.do. 


.do. 


A .  D .  Schlissinger,  president 

A.  D.  Schlissinger  

Chester  D.  Corwin  

A.  D.  Schlissinger  

C.  M.  Jacobs,  consulting 
engineer. 

Lawrence  Verdon  


<  .ill ii  rt  Baldwin... 

F.  K.  Walsh  

Long  Island  R.  R. 

C.  A.  Lockwood. . 


Theo.  R.  Chapman. 

....do  

L.  B.  Ward  


I.  M.  De  Varona  . 


|L.  B.  Ward  

1  Peter  C.  Jacobsen  c. 

I.  M.  De  Varona . . . 


W.  I>.  Andrews  A:  liro. 


L.  B.  Ward  

I.  M.  De  Varona  

[W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro. 

1 1.  M.  De  Varona  

L.  B.  Ward  

1 1.  M.  De  Varona  


*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  ct  seq. 

a  Average  yield  to  pumps  per  minute  from  whole  station,  1899. 

*  See  Table  VIII. 

c  Reports  to  Chief  Engineer  I.  M.  De  Varona. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


131 


on  Lang  Island — Continued. 


Diameter  Depth  of 
of  well.     of  well. 


Inches. 

Feet. 

4 

45 

192 

22 

6 

70 

6 

40-50 

Height  of 

-ss-  tea? mimit<>- 

level. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


.FY??. 


Feet. 
Flows. 
-12 


36 


28.5 
31 

53 

35 
28 
86 
60 
149 

112 
190 

90 

30 
20-30 

50 
200 
200 
203 
180 


154 

8 

170 

8 

156-207 

5 

271 

8 

195 

5 

192 

2 

+  100 

2 

28-65 

2 

44 

2 

200 

4 

1.50 

6 

155 

6 

151 

10 

290 

8 

151 

2 

23-73 

4-10 

160 

5 

156 

5 

257 

1>0-190 
90 
20-30 


nOWS. 

Flows. 
0 

-20 


Gallon*. 
a  557 
20 


Remarks. 


No 


Pleistocene . 

 do  


Long  Island  City  station  No.  2:  29  wells  ...  ''175 

Group  of  17  wells    l>176 

Group  of  3  wells   177 

Station  No.  3;  not  used  M78 

Commission  No.  767   179 

Commission  No.  762   180 

Commission  No.  768  1  181 


  Poor  water   182 

  Lignitized  wood  at  28  feet  I  183 

50    Pleistocene  !  184 

 '.   Blue  clay,  0-60  feet   185 

 I  Fordham  gneiss,  110  to  149  feet   186 


Good. 


Jameco?   Saltwater... 

Jameeo  !  Freshwater. 

Tisburv  


200   

200  Flows. 
202  Flows. 
  -10.3 


146-154 


/97 


Tisbury   Abandoned  station. 

Jameco   Brackish  water  

 do  !  

 do  

 do  i  Group  of  12  wells  .. 


1 17-207 


185-192 


140-170 


-10.7 
-16.7 
-  9.6 
Flows. 


.do  1  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  16. 


/74 


.do   Group  of  20  wells  . 


+  .8 


15-25   do. 

09   


1S7 


189 
190 

j  191 

192 
193 
f»194 

195 


196 


Well  No.  15  yielded  on  test  694  gallons  a 
minute. lowering  water  to  about  —14  feet. 

Brooklyn  test  well  No.  9   197 


+  3 

-10.6 

-11.7 

FlcWS. 

»+  7 


137-151 


141-156 
146-162 


«  +11 
Flows. 


18-42 
10 
Small. 
90 
100 
475 


/95    Jameco   Group  of  12  wells;  pumps  1)198 

 I  do   Brooklyn  test  well  No.  18   199 

 do   Test  well  of  1884   

Wisconsin   Test  of  1894  

 do   Average  for  1899   

  Test  well  of  1894  

Jameco   Pumps  280  gallons  per  minute  

 do   Pumps  300  gallons  per  minute  

 do   Pumps  500  gallons  per  minute  

  Andrews's  well;  abandoned  

Jameco   Pumps  700  gallons  


Group  of  207  wells. 


200 


201 
(») 


-  3.4 

■4-  1    Jameco   Brooklyn  test  well  No.  1;  flows  30  gallons  202 

per  minute. 

+  2     j  I  do   Brooklyn  test  well  No.  2;  flows  5  gallons  203 

per  minute. 

d  No  water  was  obtained  below  surface  gravel. 

«  Letter  from  W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro. 

/Average  yield  to  pumps  per  well  per  minute  for  1899. 


132      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*204 
*205 

*206 
*207 

*208 
*209 
*210 
*211 

*212 


*213 


*214 
*215 
*216 
*217 
*218 
219 
*220 

*221 
•222 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates 


Aqueduct    and  New 
York  avenue. 

Aqueduct  and  Farmers 
avenue. 


Aqueduct. 


4  C. 
4  C. 
4C. 

New  York  avenue  near  t  4  C. 
Locust  avenue. 

Rockaway  road  i  4  C. 

  4C. 

Morris  Park   4  C. 

Jamaica   4  0. 


.do. 


.1  4C. 


.do. 


4  0. 


4  0. 
4  0. 
4  0. 
4C. 


Queens  j  4  C. 

Hollis  |  4  C. 

.do  I  4C. 


Woodhull  Park   4C. 

West  Jamaica   4  0. 


♦223    Dunton   4  0. 


*224 
*225 

*226 
*227 
♦228 
*229 


Willow  Glen   4  C.. 

Head  of  Flushing  Creek.  |  4  C 


Deep  Glen  Spring. 


4C 
4  0. 
4  C. 
4C. 


♦230    Casino  Lake   4  0.. 


♦231  J^"68'1  Meadow  pump- 
\    ing  station. 


■4  0. 


♦232    F  lushing  |  4  D  . 

*233    Broadway   4D. 


i  )  wncr. 


Department  water  supply, 
gas,  and  electricity. 

 do  


.do. 


Commission . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


(Department  water  supply, 
\   gas.  and  electricity. 


Jamaica  Water  Supply  Co. . 


Commission  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

F.  W.  Dunton  

Department  water  supply, 
gas  and  electricity. 

Commission  

....do  


Montauk  Water  Co. 


Commission  

Citizens'  Water  Supply  Co 


Edgar  L.  Wakeman. 
Commission  


Commission. 


Casino  Lake  Ice  Co. 


/Department  water  supply, 
\   gas  and  electricity 


Commission. 
 do  


Driller. 


C.  A.  Lockwood. 


C.  A.  Lockwood. 


C.  A.  Lockwood. 


Sweeney  &  Gray. 


Chester  D.  Corwin 

....do  

....do  


Authority. 


I.  M.  De  Varona. 

....do  


 do  

Commission. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


I.  M.  De  Varona 


L.  B.  Ward. 


C.  A.  Lockwood . 


Commission  

....do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

C.  A.  Lockwood. 
I.  M.  De  Varona. 


Commission . 

 do  

L.  B.  Ward. 


C.  A.  Lockwood . 

Commission  

L.  B.  Ward  


Commission. . . 
R.  S.  Hopkins. 
Commission. . . 


Engineer. 


Sweeney  &  Gray. . . 

L.  B.  Ward  

Chester  D.  Corwin. 

....do  

 do  

Commission  

 do  


♦For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 

«  With  hand  pump  from  water  hearing  stratum  between  176  and  182  feet. 

t>  Average  of  whole  station  for  1899. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


133 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Inches. 


10 

2 
6 

Spring. 

2 
30 
2 


Springs. 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


Depth  of 
well. 


Feet. 
277 


295 


Depth  of 
principal 
water 
supply. 


419 

29.5 

31 
44 

50.5 
122 

197 


Feet. 
1-82 

6-28 

20-78 
176-182 


Height  of 

water 
above(+) 
or 

below(— ) 
ground 
level. 


10 

5 

|  .50-60 

96 

57 

8 

50 

10 

150 

5 

50 

10-4 

352 

2 

31 

2 

25.5 

2 

24.5 

2 

32 

2 

60 

5 

80 
406 

2 

29 

2 

52 

11-95 
190-198 


30-50  I. 

64  i. 

25  . 

45  . 


35^0 


49 
35-40 
26-55 


Feet. 


-  6 


-11 
-11 


-60 


-22 
Flow. 


Flow. 
+  1 


4-  2 


Yield 
per 
minute. 


Gallons. 


Large.. 
Large.. . 
b  1,041 


173 


d61 
139 


d46 
347 


M32 
1.5 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 

Wisconsin  


/Wisconsin,  Tisbury, 
1   and  Jameco. 


V»  isconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 

Jameco  


Remarks. 


Brooklyn  test  well  No. 3. 
Brooklyn  test  well  No.  8. 

•Brooklyn  test  well  No.  7. 
Commission  No.  628  


Commission  No.  638. 
Commission  No.  467. 
Commission  No.  673. 
Commission  No.  426. 


/Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
\  bury. 


Brooklyn  test  well  No.  11. 


Group  of  19  wells;  Jamaica  pumping  sta- 
tion. 


Jameco  

Cretaceous. 


Wisconsin. 


Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 

....do  


Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 


Tisbury . 


Wisconsin . . 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Pleistocene . 


Tile  well. 


Chalybeate  water  

Commission  No.  588  

Commission  No.  627  

Commission  No.  639  

Commission  No.  717  

Commission  No.  688  

Reddish  brown  sand  and  gravel  0  to  80  feet. 
Brooklyn  test  well  No.  6  


Commission  No.  687. . 
Commission  No.  551 . . 
Group  of  17  tile  wells  . 


Comm  ssion  No.  1373  

Station  No.  3.    Group  of  31  wells. 


Commission  No.  1374. 


Commission  No.  695  

Pumps  400  gallons  per  minute. 


Commission  No.  860. . 
Commission  No.  1089. 


cSee  Table  VIII. 

d  Average  yield  to  pumps  per  well  per  minute  for  1899. 


184       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


Location- 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*234 


*239 

*240 
*241 
*242 

*243 
*244 

245 
*246 
*247 

248 
♦249 

250 
*251 
*252 

253 
*254 
*255 
*256 
*257 
♦258 
♦259 


4  D. 


Corner  Queens  avenue 
and  Rocky  Hill  road. 

*235    Auburndale   4  D. 

*236    Bayside   4D. 

*237   do   4D. 


fBayside  pumping  sta-  X,  tj 
\   tion.  P 


♦263 

264 
*2&5 
*266 
*287 
*268 
260 
270 
271 
♦272 


Whitestone  pumping 
station  No.  1. 

Whitestone  Landing..  . 

 do  


4  D. 

4  D. 
4  D. 
4  D. 


Wlutestone  pumping 
station  No.  2. 

Whitestone   4  D. 

Willets  Point   4  D. 

Elm  Point:  Great  Neck.  4D. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  


  4D. 

  4  1). 

  4D. 

  4D. 

  4D. 

Hewlett  Point   4  D  . 


  4  D  . 

..;   4D. 

  4D.. 

  4  D. 

  4D.. 

  4D.. 

  4D.. 

Lawrence  Beach   5  B  . . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


*260    Isle  of  Wight   5B.. 

♦261    Lawrence   5B.. 

*262   do   5B.. 


.do. 


(Vdarhurst . . . 

 do  

 do  

 do  

B rower  Point. 

Woodmere  

 do  

 do  

Hook  Creek. . . 


Commission   Comr 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


[J.  Laughlin.  engineer. 


I  Department  water  supply, 
\   gas  and  electricity. 


.do. 


IN.  S.  Hill,  chief  engineer  . 
L.  B.  Ward  


McWilliams  Coal  Co   Sweeney  &  Gray   Sweeney  &  Gray. 

Long  Island  R.  R   Frank  Wankel   Frank  Wankel. . 

Department  water  supply,  ,   L.B.Ward  

gas  and  electricity. 

W.  W.  Cole   Stotthofl  Bros  

U.  S.  Army  '  Daniel  Dull  

Geo.  B.  Holt   

H.  Bramhall  Gilbert   J.  H.  Herbert  

Jos.  E.  Martin  do  

II.  Bramhall  Gilbert  !  do  

 do  i  do  


Stotthofl  Bros.e  

McGinnis,  foreman. 
J.  H.  Herbert  

 do  


Harris  C.  Childs  [  do  

 do  1  do  

David  L.  Provost  do 

Chas.  L.  Griffin  •  do  I  dp 

\\  m.  H.  Arnold  do  do 


Mrs.  Marion  E.  Scott. 

....do  

Geo.  B.  Wilson  


Lawrence  Beach  Bathing 
Association. 

John  Lawrence  


Daniel  D.  Lord. 
Anson  W.  Hart. 


Edward  Man 


James  Keene  

Judge  Diver  

Dr.  Wm.  13.  Anderson. 
Louis  Touscher  


Stotthofl  Bros   Stotthofl  Bros. 

J.H.Herbert   J.H.Herbert.. 

 do  do  l... 

Paul  Haller   Paul  Haller  


F.  K.  Walsh  ,  F.  K.  Walsh. 


Jesse  Conklin  !  Gilbert  Baldwin,  foreman. 

Paul  Haller   Paul  Haller  


F.  K.  Walsh   Edward  Man. 


5  B. . . 

5  B. . . 
5B... 
5  B .  .  . 
5  B .  . . 

5  B  .  . . 

6  B . . . 
5  B . . . 
5  B .  . . 
5B... 

*For  additional  data  sec  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"See  Table  VIII. 
''  Weir  measurement. 


....do   F.  K.  Walsh  

 do  do  

Paul  Haller   Paul  Haller  

 do  ;  do  

Samuel  Browcr  |  Gilbert  Baldwin   Gilbert  Baldwin . 

F.  K.  Walsh  I  F.  K.  Walsh  j  F.  K.  Walsh  

Gilbert  Baldwin   Gilbert  Baldwin   Gilbert  Baldwin. 


Warren  B rower  |  F.  K.  Walsh. 

William  C.  Baker  


F.  K.  Walsh. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


135 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter  Depth  of 
of  well.  '  well. 


Inches. 


Springs 
4-5 


4-3 

6 


3K-6 


2 

36-6 
5 


2J 
8-2 


6-3 
6 


Height  of 

DePthof  above(+) 
principal  aDo^.(  +  ) 

water 


supply. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


38-50  38-50 


55-75 


175  . 
120 


96 
500 
93 
104 
67 
40 
60 
40 
66 
102 


159 
512 
164 
108 
62 

100 

100 
70 


30 
35 
42 
37 
35 
40 
31 
30 
228 


45-95 


85-120 


belo  w  ( — ) 
ground 
level. 


Feet. 


Flow. 


Flow 


Flow? 

-60 


103-104 


Yield 
per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Gallons. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Commission  No.  1187    234 

Commission  No.  1090    235 

Commission  No.  1144    236 

Commission  No.  1170   237 


Tisbury?  j  Group  of  21  wells.    Pumps  43  gallons. 


H,236    Discharge  of  Oakland  Lake. 

(*6  I  Jameco   Group  of  17  wells  


I  _'3K 

[(") 

"239 


Jameco. 


10  Pleistocene. 


66 


-28 


93-108 


20-30 

70-100 
60-70 
40 
150 
416 
25-30 


16-42 
16-37 
27-35 
15-10 


228 


-22 
-42 
-40 


-15 
-15 


-20 
-16 
-16 
-18 
-15 
-19 
- 12.  5 
Flow 


+22  I  Tisbiu-y. 
+20   do... 

0   

0   

75    Cretaceous  ?. 


58 


Good. 


Large 


Cretaceous  ?. 

 do  


Jameco  ?. 


Wisconsin 
bury. 

Jameco  

Jameco  ?. . 

Tisbury.-. . 

Jameco  

Cretaceous. 

Tisburv. . . 


and  Tis- 


Brackish  water   241 

Group  of  5  wells.    Reserve  station  a242 


Brackish  water  from  bed  rock . 


Elevation  46  feet  above  tide 

All  glacial  gravel  

Cretaceous  below  12  feet  

Very  stiff  clay  0  to  40  feet . . . 


Rock  230  to  512  feet 

Abandoned  

Salt  water  40  to  60  feet . 


First  water  encountered  at  16  feet . 

Contaminated  with  sewage  

Chalybeate  

Salty  


Tisbury  '  

 do   All  sand  and  gravel  

 do  I  All  sand  and  gravel.    Water  chalybeate.. 

 do   All  sand  and  gravel  

Jameco  '  Slight  flow  at  150  feet  


243 
244 
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
250 
251 
252 
253 
254 
255 
256 
257 
258 
259 

260 

261 
262 

264 
265 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 
271 
272 


s  Also  called  Douglass  Pond 

i  Average  per  well  for  1899.  Estimated  capacity  per  well  per  minute,  33  gallons. 
■  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1899,  1900,  p.  132. 


136      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*273 

*274 
*275 
276 

*277 

*278 

*279 
*280 
*281 
*282 
*283 
*284 
*285 

*286 

*287 


) Queens  County  Water 
Co.  pumping  sta- 
tion. 


Hewlett . . . 
Lyn  brook. 
....do  


.do. 


Brooklyn  Aqueduct. . . 


 do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Valley  Stream  

....do  

Brooklyn  Aqueduct  

Watts  Pond  pumping 
station. 


.do. 


*988  /Clear  Stream  pumping 
\  station. 


•289 


*290 


*291 
♦292 
*293 
*294 
♦295 

♦296 
*297 


.do. 


/Forest  Stream  pump- 
ing station. 


Brooklyn  Aqueduct. 

....do  

....do  

Roscdale  

Springfield  


Fosters  Meadows  

1  mile  north  of  Valley 
Stream. 

*298    2  miles  north  of  Valley 
Stream. 


*2!I9 
*300 
*301 
*302 
*303 
*304 


Blmont  

Floral  Park. 


SB. 

5  B. 
5  B. 
5B. 

5B. 

5B. 

5  B. 
5  B. 
5  B. 
5  B. 
5B. 
5  B. 
5B. 

SB. 

5  B  . 

>5B 

5  B  . 


5  B  . 


5C. 
5C. 
5C. 
5C. 
5  C. 

5  C. 
5C. 

SC. 

5C. 
5C. 
5C. 
5C. 
SC. 
5C. 


Queens  County  Water  Co. 


Jirden  Abrames. . . 
Mrs.  JuUa  Flower. 
T.  J.  Simpson  Co . . 


F.  K.  Walsh... 

...,do  

Chas.  A.  Fass. 


JChas.  R.  Bettes,  chief  engi- 
1  neer. 


F.  K.  Walsh.. 

 do  

Chas.  A.  Fass. 


Queens  County  Water  Co. 


Department  water  supply, 
gas  and  electricity. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

C.  Schreiber  

Long  Island  R.  R  

Department  water  supply, 
gas,  and  electricity. 

 do  


.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


....do  

....do  

....do  

Commission  

Department  water  supply, 
gas,  and  electricity. 

Commission  

...do  


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


(Franklin  B.  Lord,  presi- 
1  dent. 


I.  M.  De  Varona 


Gilbert  Baldwin . 


....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Gilbert  Baldwin. 


J.  Edwards  &  Co. 


I.  M.  De  Varona . 

....do  


W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro. 

....do  

W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro 


....do  

....do  

L.  B.  Ward  

W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro  . 

I.  M.  De  Varona  

 do  

L.  B.  Ward  


.do. 


W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro 


Phillips  and  Worthing-  |PhilIips  and  Wortnington. 

 I  I.  M.  De  Varona  

 j  do  

 do  

 j  Commission  

  I.  M.  De  Varona  


Commission. 
....do  


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  lf>8  et  seq. 
a  Maximum  daily  pumpage  for  whole  station  in  1902. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


137 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well 


Inches. 


Height  of 

Depth  of  prTneipal  ab°*j<  +  >  ™« 
well.    |   water  ibelo°wr(_)  mm!,te. 
ground 
level. 


water 
supply. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


4-5 

33 

0 

150-190 

I  6 

160 

5 

70 

180 

65 

8 

504 

6 

74 

1  _  3 

14 

5 

200 

5 

390 

5 

370 

5 

410 

5 

242 

11 

18 

5 

207 

6 

48-53 

5 

331 

2 

29-53 

o 

38 

2 

+  106 

5 

190 

2 

33-56 

2 

4-2 

300 

4 

400 

4 

435 

5 

406 

5 

412 

5 

390 

2 

30.5 

5 

357 

2 

35.5 

2 

26 

2 

25.5 

2 

'  120.5 

2 

41 

2 

25.5 

2 

14-34 

2 

41 

2 

'38 

Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 

"  3,125 


(Tisburv. 


Remarks. 


No 


273 
(<<) 


Flow.  J  |jameco  

Flow  do   Pumps  555  gallons. 

-12   do   274 

-13.5      Small.   275 

  0    Clay  47  to  65  feet   276 

+  2   |   Pumps  305  gallons  per  minute  | 

+  1   ^277 

Flows  intermittently  J 

Brooklyn  test  well  Xo.  24    278 


300-30.5 


0 
0 

Small. 
Small. 
Small. 


Cretaceous . 

 do  


Brooklyn  test  well  No.  23    279 

Brooklyn  test  well  No.  22  1  280 

Brooklyn  test  well  No.  21  


.do   Brooklyn  test  well  No.  20 . 


Flow. 
-10.3 


Small. 
144 


  Analysis  

Cretaceous  ?   Brooklyn  test  well  No.  19  . 


-11.6 

+  3 


c  25-53    Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 

cl2  j  do  

10    Jameco  (?)  

0   


60 
100 

300 
35" 

105 


-  5 
Flows. 


'--  {Wisconsin  and  Tis- 

21  I  buir- 

-  1A  (Jameco  and  Cretace- 

^10  \  ous. 


Test  of  January.  1895:  group  of  12  wells. 

Brooklyn  test  well  No.  25  

Test  of  1S94;  group  of  150  wells  


Average  for  1S99:  group  of  150  wells 

Test  well  driven  in  1884   

Brooklyn  test  well  No.  15  

I  Group  of  110  wells  


[  Test  well  driven  in  1884  . 


281 
282 
283 
284 
285 

6286 

287 

,288 
(») 


5   1  Test  well  driven  in  1884;  no  water  below  35 

feet. 


0  I  !  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  12. 

0    Brooklyn  test  well  No.  13. 

0  I   Brooklyn  test  well  No.  14. 

  Commission  No .659].  

  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  10. 


290 
(») 


291 
292 
293 
294 
295 


Commission  No.  660    296 

Commission  No.  661  ,   297 

Commission  No.  672    298 

Commission  No.  1197    299 

Commission  Xo.  606   300 

Commission  No.  590    301 

Commission  Nos.  1013-1033.  1146-11.54    302 

Commission  No.  607    303 

Commission  No.  552  1  304 


6  See  Table  VIII. 


c  Yield  per  well. 


138       UNDERGROUND  WATER    RESOURCES  OE  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Re preseniatxve  wells 


•305 

•306 
*307 
•308 

309 
•310 

Ml 
•312 

313 

314 


•318 
•319 
•320 
•321 
•322 
•323 

•324 
•325 
•326 
•327 
328 

•329 


Owner. 


Driller. 


New  Hyde  Park   SC.. 

 do   5  C. . 

 do   5C 

 do   5C. 

 do   5C 

Floral  Park   5C. 

 do   5C. 

Creedmoor   5  C. . 

 do   SC.. 

 do   5C. 


l  omnussion  . . 

 do.'  

 do  

 do  

Chas.  Morgan. 


Authoritv. 


Commission  . 

 do  

 I  do  

 I  do  

Ed.  Schmidt   Ed.  Schmidt. 

Commission   Commission. 


Freestone   Ed.  Schmidt . 


Ed.  Schmidt . 


Commission   Commission  

Anthony  Graf   Anthony  Graf  . 

C.  \V.  Ward   Andrew  Vandewater. . .  C.  W.  Ward. . . 


•315    Alley  Creek   5  D . 

♦316    Douglaston   5D. 


•317    Lake  Success. 


5D.. 


.  (  i;i>-ens'  Water  Supply  Co  1  J.  Edward  Meyer.. 

.  Jagnow  Bros   J.H.Herbert   J.H.Herbert  

.  W.  K.  Vanderbilt.  jr   Thos.  B.  Harper.   Thos.  B.  Harper  a. 


 do   5D. 

LakeviDe   5D. 

  5D. 

Plattsdale   5D. 


.do. 


5D. 
5D. 


1  mile  south  of  Manhas- 
set. 

Little  Neck   5  D . 

 do   5D. 

Thomaston   5D. 

 do   5D. 

 do   5D. 


.  Commission   Commission  

  Henry  Onderdonk.  sr. . 

.  Commission   Commission  

.  Ed.  C.  Willetts   Ed.  Schmidt   Ed.  Schmidt  

, . I  A.  Kiefer   Andrew  Vandewater . . .  Andrew  Vandewater. . . 

.  Commission   Commission  


iThomaston  (Great 
I    Neck  station). 


•330    Manhasset   5D.. 


331 
•332 
333 
334 
•335 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


336     Malihasset  Hill. . 


.  W.  J.  Hamilton   J.  H.  Herbert   J.  H.  Herbert  

.  D.  O'Leary  do  do  

.  Commission   Commission  

.  J.B.  Hixon   J.H.Herbert  !  J.  H.  Herbert  

 do   I  do  

f   Long  Island  R.  R.  Co  

IsD...  Long  Island  R.  R.  Co  j  do  

I  Phillips  4:  Worthington   Phillips  &  Worthington  

Commission   Commission  

Henry  Huber  '  .'  

J.  F.  Hamilton  I  J.  M.  Peter   J.  F.  Hamilton  

John  H.  Rice  |  

Herman  Klothe  

J.  H.  L'Hommedieu's  Sons   J.  H  L'Hommedieu's  Sons  . 

Estate  of  L.  A.  Seaman   W.  A.  Skid  more  


3D. 
5D. 
5D. 
5D. 
5  D. 


•337 
•338 

339 
•340 
•341 
•342 

343 
•344 
•345 

346 
•347 
•348 

349 


 do   5D.. 

 do   5  D.. 

 do   SD.. 

 do  !  SD.. 

<;reat  Neck   5  D . . 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


5D.. 
5  D . . 
3D.. 
5D.. 

SD.. 
SD.. 
5  I) . . 
SD.. 


Commission   Commission  

I  lenry  Lust  garten   Henry  Lustgarten  

Christ  Church  j  Chas.  Newbold  

Commission   Commission  

Great  Neck  school   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  

Mrs.  Mary  E.  King  do  do  

C.  F.  Recknagd   J.  H.  Herbert  ..„.  

H.  B.  Booth   H.  B.  Booth  „. 

H.  B.  Anderson   Wm.    Mahoney.  superin- 

tendent. 

Wm  R.  Grace   J.  H.  Herbert   J.  H.  Herbert  

 do   Phillips  A  Worthington    Phillips  A-  Worthington .. . 

V.  P.  Travis   J.  H.  Herbert   J.  H.  Herbert  

 do  do  


•For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"  Through  A.  S.  Farmer.  C.  E. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


139 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter  Depth  of 
of  well.  well. 


Inches. 

Feet. 

2 

32.5 

2 

56 

2 

74 

2 

66.5 

1* 

37 

2 

106 

n 

40 

2 

56 

33 

60 

48 

70 

44 

32-42 

6 

127 

8-4J 

755 

2 

.  35  • 

36 

140 

2 

45 

37 

36 

116 

2 

48.5 

ij 

i 

1 

34 

2 

34-2 
36 


136 
142 

79 
93 
87 
96 
117 
112 
25 
30 
78 
37 
35 
10 

S6 

28 
122 
10S 


96 
240 

237 

86 
104 
119 

32 


Height  of 
level. 




Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


35-37 


55-60 
62-70 


(  191 
I  700-750 


-  62 

-  2 
+  8 


-116 
-135 


Flow. 

0-50 


40 
+300 


-  22 
114 


117  '  b  — 
93-112  - 


-  30 
150 
100 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Remarks 


No. 


  Commission  Xo.  553   305 

  Commission  Xo.  740   306 

  Commission  Xo.  741   307 

  Commission  Xo.  907    308 

  Bowlders.  35  to  37  feet   309 

  Commission  Xo.  S29   310 

  Coarse  white  sand.  28  to  40  feet   311 

  Commission  Xo.  619   312 

Wisconsin   313 

 do   314 


Tisbury?. . . . 
Cretaceous. . . 
Lloyd  gravel. 


Group  of  S  wells:  6  flowing   315 

  316 


I. 


317 


  Commission  Xo.  864   31S 

  319 

  Commission  Xo.  776   320 

Wisconsin   Depends  on  perched  water  table  '  321 

Cretaceous?   322 

  Commission  Xo.  956    323 


1191. 


Cretaceous  .  

....do  

 do   Commission  Xo 

 do  I  

 do  

  Well  200  feet  from  station  | 

,   2  wells  one-fourth  mile  apart  >329 


324 

325 
326 
327 
328 


Commission  No.  957   330 

Elevation  20*  feet   331 





 I  334 


40  \ 

SO  i 


Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

Flows.  I  I  !   335 

-  SO   336 

  Commission  No.  1190. 


92 
-240 
237 


  337 

-  SI   

-103*   Temperature  about  50°F   339 

 I   Cretaceous   Commission  No.  963    340 

-  30   341 

-  48  I   Tisbury   342 

  Blue  clay  0  to  92  feet   343 

 j  344 

 '  345 


60 
500 
500 


17116— No.  44—06- 


-10 


  Well  is  near  barn   346 

Tisbury   347 

Tisbury"?   Surface  water  at  24  feet   348 

Wisconsin   Elevation  about  95  feet   349 

*  Pumps  down  to  —40. 


140       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


*350 

*351 

•352 
.153 
•354 
355 
356 
*357 
*358 
359 
*360 
*361 
*362 
•363 
*364 
*365 
*366 
367 

*368 
*369 

*370 


Location. 


Plandome  Mills. 


Port  Washington. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


5  D. 


5  D. 
5  D. 
5  D  . 
5  D. 
3D. 
5D. 
5  D. 
5  D. 
5  D. 
5  D. 
5  D. 
o  E. 
5  E. 
5E. 
5E. 

Barker  Point   5  E  . 

Sands  Point   5E. 

Castle  Gould   5E. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


5  D. ..   Robert  Cox   J.  H.  Herbert   J.  H.  Herbert 


Robert  Seizer   Geo.  Schmidt. 


Geo.  Schmidt. 


Chas.  Vanderbilt   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  

J.  Reed  '  do  do  

Commission   Commission  

Howard  Place   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  

Stephen  Kimmerly  do  do  

Theo.  Valentine  do  do  

N.  H.  Jacobs  do  do  

Lorenzo  Smull   Lorenzo  Smull  

Thos.  E.  Webb   Geo.  Schmidt   Thos.  E.  Webb  

Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  

Long  Island  R.  R   Long  Island  R.  R  

Frank  Vanoski   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  

Chas.  H.  Mason   Lorenzo  Smull  

Catholic  church   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  

Dodge  estate  do  do  

W.  De  Forest  Wright   Oscar  Darling,  consulting 

engineer. 

Geo.  Zabriskie   Geo.  Schmidt   Geo.  Schmidt  

Howard  Gould   Isaac  Kasteard   Isaac  Kasteard  


.do. 


5  E. 


.do. 


C.  II.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis. 


*371 
*372 


.do. 


5E  . 
5E. 


 "o {U^ntf^Xg  K  '>•  Kilpatrick., 

Bourke  Cockran   C.  H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis  


•373 


Long  Beach  1  6B...j  Long  Beach  Association         Wm.  C.  Jaegle   Wm.  C.  Jaegle. 


*374 
♦375 
•375A 
*376 

•377 

♦378 
*379 

*380 
*.181 
*382 
•383 
•384 
•385 
•386 
•387 
•388 
•689 
•390 
•391 
•392 


Barnum  Island   6  B  . . 

East  Rockaway   6  B  . . 

 do  I  6B.. 

Rockville  Center  ]  6  B  . . 

Smith  Pond   6  B  . . 

Rockville  Center   6B.. 


.do. 


 do  

Millburn  Reservoir. 

 do  


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


6  B. 

6  B. 
6  B. 
6B  . 
6  B  . 
fi  B  . 
6  B  . 
6  B 
fi  B 
fi  B  . 
|  6B  . 
6B  . 
(.  I! 
fi  II 


Hempstead  Poor  House 

Long  Beach  Association  

J.  H.  Clark   Chas.  A.  Fass. . 

J.M.Smith   E.  E.  McCarten 


Theo.  A.  Carmen   E.  Lewis,  jr., Theo. Cannon. 


Chas.  A.  Fass. . . 
E.  E.  McCarten. 


/Department  water  supply,  |  I  M  De  Varona 

\   gas  and  electricity.  f i.M.ue  varona 


Commission    Commission. 

Rockville    Center    water-    F.K.Walsh   Village  clerk. 

works. 

Commission   Commission. 


'.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 

«  Superintendent  for  Hudson  Engineering  and  Contracting  Co. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


141 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Depth  of 
well. 


;  Height  of 

DePtllofUove(+) 
principal  al>ove(+) 


water 
supply. 


below(— ) 
ground 
level. 


Yield 
per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


32 
6 
6-4 


Feet. 
107 

113 

80 
76 


46 
129 

35 

55 
206. 5 

69 
60-70 

46 

83 

54 

91 

30 

250 

88 

65 
300 
169 
120 
354 

386 

383 


27 
18 

587 

74 
40-50 

24 

38 
97 
31 
32 
31 

25.5 
25.6 
25 

25. 5 
29.8 
32.3 
31.7 


Feet. 


Feel.  Gallons. 


r  21 

1 100-113 


Cretaceous . 
Jameco?. . . 


205.6 


■  65 

■  42 
•125 

■  31 

■  41 
-  71 
•  65 


Tisbury . 


Sand  0  to  76  feet  

Commission  No.  1143  

Sand  2  to  69  feet  

White  and  yellow  sand  0  to  46  feet  . 


+  12  '  Tisbury?... 
Small.  Cretaceous. 


White  sand  and  gravel  42  to  55  feet. 


—  42   1  Cretaceous?. 

—  50  Large.   

-  50    Tisbury  

  Small.   

-  20   1  , 


84 


-  20     Large.  Tisbury. 


-  20 


[  220 
|  270 
[  340 
[  383 
123 
Shallow. 


Flows. 


+  6 


30 
102 
Small. 


Cretaceous 

 do  

 do  

 do  


.do. 


f  40-45 
1578-587 


-  17 


Flows. 


<?26 


Jameco . 


"  Coarse  sandy  gravel,  with  water  of  great 
purity." 

Rock  at  2.50  feet  


2  wells  

Abandoned . 


352 
353 
354 
355 
356 
357 
358 
359 
360 
361 
362 
363 
364 
365 
366 
367 

I  368 
369 

J  370 
1371 


Pipe  clogs  with  quicksand  j  372 

Water  chalybeate   373 


Well  abandoned  

Pumping  station  for  Long  Beach. 


Tisbury . 
 do... 


Cretaceous  i  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  26. 

Tisbury  


Commission  No.  605. 
Group  of  4  wells  


Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss: 
Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss: 
Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss 
Commiss 


374 
6375 
375A 
376 


378 
6.379 


on  No.  844   380 

on  No.  697    381 

on  No.  658   382 

on  No.  641   383 

on  No.  640  ,  384 

on  No.  630    385 

on  No.  615   386 

on  No.  629   387 

on  No.  616   388 

on  No.  623    389 

on  No.  617   390 

on  No.  618   391 

on  No.  622  !  392 


i-See  Table  VIII. 


e  Average  for  1903. 


142       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*383 

*394 
*395 
*39fi 


Location. 


*399 
*400 
*401 
*402 
*403 
*404 
405 

*40fi 
*407 
*408 
*409 
*410 
*411 
412 


*418 
*419 
♦420 
*421 
*422 
*423 
*424 
*425 
*426 
*427 

*428 
*429 
♦430 


Baldwin . 

 do... 

 do... 

 do... 


397  '  Freeport. 


Hempstead  reservoir. 
Norwood  


Greenwich  Point . 

Hempstead  

 do  

 do  


.do. 


East  Meadow  Brook  . . 


Garden  City . 

 do  

 do  

 do  


*413  1  do. 

*414   do. 


41o  Mineola. 

*41B   do.. 

417   do.. 


 do  

 do  

East  Williston . 
 do  

Albertson  

Old  Westbury. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


*43i    Wheattey  Hills. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


6  B. .. 
6  B... 
6  B.  . . 
6B... 

6B... 


6C  ... 
6  C  . . . 
6C... 
6C... 
6C... 
6C... 
6C... 

6C... 
6C... 

6C... 
6  C  . . . 
6C... 


6C  .. 
6  D . . 
6  D.. 
fi  D. . 
fi  D.. 
6  D . . 
6  D . . 
6  D . . 
6  D . . 
61).. 


6  D. 
fi  1). 
fi  D. 


fi  D . . 


Owner. 


M.  S.  Thomas  

C.  H.  Southard... 

II.  Wortman  

Adolph  Schreiber. 


Driller. 


W.  J.  Hancock. 
H.  Wortman. . . 

 do  


Freeport  waterworks. 


6  C  I  Theo.  Carmen. 

6C. 
6C. 

6C. 
6C. 
6C. 
6C. 
6C  . 


Commission  

....do  

....do  

....do  

 do  

....do  

Hempstead  Water  Co. 


Commission  

 do  

....do  [  

 do  

....do  

 do  

St.  Paul  School  |  Andrew  Vandewater. 

Commission  I  


Garden  City  Water  Supply  :  

Co. 

Court-house  I  C.  A.  Lockwood. 

Commission  I  

Long  Island  R.  R.  Co   C.  A.  Lockwood. 

Commission  

 do  !  

Chas.  Edison  |  Geo.  Schmidt  

Commission   !  

 do  j  

W.  G.  Parks  J  

W.  P.  Kelsey   John  Fisher  

.las.  F.  Brady   Wm.  Jaegle  

R.  L.  Cottnet   Alfred  Wisson... 

J.  F.  D.  Lanier  


John  A.  Albertson  I  Alfred  Wisson. 

Foxhall  Keene  >  


.   H.  B.  Duryea. 


E.  D.  Morgan. 


Hudson  Engineering 
and  Contracting  Co. 

John  Fisher  

A.  J.  Connolly  

Alfred  Wisson  


Authority. 


W.  J.  Hancock. 
H.  Wortman. . . 

 do  

A.  Schreiber. . . 


Engineer  

Theo.  Carmen . 
Commission . . . 

 do  

 do  

....do  

 do  

....do  

Engineer  


Commission  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

A  ndrew  Vandewater . 


Commission  

Geo.  L.  Hubbell,  general 
manager. 

C.  A.  Lockwood  

Commission  

C.  A.  Lockwood  


Commission. . 

 do  

Geo.  Schmidt. 
Commission. . 
 do  


John  Fisher  

Wm.  Jaegle  

Alfred  Wisson  

Long  Island  Historical  So- 
ciety. 

Alfred  Wisson  


John  Tart  n. 
John  Fisher. 


A.  W.  Gallienne  

Hudson  Engineering 
and  Contracting  Co. 

♦For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 

a  Foreman  for  Hudson  Engineering  and  Contracting  Co. 

l>  Drilling  the  Harriman  well  (.M2)  at  the  time  this  well  was  sunk. 


Alfred  Wisson. 

E.  D.  Morgan. 
Ed.  Danish  

F.  Waukel"... 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


143 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Inches. 


Depth  of 
well. 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
120 

2 
600 


2 
10 

2 
2 
36 
2 
2 


5  I 


Feet. 
18 

35 
50 
370 

35 

360 
34 
32 
32 
30 
33.5 
97 
50 

52.7 
125 
35 
37 
37 
25 
40 

38.5 
40 

80 

42.5 

90 

56 

53.5 

56.5 

55 

37 
230 
150 
143 
180 
103 

150 
383 
343 

298 
280 
280 
284 
283 
434 


Depth  of 
principal 
water 
supply. 

Height  of 

water 
above(+) 
or 

below  (  ) 

ground 
level. 

Yield 
per 
m  inute 

Geologic  liorizo'i  of 
water-bearing  strata. 

Remarks. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Gallons. 

Average  of  all  wells  about  Baldwin  

+  1 
—  10 
Flows. 

Cretaceous  

40 
10 

'Pis:]  mrv 

4  wells 

Cretaceous  

Commission  No.  825  

Commission  No.  845  

Commission  No.  846  

Commission  No.  604  

Commission  No.  847  

Commission  No.  848  

-  15 

10 

Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 

Group  of  8  wells  

Commission  No.  425  

Commission  No.  424  

Commission  No.  423  

Commission  No.  422  

Commission  No.  862  

—  30 

Large. 

Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
burv. 

Commission  No.  589  

-  19 

-  60 

See  Table  VIII  

Reddish  sand  and  gravel  0  to  80  feet  

Commission  No.  863  

30-90 

-  30 

Wisconsin  and  Tis- 
bury. 

Sand  and  gravel  0  to  90  feet  

Commission  No.  901  

Commission  No.  587  

50-56 

-  50 

Tisbury  

Commission  No.  906 

-100 
-100 
—  73 
-110 

Cretaceous^ 

Incomplete 

Cretaceous 

+30 

Cretaceous 

-146 

25 

-117 
-274 

110 

 do  

-250 
-244 

8 

Cretaceous  

Well  completed  in  1896  

-245  150 

1 

No. 


394 

395 
396 


398 
399 


412 


420 


424 
425 
426 
427 

428 
429 
430 


431 


•  See  Table  VIII. 


144       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*434 


Location. 


.do. 


*435   do.. 

*436  Roslyn. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


*432    Wheatley  Hills   BP. 

*433   do   6D. 


6  D. 

fi  D. 
6  D. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


Wm.  C.  Whitney   Wm.  C.  Whitney 

 do  '  Thos.  Griffina... 

(Alfred  Wisson   Alfred  Wisson... 

(John  Fisher   John  Fisher  

fi.  H.  Ford   I.  H.  Ford  

)john  Heerdegan   John  Heerdegan . 

Mrs.  I.  Vowman                    George  Schmidt   George  Schmidt . 


Stanley  Mortimer. 


W.  Stowe. 


*437 


do   6  D  Ppote/c^1"0  L'ght         lJonn  Heerde6an  !  John  Heerdegan  . 


*43S 
439 
*440 
*441 
442 
443 
*444 
*445 
*446 
447 
44S 
440 
♦450 
451 
*452 
*453 
*454 


*460 

4fil 
«462 

*463 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 


  6D. 

  6D. 

  fiD. 

 !  6D. 

  6D. 

  6D. 

  6D. 

Glenwood  Landing          6  D. 

Glenhead   6  D. 

Greenyale   6  D. 

Hempstead  Harbor          6  E. 

Sea  Cliff  I  6  E. 

 do  |  6  E. 

 do  1  6  E. 

 do  1  6  E. 

Glenhead  :   6E. 

  HE. 


Theo.  Valentine   Ed.  Schmidt   Ed.  Schmidt. 

  C.H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis. . 

Commission  

 do  


C.  H.  Mackay  I  

L.  F.  Powell   L.  J.  Dubois   L.  J.  Dubois  

Walter  Willetts   Jesse  Conklin   A.  J.  Corcoran  «  

Ward  J.  Post  brickyard         George  Schmidt   George  Schmidt  

A.  A.  Knowles   L.  J.  Dubois   L.  J.  Dubois  

Frank  Nostrand  do  do  

J.  B.  King  &  Co   J.  B.  King  &  Co  

  L.  J.  Dubois  

 Kersona  :  L.J.  Dubois  do  

F.  W.  Geissenhainer  do  do  

Sea  Cliff  Water  Co   J.  T.  Pirie.  president 

Thos.  C.  Watt   L.  J.  Dubois   L.  J.  Dubois  

Commission   Commission  


*45o    Glen  Coye   fi  E  .  .  .  Nassau  County  Water  Co. 


*45fi    Locust  Valley   6E. 

*457    Glen  Cove   6E. 

*458   do  I  6  E. 

*459   do  '  6  E . 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


BE.. 

6  E. . 
BE.. 

BE.. 


Friends'  Academy   L.  J.  Dubois. 

F.  E.  Willets  do  

S.  Seeman  do  

S.  Burke  do  


r 


F.Clapton,  superintend- 
ent. 


L.  J.  Dubois. 

 do  

 do  

 do  


North  Country  Club. 


C.  H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis. 


Frank  Bernheim   L.  J.  Dubois. 

John  Minnikpn  L.  J.  Dubois  do  


Crystal  Springs  Ice  Co  do. 


.do. 


*4fi4  '  Glen  Cove  Landing          fi  E. 

*465    Dosoris   fi  E  . 


J.  P.  Tangeman   Phillips  A:  Worthington.  Phillips  &  Worthington  . 

Wm.  M.  Valentine   L.  J.  Dubois   L.  J.  Dubois  


*466 


*4fi7 
468 


.do. 


fi  E. 


 do   6E.. 

Dosoris  Island  1  6  E  . . 


Pratt 


estate  |D.  M.  Munger,  superintend- 


.do. 


Paul  Dana   L.J.  Dubois. 


♦For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"  Superintendent  for  W.  C.  Whitney. 
t>  See  Table  VIII. 

c  Windmill  manufacturer,  11  John  street,  New  York. 


 do  

L.  J.  Dubois. 


representative:  wells. 


145 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter  Depth  of 
of  well.  well. 


Inches. 
10 


Feet. 
400 
340 
300 
20.-. 
389 
265 
115 

2.50 


32  128 

6  300-400 

2  I  52 

2  25 


Height  of 

■3S-  1SS> 

level. 


Yield 
per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Feel. 


Feet. 
-230 


Gallons. 

35 
4-5 
50 

Large. 


Cretaceous. 

 do  

 do  


-218 
-  96 


17  Cretaceous  . 
Good.    Pleistocene . 


>Cretaceous. 


Remarks. 


Water  soft . 


Water  in  gravel . . 
Very  little  water . 


Group  of  4  wells. 


Pleistocene  ?. 


Flows. 


Pleistocene . 
....do  


82.5 
190 
C9 
141 

9(i 
9S 

Shallow. 
10-i 
32 
60 
140 
52 
45-60 

40 

222 
186 
140 
170 
[  109 
j  129 
130 
SO 
73 
72 
10ii 
215 
38 
48 
38 
82 
125 
125 
44 


-  70 

-  50 

-  22 
-122 

-  66 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

-  23 
C) 

— 122 


Abandoned  

Commission  No.  1199  

Commission  No.  1185.    Slight  flow  

Private  pumping  plant.  Shallow  wells . 


Cretaceous . 


All  sand  

Flows  into  pit  2  feet  above  tide  level . 


Small. 

+25 


34-iiO 

34-10 
212-222 
182-186 


Flows. 

Flows. 

-  75 
-108 

-  98 

-  98 


Pleistocene. 


Abandoned  

All  sand  and  gravel  

Group  of  6  well*.    Pumps  70  gallons  t . 


Tisbury . 
 do.. 


 do  

Cretaceous . . 
Cretaceous  ?. 
 do  


Commission  No.  960  

Group  of  4  wells.    Pumps  315  gallons  per 
well  per  minute 

Flows  18  gallons  per  minute  


30 
16 
12 

12  Cretaceous. 


7S-80 

70-73 

90-100 
79-83 


Flows   Cretaceous?   Small  flow 

Flows   Cretaceous  

/IS  \ 


+  14 

-401 

-«! 

  I 

!/  Flows. 


/30 
30 


.do. 


75-82  Flows. 


Large.  Cretaceous? 


0    4  wells:  abandoned.. 

0    2  wells:  abandoned. 

...  Tisbury   All  sand  and  gravel. 


&  Originally  all  were  flowing  wells. 

«  Yield  per" well  per  minute  on  a  10-hour  test. 

/Natural  flow  at  ground  level. 

g  Since  pumping  these  wells  have  ceased  to  flow. 


No. 


432 
433 

|434 

J435 
436 

437 

43S 
439 
440 
441 

6442 
443 
444 
445 
446 
447 
448 
449 
450 
451 

6452 
453 
454 

Uso 
\(b) 

456 
457 
458 
459 

460 

461 
462 

463 

464 
465 


466 


467 
468 


1-A6      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*469 
*470 
*471 
*472 
*473 

*474 

*475 
*476 
477 
478 
*479 
*480 
*481 
*482 
*483 
*484 
*48o 
486 

*487 

*488 

*489 


*4!X) 

*491 
*492 

*493 

*494 

*495 

*496 

*497 
*498 
499 
*500 


Dosoris  Pond  . 
Peacock  Point. 

....do  

....do  

Lattingtovvn . . 


.do. 


..do  

..do  

..do  

..do  

..do  

..do  

..do  

..do  

..do  

 do  

 do  

Freeport  

fAgawam  pumping  sta- 
\  tion. 

Old  Freeport  pumping 
station 

/Merrick  pumping  sta- 
\  tion. 


Merrick . 


JMatowa  pumping  sta- 
|  tion. 

 do  


Wantagh  pumping  sta- 
tion. 


.do. 


Wantagh . 
....do.... 


.do. 


Camp  meeting  grounds 

Smithville  Boufb  

Hempstead  Plains  


6  E. 
6  E  . 
6  E. 
6  E. 
BE. 

6  E. 

6  E. 
6  E. 
6  E. 
6  E. 
6  E. 
BE. 
6  E. 
6  E. 
6  E. 

6  E. 
(5  E  . 
7B. 

}7B. 

7  B. 


7  B. 

1-7  B. 
7  B  . 

■7  C. . 
7C. 


D.  F.  Bush  

C.  O.  Gates  

 do  

 do  

W.  D.  Gutherie. 


.do. 


L.  J.  Dubois  

P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan 
E.  K.  Hutchinson. 

C.  H.  Danis  

E.  K.  Hutchinson. 

L.  J.  Dubois  


L.  J.  Dubois  

M.  Tallonn  

E.  K.  Hutchinson  

C.  H.  Danis  

Foreman  for  E.  K.  Hutch- 
inson. 

L.  J.  Dubois  


Wm.  Price  

W.  H.  Baldwin,  jr. 

 Berger  

A.  C.  Bedford  

L.  C.  Wier  

....do  

 do  

Paul  D.  Cravath.. 

Ed.  Latting  

W.  D.  Gutherie... 
 do  


 do  

....do  

E.  K.  Hutchinson  

C.  H.  Danis  

....do  

Phillips  &  Worthington 

C.  H.  Danis  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  


Department  water  supply, 
gas,  and  electricity. 

....do  


....do  

W.  H .  Baldwin,  jr  

E.  K.  Hutchinson  

C.  H.  Danis  

Ed.  Danis,  foreman  

Phillips  &  Worthington. 

Ed.  Danis,  foreman  

....do  

....do  

....do  

C.  H.  Danis  

C.  S.  Slichter  

I.  M.  De  Varona  b  

L.  B.  Ward  

I.  M.  De  Varona u  


.do. 


I.  M.  De  Varona  >> 
L.  B.  Ward  


Merrick  Water  Co. 


(Department  water  supply, 
1   gas,  and  electricity. 


Commission . 


7C. 
7C. 


7C. 
7C. 
7C. 


(Department  water  supply, 
I   gas.  and  electricity. 

Commission  


E.  C.  Cammann,  secretary. 

I.  M.  De  Varona  

L.  B.  Ward  

Commission  

I.  M.  De  Varona  

L.  B.  Ward  

Commission  


.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


7C?...I  U.S.  Army  Camp  Black. 


Dollard  Bros   Dollard  Bros. 


*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
«  Foreman  for  P.  H.  A-  J.  Conlan. 

b  Ann.  Kept.  Dept.  of  City  Works,  Brooklyn,  1896,  p.  263,  1897. 
c  Average  of  whole  station,  June  17,  1896,  to  Dec.  31,  1896. 
d  Samples  show  depth  of  110  feet. 
«  Average  of  whole  station  for  1899. 
/See  Table  VIII. 

9  History  and  Description  of  the  Water  Supply  of  Brooklyn,  189C,  p.  78. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 

o/i  Long  Island — Continued. 


147 


Depth  of 

Diameter  Depth  of  principal 
of  well.       well.  water 
supply. 


Height  of 

water 
above(  +  ) 
or 

below(  — ) 
ground 
level. 


Inches. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

3 

97 

95-97 

6 

230 

230 

6 

225 

225 

210 

6 

342 

260-342 

2 

92 

2 

162 

2* 

265 

-i 

i  in 
148 

132 

6 

123.5 

6 

91.9 

4 

105 

4 

138 

3 

108 

3 

144 

60 

ft 

d  33_9i 

4J-6 

37 

4J-6 

1  ^ 
1106-109 

*i 

40-110 
.  30-40 



1  83 

38-97 

2 

20 

4J-6 

24-92 

2 

20 

2 

71 

2 

83 

2 

13 

2 

17 

2 

14 

22 

13 
25 
162 
260-265 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Feet.  Gallons. 

+   6    Jameco?   Flows  30  gallons  per  minute   469 

Flows.  30    Lloyd  sand   470 

Flows.  5   do  '   471 

Flows  do   472 

Flows.  10   do   473 


6-35 


+  2 
+  2.5 

-  90 
-125 

-  94 
-110 
-114 

-  93.5 

-  76 

-  80 


+  12 
+  10 


Pleistocene   Test  wells   474 

Cretaceous   475 


.do. 


25 
+25 
+40 
+25 


-  70 

-  60 
Flows. 


+25 


  476 

Reported  us  all  sand  and  gravel   477 

  478 

  479 

 1   480 

Pleistocene  ?   481 

 1   482 

  483 

  484 

Group  of  3  wells   485 

  486 


—  6 
*  Flow. 


I  -  2.7 
!*•- Flow 


'"  Flows. 
»'  Flows. 


-  17 


<-3, 131 
'361 


Pleistocene  

Tisbury:  Jameco  ' 
Pleistocene  


'3,259 
'378 


Tisburv;  Jameco  ? 


.5  Pleistocene. 


 (487 

Group  of  32  wells  j  CO 

Group  of  40  wells:  abandoned  because  of  ex-  488 
cess  of  chlorine 

Group  of  62  wells  

....do  

Group  of  8  wells  


1489 

CO 


No  water  below  40  feet  

J 3, 122   !  Formerly  called  Newbridge 

IfTisbury  


1490 
|C0 


1491 


'618 


I  2, 777 


(Jameco  ? 


jGroup  of  46  wells  JCO 

Commission  No.  1161.    Slichter  underflow  ,  492 
station  No.  3. 


Tisbury. . 
Jameco  ? 


Pleistocene  ? 


1493 

Group  of  49  wells  [CO 

494 

Slichter  underflow  495 
Slichter  underflow  496 


Slichter  underflow  station  No  2.  commis- 
sion No.  1176. 

Commission  No  1272. 
station  No.  2. 


>>  Ann  Rept.  Dept.  of  City  Works,  Brooklyn,  1896,  p.  266. 1897; 
1896, p  79 

>'  Average  of  whole  station,  Jan.  23,  1896,  to  Dec.  31,  1896. 
j  Average  of  whole  station,  Sept.  23,  1896,  to  Dec.  31,  1896 
k  Deep  wells  onlv 

i  Average  of  whole  station  from  July  16,  1896,  to  Dec.  31,  1S96. 
Flow  began  at  62  feet. 


Commission  No.  1293 
station  No.  15. 

Commission  No.  1356  ■   497 

Commission  No.  1357   498 

Commission  No  1375    499 

  500 

History  and  Description  of  the  Wattr  Supply  of  Brooklyn, 


148      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


504 
.  *505 
*506 
*507 

*508 


*512 
*513 
*514 

*515 
♦516 
*517 


*523 
*524 


Location. 


*501  Hicksville. 

*502   do  

*503   do  


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


*509  1  Westbury  

510  Old  Westbury. 
*511   do  


Wheatley  Hills. 
Jericho  

 do  


....do. 
....do. 
....do. 


*518  Syosset. 

.do.. 


*519 

*520  Brookville. 


.do. 


*.r.21 

*522    East  Norwich. 


.do. 
.do. 


*.r)2.">    Oyster  Bay. 


*o26 
*527 
*528 
*529 
*530 
*531 
*532 
♦533 

*:>:n 

♦535 

536 
537 
538 

*539 
540 
541 

*542 

•643 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


..do  

..do  

...do  

...do  

...do  

...do  

...do  

...do  


Coordi- 
nates. 


7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 


7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 

7  D. 

7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 

7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 

7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 

7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 
7  D. 
7  E. 
7  E. 
7  E. 


7  E. . 
7  E. . 
7  E. . 
7  E. . 
7  E.  . 
7  E. . 
7  E. . 
7  E.  . 
7  E.  . 

7  E .  . 

7  E . . 
7  E. . 
7  E. . 
7  E  . 
7  E  . 
7  E  . 
7  E  . 
7  E  . 


<  >\vner. 


Commission  

....do  

Nassau  County  Water  Co. 


Fassbender  &  Stande. 

H.  J.  Heinz  Co  

Commission  

Joseph  Steinart  


Driller. 


W.  C.  Jaegle. 

....do  


St.  John's  Protectory. 


Colored  Children's  Home. 

Robert  Winthrop  

Wm.  Payne  Thompson. . . 


J.  H.  Harriman. 

Commission  

H.  R.  Winthrop. 

Theo.  Willis...,. 
Jacob  Jackson. . . 
Jules  Kunz  


Allard  &  McGuire. 

John  Kennedy  

County  poor  farm. 
Henry  Rushmore. 

Commission  

 Quinan  

—  Ludlum  


Nassau  County  Water  Co. 

Townsend  Underbill  

Charles  Weeks  

John  M.  Sammis  

Van  Siss  &  Co  

D.  W.  Smith  

A.  S.  Hutchinson  

E.  K.  Hutchinson  

Townsend  heirs  

J  as.  Norton  


Capt.  Alfred  Ludlum. 


Mrs.  Coles  White  

John  M.  Sammis  

Peter  N.  Layton  

A.  J.  &  A.  S.  Hutchinson. 

Oysterman's  Dock  Co  

Long  Island  R.  R  

Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  

 do  


W.  C.  Jaeglo. 

....do  

F.  K.  Walsh. 
Ed.  Schmidt. 


Hudson  Engineering 
and  Contracting  Co. 

C.  H.  Danis  


Hudson  Engineering 
and  Contracting  Co. 

Geo.  Schmidt  

W.  C.  Jaegle  

J.  W.  Hendrickson .... 


W.  C.  Jaegle  

....do  

E.  K.  Hutchinson . 


C.  H.  Danis. 
....do  


E.  K.  Hutchinson. 

....do  


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Authority. 


Commission  

...do  

Oscar  Darling,  consulting 
engineer. 

Fassbender  &  Stande  

W.  C.  Jaegle  

Commission  

Joseph  Steinart  

St.  John's  Protectory  

F.  K.  Walsh  

Ed.  Schmidt  

Robert  Winthrop  

G.  H.  Pease,  foreman  


Ed.  Danis,  foreman . 

Commission  

Thos.  Shay,  foreman. 


Geo.  Schmidt  

W.  C.  Jaegle  

Long  Island  Historical  So- 
ciety. 

W.  C.  Jaegle  

....do  

C.  A.  Zanor,  foreman  

J.  L.  Bogart  

Commission  

C.  H.  Danis  

 do  


[Oscar  Darling,  consulting 
\  engineer. 

A.  S.  Hutchinson  i  

 do  

The  Long  Islander  e  

A.  S.  Hutchinson''  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  


.do. 


 do  

 I  E.  M.  Sammis  6  

 '  Peter  N.  Layton'  

E.  K.  Hutchinson   A.  S.  Hutchinson  *  

 do  '.....do  

  Engineer  b  

E.  K.  Hutchinson   A.  S.  Hutchinson''  

 ■.  I  R.  F.  Nichols,  foreman. 


♦For  additional  data  sec  descriptive  notes,  pp.  IfiS  et  seq. 
a  See  Table  VIII. 

o  Records  transmitted  to  the  Survey  by  Mr.  W.  H.  C.  Pynchon,  civil  engineer  and  geologist,  Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y. 


REPRESENT  ATI  V  E  WELLS. 


149 


on  Long  Inland — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Inches. 
2 
2 


6 

42-4 

2 


Depth  of 
Depth  of  principal 
well  water 
supply. 


150 
73 
80 
60 
377 
209 

220 
60 
183 

175 
168 
147 

.53 
+  150 
278 
396 

23 
224 
149 
160 

35 
165 
110 
140 

56 

65 
H0-1C0 

83 
133 
65-70 

82 
118 
115 

60 

48 
190 

36 

20 
126 
220 


.5 


Feet. 
56  . 
135.5  . 
85 

79  . 
90 


63-85 


130-150 


l'>;,-2<).-. 


200-220 


150-183 


47-50 


4-10 
10-30 
162 
90-110 


Height  of 

water 
above(  +  ) 
or 

below(  — ) 
ground 
level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


.53-57 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


-  63 


-  61 

-  60 

-  35 
-200 


Large. 

4 


Tisbury . 


Tisbury?  .. 
Cretaceous . 


35 


Small. 

25 
60 

4-25 


Cretaceous . 
....do  


.do. 


■  150 


-160 
-165 


Cretaceous. 


Cretaceous  1 


Large. 


-  ioa 


-213 


0 

4-  13 
Flows. 
Flows. 
4-  1.5 
Flows. 
4-  6 


Flows. 


1.5 


.5 

17 

Plows. 
-  10 
4-  9 


rdlOO 
c20 


Jameco? 
 do.. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Commission  No.  909    501 

Commission  No.  955    502 

2  wells  a503 


  504 

  505 

Commission  No.  1142    506 

  5U7 


508 


509 


Water  slightly  hard   510 

  511 


  512 

Commission  No.  1193   513 

  514 


 i  561 

Originally  reported  210  feet  deep   516 

  517 


518 

Well  "  blows  "  at  a  depth  of  150  feet  I  519 

520 


  521 

Commission  No.  1192   522 

  523 


 •.   524 

Abandoned   1525 

G  roup  of  wells  J 

  526 

  .527 

Snouder's  pharmacy  :  528 

 I  529 


f3       Jameco?   Original  flow  9  gallons  

<\5   do   Original  flow  15  gallons  

c8.5   do  do  

c/21   do  

c/lS   do  ■  

f4   do   Original  flow  10  gallons  

c2   do   Original  flow  9  to  10  gallons 


«30 

c7.5 

c5.5 

<-l 
c"0 
4-5 
4-66 

18 
II 26. 5 


530 
531 
532 
533 
534 

535 


..do   Original  flow  36  gallons  

..do  '   536 

..do   537 

.  .do   Ceases  to  flow  at  low  tide  1  538 

..do   539 

  Does  not  flow  at  low  tide  


Jameco?. 
 do... 


540 
541 
542 
543 


c  Rate  of  flow  varies  with  the  tide. 

d  Flow  at  ground  level.    At  4-17  feet  furnishes  5  gallons  per  minute. 
<■  Huntington.  N.Y.,  June  15,  1895. 
/  Initial  flow. 

9  Flow  at  low  tide  July  30,  1903. 


150       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*548 

♦549 
550 
•551 

♦552 

♦553 
♦554 
*555 
♦556 
*557 
*558 
*559 
♦560 
561 

*562 

563 
*564 

565 
♦.566 

*567 

♦568 
♦56!) 
*570 
♦571 
*572 
♦573 
*574 
*575 
*576 
•577 
•578 

579 
♦580 

5S1 
♦582 
*583 
•584 
*585 
♦.586 


Location. 


♦544    Oyster  Bay. 

♦545  \  do  

*546   do  

*547  1  do  


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


 do  

Center  Island. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Bayville  

 do  


.do. 


 do  

Mill  Neck.... 

Massapequa . 

Massapequa 
station. 

 do  


pumping 


Amityville. . . 

Massapequa . . 

 do  

 do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Centra]  Park . 

Karmingdale. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Plain  view  

 do  

 do  

West  Hills... 
 do  , 


Coordi- 
nates. 


7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 
7  E  . 
7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 

7  E  . 
8B  . 

8C  . 

8C  . 

8C  . 
8C  . 
8C  . 
8C  . 
8C  . 
8C  . 
8C  . 
8C  . 
SC.. 

8  a. 
8  a. 
8  a. 
8  a. 

8D. 
8D. 
8  D. 
8  D. 
8  D. 
8  D. 


Owner. 


Mohannes  Casino  

Townsend  Cnderhill  

 Lee  

 Burgess  


 Hamilton. 

Wm.  Trotter.... 
E.  M.  Townsend. 
Henry  Dollard. . 


Edward  Swan. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


E.  K.  Hutchinson. . 

....do  


E.  K.  Hutchinson. 

....do  

....do  

H.  J.  Dubois  

Ed.  Schmidt  

;H.  J.  Dubois  

E.  K.  Hutchinson. 
P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan. 


E.  Roosevelt  

G.  C.  MaeKenzie  

G.  M.  Fletcher   E.  K.  Hutchinson. 

C.  S.  Sherman  do  

S.  T.  Shaw  do  

Colgate  Hoyt  do  

Ct  W.  Wetmore  do  

Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  {  R.  F.  Nichols  

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Godfrey          George  Schmidt. . . 


Winslow  Pierce   E.  K.  Hutchinson. 


A.  S.  Hutchinson  a. 

...do  

R.  F.  Nichols  

I.  Bowman  


E.  K.  Hutchinson. 


....do  

A.  S.  Hutchinson  

H.  J.  Dubois  

Ed.  Schmidt  

H.  J.  Dubois  

R.  F.  Nichols,  foreman. 

G.  M.  Fletcher  

....do  

E.  K.  Hutchinson  

G.  M.  Fletcher  

E.  K.  Hutchinson  

....do  

R.  F.  Nichols  

Walter  Dudley  


A.  Neilson.  superintendent. 


Edward  Knierum   George  Schmidt   Edward  Knierum 

Irving  Cox  j  C.  H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis. 

Massapequa  Hotel   J.Elliott   J.Elliott. 

Commission   Commission. 


/Department  water  supply,  I 
\   gas,  and  electricity.  |l" 


Amityville  Water  Co. 


I.  M.  De  Varona  

L.B.Ward  

8.  Ketchem.  secretary. 


Commission   Commission. 


 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Dryfuss  &  Nibbe  

Village  of  Farmingdale . . . 

J.  Keller  &  Sons  

Nassau  County  Water  Co. 

Commission  

W.  Smith  

Chas.  Keil  

Harms  estate  

John  Titus  

Oscar  Jackson  

H.  L.  Stimpson  


W.  C.  Jaegle. 
J.  Elliott  

 do  


 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

W.  C.  Jaegle. 

J.  Elliott  

 do  


 j  Commission . . 

J.  Elliott  i  J.  Elliott  

J.  H.  Gutheil   j.  H.  Gutheil. 

W.C.  Jaegle  ,..!  W.  C.  Jaegle.. 

J.  Elliott   J.  Elliott  

J.  H.  Gutheil   J.  H.  Gutheil. 

H.J.Dubois   H.J.Dubois. 


*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 

n  Records  transmitted  to  the  Survey  by  Mr.  W.  II.  C.  Pynchon,  civil  engineer  and  geologist,  Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y. 

i>  Flow  varies  with  the  tide. 
<•  Depth  July.  1903,  188.3. 


REPKESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


151 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


eter'of  DpPthoJ 
"well  WBU- 


84 


60-6 
6 


Feet. 

99 
107 
c200 
155. 
227 
105 

90 

77 
259 

60 
212 
465 
378 
370 
351 
292 
320 
318 
295 

23 

40 
80 
45 

330 
27 
24 


Height  of 

Depth  of  aZ*£+) 
principal  awn<H+J 
water 


supply. 


Feet. 


130 
105 


259 


465 
360 


300-320 
300-318 


300-330 


37. 5-106 

: 

40 

31 

2 

18 

2 

31 

2 

35.5 

2 

25 

2 

85 

2 

41.5 

55 

20 

34-36 

12 

40 

2 

21 

8 

34 

36-1 J 

111 

65 

8 

70 

36-1 J 

HI.  5 

2 

343 

below  (  —  ) 
ground 
level. 


Feet. 


+  2 
Flows. 
Flows. 


Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows 

-  1 

-  3 
+  13 

Flows. 
Flows 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows 

-  174 

-  27 


39 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Gallons. 

6  20-100 
6  18 
6  10 

6  25 


b  100 

b  100 


»5 


6  45-75 
6  30 
6  20-30 
5-6 
50 
25 
8 
83 

25 
+  25 
Large. 
6  120 


-  22 


  d  3, 731 

'  Flow.  I  :  

-  12  1/72 


Jameco?. 
....do... 
....do... 
....do... 


Jameco?. . . 

 do  

Cretaceous . 


Lloyd  sand. 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Cretaceous . 
Lloyd  sand. 

....do  

Lloyd  sand. 
Pleistocene. 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Lloyd  sand. 
Pleistocene. 


Tisbury.  Jameco? 
Tisburv  


-  28  j  

-  Ifi  Large. 

-  28  Large. 


Pleistocene?. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Well  flows  into  pit . 


544 
545 
546 
547 

.|  548 

549 
550 
551 

552 


Abandoned  because  of  breaking  of  pipe. 


Does  not  flow  at  low  tide. 
....do.1.  


Private  water  supply  system  supplying 
Pine  Island  Park  arid  vicinity. 


553 
554 
555 
556 
557 
558 
559 
560 
561 


562 

563 
564 


2  tile  wells   565 

Slichter  underflow  566 


Commission  No.  1173. 
station  No.  1. 


Group  of  106  wells. 


Commission  No.  849. . 
Commission  No.  1354. 
Commission  No.  720. . 
Commission  No.  696. . 
Commission  No.  858. . 
Commission  No.  865. . 
Commission  No.  908. . 


1567 

...'/568 
...  569 
...  570 
...  571 

...j  572 
...  573 
...j  574 
...  575 
...j  576 
...|  577 
...  578 

 /579 

Commission  No.  771    580 

  581 

  582 

  583 

  584 

  585 

 I  586 


4  tile  wells  used  for  fire  protection 
Tile  well  


25 


Pleistocene . 


Good. 


-294 


Cretaceous . 


&  Average  pumped  from  April  13,  1896,  to  December  31,  1896. 
«  Only  the  deeper  wells  flow. 
/See  Table  VIII. 
a  Average  for  1902. 


152      UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*587 
♦588 
♦589 
*590 
*591 
*592 
*593 
*594 
*595 
♦596 

597 
*598 
*599 

BOO 
•601 
♦602 

*«03 

♦604 
«05 
606 
♦607 
♦608 
♦609 

mo 
tui 

•812 
♦613 
*614 

♦615 
♦616 
*B17 
•US 
619 
•620 

*621 

•622 
♦623 
•624 
•625 
•626 
•627 
•628 
•529 


Locution. 


Woodbury  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Cold  Spring  station  .  . . 

....do  

West  Hills  

Cold  Spring  Harbor. . . 
....do  


Coordi- 
nates. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


Owner. 


  8E. 

 !  8E. 

  BE. 

Coopers  Bluff   8  E. 

 do  j  8E. 

Cold  Spring  Harbor        8  E . 


.do. 


8  E. 


 do   8E. 

West  Neck   8  E . 

Huntington   8  E . 

 do   8  E. 

 do  I  8  E. 

West  Neck   8  E. 

 do   8  E. 

 do   8E. 


•630    Halesite   8  K  . 

•631    West  Neck   S  E  . 

632   do  j  8E. 

•633    Lloyd  Neck  I  8  F. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


W.  C.  Jaegle   W.  C.  Jaegle. 

 do  do  

..do  


C.  H.  Danis. 


 do  

C.  H.  Danis  

Ed.  Danis,  foreman . 


Richard  Collier  

Decker  Bros  

Fred  Bosch  

Peter  Hoenighausen. . . 
Cold  Sprine  Creamery . 

H.  A.  Monfort  ;  do. 

Mountain  Mist  Springs  1  

Columbia  Farm   H.J.  Dubois  {  H.  J.  Dubois  

 do  I  do  do  

Walter  R.  Jones   C.  H.  Danis  I  C.  H.  Danis  

Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  do  j  Ed.  Danis,  foreman. 

Mrs.  Welton  Wood   H.  J.  Dubois  «H.  J.  Dubois  

Van  Wyke  heirs  do  do  

Cold  Spring  Hatchery  

W.  E.  Jones  '  C.  H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis  

Edwin  Jones  \  I  do  

G.  E.  Brightson   H.  J.  Dubois   H.  J.  Dubois  

L.  C.  Tiffany  do  do  


 do  do  

Walter  Hewlett  !  do  

Wm.  White   C.  H.  Danis. 

Joshua  T.  Jones  do  

L.  C.  Tiffany  do  

Henry  De  Forest  do  

 Bleeker   H.  J.  Dubois 


...do  

....do  

Ed.  Danis,  foreman  

C.  H.  Danis  

....do  

....do  

H.  J.  Dubois  

R.  De  Forest   C.  H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis  

Eagle  Dock  do  |  do  

James  Bowen   E.K.Hutchinson  \lbert  L.   Webster,  con- 

sulting engineer. 

L.V.Bell   Dollard  Bros   Dollard  Bros  

L.  C.  Tiffany  1  H.  J.  Dubois   H.J.  Dubois  

Theo.  Roosevelt   P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan   J.  Conlan  

Long  Island  Sand  Co   C.  H.  Danis  

Sarah  Talraon   E.K.Hutchinson   E.K.Hutchinson  

T.S.Williams   C.  H.  Danis   C.  H.  Danis  

do  do  

E.  K.  Hutchinson..          E.  K.  Hutchinson  

FredConklin   H  J.Dubois   H.J.Dubois  

Robert  De  Forest  do  do  

Alex.  Denton  I  do  do  

H.J.  Dubois  do  '  do  

Consolidated  Ice  Co   C.  H.  Danis  :  Engineer  

Wilton  Wood  !  H.  J.  Dubois   H.  J.  Dubois  

Barclay  Ward  1  do  do  

Mrs.  M.  H.  Clots  1  do  do  


Walter  Jennings. 


August  Ueckseher  do. 


.do. 


Mrs.  A.  W.  Marsh   C.  H.  Danis   C.  II.  Danis  

Roland  B.  Conklin   Stotthoff  Bros   Stotthoff  Bros. . 

Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  Germantown  Artesian  Dr.  O.  L.  Jones. 

Well  Co. 


♦For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
'<  Flow  varies  with  the  tide. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


153 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Height  of 
water 

(+) 


Diameter  Depth  of  pnndpal  abo™ 
of  well.       well.        water    .  . 

supply.  " 


below  (  — ) 
ground 
level. 


Supply 

per 
minute 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Inches. 

6 

6-1  1 


Feet. 
144 

185 


Feet. 
138-144 


Feet.  Gallon*. 


-100 


200 
96 

4  196 


Spring . 


Spring. 


235 
295 
228 
260 
163 
150 


195 
49 
177 
243 
256 
51 
179 
70 
77 
165 
45 
184 
17fi 
58 


+  10 


Remarks. 


.do. 


Well  blows  at  120  to  160  feet. 
Blowing  well  

 do  


135 


-200 


25 


Cretaceous. 
 do  


232-2fi0 


1.50 


-198 
-232 

-  5 

-  20 


Small.  Cretaceous. 
Small  do  

6     |  do  

25 


No. 


49 

170-177 
235-213 
200-256 

179 
66-70 
.58-77 


+  2 


150 
67.5 


Cretaceous. 


-117 


-150 
-  4 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 


+  30 


8 

4 

140 

4 

248 

' 

75 

398 

3 

76-92 

6 

246 

68 

2 

90 

181 

3 

264 

6 

+  60 

3} 

166 

3 

499 

2 

97 

tf  * 

142 

I  5 

147 

36-4 

131 

56 

8 

248.5 

35-45 
177-184 


Flows. 
Flows. 


-  50 
.        -  15 
- 125 


Flows. 
t  Flows 


-  18 

-  25 
-152 
-144 

Flows. 

-  40 


''33 
660 
6  75 


Pleistocene  

 do   No  flow  at  low  tide. 


6 45-65 
3-5 
16-50 


25 
Large. 
16 
10 

'( 18-20 
</50 


+  10 


Cretaceous. 
Pleistocene. 


Lloyd  sand . 


587 
588 
589 
590 
591 
592 
593 
594 
595 
.596 
597 
598 
599 
600 
601 
602 
603 
604 
605 
606 
607 
608 
609 

 ,  I  610 

 •.   611 

  612 

  613 

  614 

  615 

Klevation.  40  feet  above  tide   616 

  617 

Saltwater   618 

  ..  619 


Pleistocene   Elevation  about  20  feet  above  tide  . 


Initial  flow  estimated  125  gallons. 


Group  of  3  wells. 
....do  


020 
J 621 

 :  |  622 

  62 

  824 

Cretaceous?   625 

Pleistocene   Pumps  80  gallons   626 





629 

<  10 
«18 


0 


-  32 
Flows. 


25 
5 


'Jretaceous . 


631 

Cretaceous   632 

Lloyd  sand   633 


t  At  extremely  high  tide. 
<i  Each  well. 

e  Flows  into  underground  cistern  17  feet  l>elow  the  surface. 


154      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


634 

*635 

*636 

*637 
*638 
*639 
*640 
*641 
*642 
*643 

*644 

*645 
646 
647 

*648 
649 

*fi.50 


*6o4 
*655 
6.56 
*657 


*659 
*660 

061 
*662 
*663 
*664 

665 
*666 

667 

668 
*669 
*670 


672 
*673 
*674 
*675 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Lindenhurst   9C         Breslau  fire  department   J.Elliott. 

C  ,  Commission  


1  mile  northeast  of  Am 
ityville. 

1  mile  north  of  Linden-  9C  |  do 

hurst. 

  9C. 

Maywood   9C. 

  9C. 

  9C. 

  9C. 

Pinelawn   9  D 

Colonial  Springs   9  D 


Roman  Catholic  Church. 


DLx  Hills   9  D . 

Melville   9  D  . 

Dix  Hills   9E. 

Fairground   9  E . 

 do   9E. 

Huntington   9E. 

 do   8E. 


Geo.  Carll. 
J.  Elliott. . 


J.  Elliott. 


Alex.  S.  Gardner  

A.  C.  Soper  &  Co  j  H.  J.  Dubois. 

F.  Gallienne  do  

Waterworks   


651    Halesite   9E... 

*652  I  do  :  J  9E... 

*653    Centerport   BE... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


9  E. 
9  E. 
9E. 
9  E. 


Huntington 

Co. 

Huntington  Gas  Co   H.  J.  Dubois. 

Huntington    Light     and   do  

Power  Co. 

R.  F.  Carmen  do  

R.  S.  McCrary  do  

C.  A.  Hallock  I  do  

Hiram  Ackerly  do  

J.  J.  Robinson  do  


Authority. 


J.  Elliott  

Commission. 
 do-.  


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Geo.  Carll  

J.  Elliott  

D.  W.  Johnson  

Alex.  S.  Gardner  

A.  C.  Soper  &  Co  

H.  J.  Dubois  

Oscar  Darling,  consulting 
engineer. 

H.  J.  Dubois  

 do  


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


*658    Xorthport   9E...I  Northport  waterworks 


Larkfield  

Xorthport.. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

Little  Neck. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Eaton  Neck . 
 do  


♦671     Muncie  Island. 


Babylon  (7). 

Babylon  

 do  

Bayshore  


9  E. 
9  E. 
9E. 
9  E. 
9  E. 
9  E. 
9  E. 
9  E. 
9  E. 
9  E. 
9  F. 
9  F. 


f  Oscar  Darling,  consulting 
 \  engineer. 

Henry  Cabre   Henry  Cabre  

A.  O.  Gildersleeve  I  W.  C.  Jaegle   A.  0.  Gildersleeve  

Fred  Xevins   H.J.Dubois   Fred  Nevins  

Edward  Thompson  j  Edward  Thompson          Edward  Thompson  

F.  J.  Smith..'.  

Dexter  Cole  

D.  B.  Moss   H.J.Dubois   H.J.Dubois  

 Morrell  do  do  

P.  Van  Iderstine's  Sons  do  do  

 do  do  do  

 do  do  

Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  I   C.  H.  Danis  

L.  A.  Bevin  !  C.  H.  Danis  do  


10  B..  Dr.  E.  H.  Muncie. 


E.  K.  Hutchinson. 


E.  K.  Hutchinson  '  . 


ioc... 

IOC... 
10C... 


Maude  Adams   T.  B.  Rogers   T  B.  Rogers  

Long  Island  R.  R   Engineer  

Sumpwams  Water  Co   E.  Camerdon  chief  engineer 

Great  South  Bay  Water  Co  ,  C.  A.  Lockwood   C.  A.  Lockwood  


*For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"  Estimated  yield  per  well. 
6 See  Table  VlII. 


HE  PRESENT  ATIYE  WELLS. 


155 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Height  of 
I  Tw.tu  _»    water  I 
Diameter  Depth  of  ffipal  ab°^+>  SuPPl>- 
ofweU.       wel..       water  be^.{_) 
supply.  „n.,nii 


Inches. 
18 
2 


Feet. 
25-35 


21 

2J.5 

30 

°2 

30.5 

31 

42 


Feet. 


ground 
level. 


Feet. 

-  12 

-  32 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Gallons. 
Large.    Pleistocene . 


136 

56 


3 

374 

30-1 

267 

2 

205 

8 

60 

3 

102 

4 

75 

3 

238 

3 

18.5 

42 

131 

117 

50 

2 
6 

51 

2* 

186 
196 

92 

30 

15 

2 

4 

75 

3 

50 

3 

143 

3 

127 

28-55 

3 

340 

366 

3-2 

270 

a 

140 

22 

8 

70 

5 

40-45 

-124 
-  44 


Remarks 


Xo 


Wells  used  for  fire  protection  |  634 

Commission  No.  743    635 


Commission  Xo.  737. 


636 


Commission  No.  729    637 

Commission  Xo.  728  |  638 

Commission  Xo.  826  1  639 

Commission  Xo.  763    640 

Commission  Xo.  758  |  641 

642 
643 


Commission  Xo.  772  

The  Colonial  spring  and  the  Mo-Mo-Xe 
spring. 


-150 
-120 
-113 
-  5 


20 
10 
7-8 
a  150 

100 


  12  feet  of  white  clay  in  a  cistern  

Cretaceous   Small  water-bearing  horizon  at  100  feet . 

 do  


641 

645 
646 
647 

  MS 

  649 

3  wells  [6650 


Light-colored  gravel  0  to  102  feet   651 

  652 


17.5-185 


-188?   

-  75  ]   Jameco?  !  

-  13  25   

-  2S  .-   Bluish  sandv  clav  0  to  131  feel 

-  19  |  I  

Pleistocene   Springs  


172-186 


Flows. 

Flows. 
-172 
-141 

Flows 

-  31 
+  5 

-  48 

-  42 
-130 
-100 


200 
cl25 
12 
+25 


10-15 


Large. 
30 


200 
270 


0 

i  Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

-  60 

-  6 


653 
654 
655 
656 
657 


658 
(») 


Tisbury   Elevation  32  feet  

....do  \  

  Soft  water  I  659 

660 
661 
662 
663 
664 
665 
666 
667 
668 


Pleistocene 


..  Used  for  bottling  

.  Depth  shallow,  flows  2  gallons  per  minute. 


Cretaceous. . 

 do  

Pleistocene?. 


All  sand  and  gravel  

 do  

GroUD  of  wells,  all  fine  white  sand . 

Salt  water,  abandoned  

 do  

Dirty  water  

Good  water  


—  8        /300    Pleistocene  j  Group  of  4  wells  . 

—  4     Pi, 545  I  do   G roup  of  20  wells 

e  Yield  to  pumps. 

d  Slight  flow  of  saltv  water  at  high  tide. 

f  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  Xew  Jersey  for  1899, 1900,  p.  79. 

/  Each  well. 

g  Estimated  capacity  of  whole  station. 


670 

671 

672 
673 
6674 
6675 


17116— No.  44— 06- 


-11 


156      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


Deerpark   10  D..  H.  G.  Totten   H.  G.  Totten. 

Commack   10  E..  General   Postmaster.. 


 do   10  E.. 

.  ..do   10  E.. 

Kings  Park   10  E. . 

El  wood   10  E.. 

LarkSeld   10  E?. 

Kings  Park   10  E  . . 

....do   10  E  . . 


Victor  F.  Smith   Victor  F.  Smith. . 

J.  Otis  Smith   J.  Otis  Smith  

Carl  S.  Burr   H.J.Dubois   H.  J.  Dubois  

Captain  Clarke  do  do  

Fred  Parsons  

Wm.  Herod   Nelson  \V.  Davis   Xelson  W,  Davis . 

Brewster  Smith   Andrew  J.  Velsor   Andrew  J.  Velsor. 


Middleville   10  E  . .  Edward  Thompson  I  H.  J.  Dubois   Edward  Thompson 


Fort  Salonga   10  E . 

 do   10  E. 

.  ..do   10  E. 

 do   10  E. 

....do   10  E. 


J.  F.  McGuT  I  A.  J.  Velsor   A.  J.  Velsor. 

Edward  Rowley  do  do  

Doctor  Gillette  |  do  do  

H.  C.  Brown  

Justin  Butterfield  


Bayshore   11  C. 

....do   11  C. 

Islip  I  11C. 

Bayshore   11  C. 

....do  ;  ii c. 

East  Islip   11C. 

Brentwood   11  D. 

....do   11  D. 

Islip   11  D. 

....do   11  D . 

 do   11  D. 

Central  Islip   11  D. 

 do   n  D. 

....do   11  D. 


Great  South  Bay  Water  Co 
 Strong  


Brentwood   11  D  . 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


11  D. 

11  D. 
11  D. 


General  

Commission  

....do  

...do  

....do  

....do  

...do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Manhattan  State  Hospital 

St.  Joseptfs  in  the  Pines  

General  


  H.  C.  Brown  

A.  J.  Velsor   Justin  Butterfield 

[C.  A.  Lockwood . . . 


Ed 


|  John  C.  Lockwood . 

Schmidt   Ed.  Schmidt  

  Postmaster  

 I  Commission  

 do  


Central  Islip   11  D  . 

Hauppauge   11  D  . 

Smithtown   HE. 

 do  I  a  E. 

Smithtown  Branch   11  E. 

 do  j  11  E. 

.  ..do  I  ll  E. 

 do   11  E. 

 do  |  11  E. 


Commission . 
....do  


General . 


Chas.  Blyndenburgh . 

C.  B.  Pedrick  

J.  B.  Payne  

Fredrick  Noback  

C.  D.  Smith  

E.  M.  Smith  

Chas.  F.  Leeman 
Rassapeaque  Club. . . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Dr.  G.  A.  Smith, 
tendent. 


superin- 


  Oscar  Darling,  consulting 

engineer. 

J.  Elliott   J.  Elliott  


Commission . 

 do  


Postmaster 


C.  E.  Price   C.  E.  Price  

 do  '  do  

J.  B.  Payne   J.  B.  Payne  

C.  E.  Price   C.  E.  Price  

J.  B.  Redwood   J.  B.  Redwood. 

T.B.Rogers   T.B.Rogers... 

 do  ■  do  

X.  W.  Davis   X.  W.  Davis. . . 


*For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


1 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 

Depth  of 
well. 

Depth  of 

i  1 1  it  1 1  ><t ■ 

water 
supply. 

Height  of 

above(  +  ) 
or 

below(  — ) 
ground 
level. 

Supply 

per 
minute. 

Geologic  horizon  of 
water-hearing  strata. 

Remarks. 

Inches. 
30 

Feet. 
43 

15-75 

96 
110 
142 
170 
136 
152 
163 

33 

33 
162 

45 
120 
106 

73 
116 
106 

60 
+262 

67 

a  12-15 
102.5 
36 
30 
30 
30.5 
40.5 
41 
35 
25 
35 
40 

52 

50-80 

103 
44 

50-60 

49.5 
168 
127 
125 

95 
100 

Feet. 

Feet. 
-  37 

1 

Gallons. 

f  15-30 
\  .50-75 

36 
36-6 
36-3 
36-3 

72 
6 

30 

1  U 

1  6 

36-4 
33 

-  93 

-  95 

Soft  water  

 do  

138-142 

Large. 
Small. 



-100 
— 142 
-148 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 
— 110 

—  100 

—  66 

Tisburv  

All  sand  and  gravel  

120 

50 
10 

| 

All  sand  and  gravel  

Small. 
4 

48 

5 

—  100 

Pleistocene  

Group  of  wells;  abandoned  

262 

Flows. 

—  7 
a-  8 

49.5 

\      ii  H  r»npfi 

2 

Pleistocene  

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

8 

Commission  No.  861  

Commission  No.  843  

Commission  No.  1086  

Commission  No.  1087  

Commission  No.  1088  

Commission  No.  842  

Commission  No.  830  

Commission  No.  1186  

.... 

Commission  No.  1194  

Commission  No.  1183  

-  21 

-  25 

f     -  28 
j     —  52 

li  +  125 
150 

Pleistocene  

Group  of  17  wells  

Pleistocene  ?  

Pleistocene  

1 

2 
2 

Commission  No.  1141  

Commission  No.  1195  

|  -45 
(     -  50 
-  43 

!- 

Pleistocene?  

165-168 

Pleistocene  

-  36-2 

-  30 

-  50 

-  84 

-  85 

Soft  water;  incomplete  

125 

Pleistocene  

Hard  water  

 do  

6 

160 
18 

6 

Flows. 

60 

a  Average  for  this  vicinity. 


b  For  whole  system. 


158       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  weUs 


No. 


*718 

*rin 

720 
*721 
*722 
*723 
*724 
725 
726 
*727 


*729 
*730 
*731 
*732 

733 
•734 

735 
*736 

*737 

*738 
*739 
*740 
*74I 

742 
*743 
*744 
*745 
*746 

747 

748 
•749 
*750 
•751 
♦752 
♦753 
♦754 
*755 
•756 
•757 

758 
•759 
*760 
•761 
♦762 
*763 
•764 
*765 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


King's  Park   HE. 

 do   he. 


Nissequogue  River   HE. 

 do   11  E  . 

 do   11  E. 

Stony  Brook  Harbor...  HE. 
 do  |  11  E  . 

Oakdale   12  C  . 

 do   12  C  . 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Society  of  St.  Johnsland 
Long  Island  State  Hospital. 


George  Schmidt  

Hudson  Engineering 
and  Contracting  Co. 

H.  J.  Dubois  


.do. 


W.  W.  Kenyon  

W.  .1.  Matherson  :  C.  H.  Danis. 

L.  Harris  I  T.  B.  Rogers 

R.  H.  Smith  do  

H.  W.  Reboul  1  do  

W.  K.  Vanderbilt   J.  Elliott. . . . 

F.  G.  Bourne  do  


12  C  .  .  C.  R.  Roberts   Theo.  J.  Kirk. 


728    West  Sayville   12  C  . .  General. 


Sayville   12  C  . 

Ronkonkoma   12  D  . 

 do   12  D. 

 do  |  12  D. 

 do   12  D. 

 do  j  12  D. 

Lake  Ronkonkoma  |  12  D  . 

 do   12  D. 


Commission  

 do  

 do  

 do  

General  ■  

John  Klaiber  |  S.  E.  Terry  

F.  G.  Hallock   Arthur  &  Tuthill. 

Wm.  Ralston   Wm.  Ralston  


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


  12  D. 

 i  12D. 

  12  D. 

  12  D. 

  12  D. 

  12D. 

 j  12D. 

Lake  Grove   12  E  . 

 do  1  12  E  . 

 do  j  12  E. 

 do  :..  12  E  . 

 do  I  12  E  . 

St.  James  I  12  E  . 

 do  I  12  E. 

 do   12  E  . 

 do  I  12  E  . 

 do  I  12  E  . 

 do  I  12  E  . 

 do  I  12  E. 

 do  I  12  E  . 

Stony  Brook   12  F  . 

 do  I  12  F. 

 do  I  12F. 

Setauket   12  F  . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


12  F. 
12  F  . 
12  F  . 
12  F  . 
12  F  . 
♦For 


J.  AVeber   Arthur  &  Tuthill . 

George  E.  Plunkett.  do  

R.  W.  Newton  j  T.  B.  Rogers  

W.  Imhauser  estate   Arthur  &  Tuthill. 

Nelson  Newton   Wm.  Ralston  

E.  Hollis  Newton  

W.  H.  Warner   Arthur  <v  Tuthill. 

John  Morrissey   S.  E.  Terry  

Irving  Overton  do  

Dr.  Monecke  do  

M.  A.  Metzner  

B.  Franklin  Hallock  I  T.  B.  Rogers 

Commission  

Father  Ducey  

Jerome  Saxe  

D.  Emmctt  

 do  

 do  

Commission  

 do  

Chas.  T.  Darling  

Win.  Shipman  estate.. 

George  Erland,  sr  

Woodhull  Rowland... 

Wm.  Clarke  

Howard  Wallace  

Wilmot  T.  Cox  

Nort  House  

Chas.  Benner  


T.  B.  Rogers 

 do  

 do  

 do  

A.  J.  Velsor. . 


Plat  Gildersleeve. . 

....do  

T.  B.  Rogers  

....do  

....do  

....do  

E.  K.  Hutchinson. 
Nelson  W.  Davis. . 
....do  


Authority. 


Society  of  St.  Johnsland  

Long  Island  State  Hospital. 

H.  J.  Dubois  

C.  H.  Danis  

T.  B.  Rogers  

....do  

 do  

J.  Elliott  

 do  

Theo.  J.  Kirk  


Postmaster. 


Commission. . 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Postmaster. . . 
S.  E.  Terry... 
W.  T.  Arthur. 
Wm.  Ralston  . 

W.  T.  Arthur. 


 do  

T.  B.  Rogers  

W.  T.  Arthur  

Wm.  Ralston  

E.  Hollis  Newton. . . . 

W.  T.  Arthur  

S.  E.  Terry  

....do  

 do  

B.  Franklin  Hallock. 

 do  

Commission  

T.  B.  Rogers  

 do  

...do  

....do  

A.  J.  Velsor  

Commission  

....do  

Chas.  T.  Darling  

....do  

T.  B.  Rogers  

 do  

 do  

 do  

Wilmot  T.  Cox  

Nelson  W.  Davis  

 do  


additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


159 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Inches. 


6 

90 

4 

212 

3 

140 

100 

117 

110 

12 

50 

12 

40 

2 

10-50 

2 

45 

2 

62 

2 

56 

2 

25 

60-90 

8 

81 

li 

73 

36 

54 

'J 

117 

36-1 J 

70 

6 

60 

li 

75 

36 

33 

40 

27 

i 

8 

47 
86 

8 

58 

S 

24 

2 

38 

2 

59 

6 

150 

6 

250 

6 

300 

6 

97 

36 

160 

2 

90 

2 

70 

30-6 

123 

36 

90 

6 

107 

6 

252 

6 

90 

6 

70 

6 

320 

2 

40 

3 

50 

Depth  of 
well. 


Feet. 


Depth  of 
principal 
water 
supply. 


Feet. 


Height  of 

water 
above(  +  )  Supply 

or  per 
below(  — )  minute, 
ground 
level. 


.40 


196-212 


63-81 
63-73 


32 
112 


Feet. 
-  55 
"  Flow. 

-114 


60 


Gallons. 


I,  025 


12 
20 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Pleistocene. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Hard  water  

Group  of  12  wells. 


Water  hard  and  salty. 


 (  Soft  water  

Cretaceous  ?  

Tisbury   All  sand  

Tisbury  ?  

 do  j  All  sand  

Pleistocene   2  tile  wells  

 do  do  

  Water  unsatisfactory . 


65 
63 
63 
50 

31 

62 


30 
23 
35 
72 
52 
17 


-  28 


Commission  No.  1198. 
Commission  No.  1196. 
Commission  No.  1200. 
Commission  No.  1202. 


Pleistocene  ?. 


All  white  sand. 


Pleistocene  

 do  !  Soft  water. 


Pleistocene. . 
Pleistocene  ?. 


Hard  water  

Water  used  for  local  irrigation. 


Clay  8  to  21  feet  

Group  of  4  wells  used  for  irrigation 


Commission  No.  1205 


-132 
-208? 

-  90 

-  83 
-156 


Large.  Pleistocene. 
  Tisbury  


Tisbury. 


.  .5-123 


-  75 

-  50 
Flows. 

-  24 

-  44  I... 
a  When  not  pumping. 


+  18 


Tisbury. 

 do... 

 do... 

 do... 


Cretaceous. 


Commission  No.  1206 . 
Commission  No.  1236. 

All  sand  

 do  


Flow  varies  with  the  tide. 


Tisbury  

Cretaceous  

Pleistocene?  

 do  I  

&  Yield  to  pumps  from  whole  plant  of  12  wells. 


718 
719 

720 
721 
722 
723 
724 
725 
726 
727 

728 

729 
730 
731 
732 
733 
734 
735 
736 

737 

738 
739 
740 
741 
742 
743 
744 
745 
746 
747 
748 
749 
750 
751 
752 
753 
754 
755 
756 
757 
758 
759 
760 
76) 
762 
763 
764 
765 


160       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  veils 


No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


|0| 

*768 
*769 
•770 
*771 
*772 
*773 
*774 

♦77.5 

*776 
777 
♦778 

*7;n 

*780 
*781 
*782 

78.3 
*784 
♦785 
*786 
*787 
*788 
*789 
♦790 
*791 
♦792 
*793 
*794 
*795 
*796 
*797 
♦798 

799 
*800 
♦801 

802 
*803 

*804 

80.5 


Crane  Neck  

 do  

 do  

Old  Field  Point  

 do  

Mount  Misery  Point. .. 

Sayville  

Bayport  station  

Patchogue  


.do. 


 do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

 do  

Holbrook  

Holtsville  

Farmingville  

 do  

....do  

....do  

 do  

 do  

Farmingville  (?) . 

Selden  

 do  

 do  

New  Village  

Terryville  

 do  

Echo  

 do  

 do  

Port  Jefferson... 

 do  

 do  

 do  


.do. 
.do. 


*806   do. 

♦807   do. 

♦808   do. 

809   do. 

810   do. 


*811   do  

*812  Mount  Sinai. 
*813  Bellport  


12  F  .  . 
12  F  .  . 
12  F  .  . 
12  F  .  . 
12  F  .  . 

12  F  .  . 

13  C  .  . 
13  C  .  . 
1.3  C  .  . 

13  C  .. 


1.3  F. 
13  F. 

13  F  . 
13  F  . 
13  F  . 
13  F  . 
13  F. 

13  F  . 

13  F. 

14  D. 


Elversley  Cliilds . . 
Frank  Melville,  jr. 
John  Thatcher  


General. 


T.  B.  Rogers. 

 do  

....do  

 do  

 do  

Cole  Bros  


General  

Long  Island  R.  R . 


Arthur  &  Tuthill. 


Sea  Cliff  Hotel   Theo.  J.  Kirk. 

Nassau  Ovster  Co  do  


T.  B.  Rogers.. 

 do  

 do  

....do  

 do  

Cole  Bros  

Postmaster  . . 
W.  T.  Arthur. 
Theo.  J.  Kirk. 


Theo.  J.  Kirk  do. 

Great  South  Bay  Water  Co. 

Commission  

....do  1  

....do  

...do  

 Reynolds   Theo.  J.  Kirk. 


.do. 


C.  B.  Dedrick  I  

Commission  

A.  P.  Terry  '  S.  E.  Terry  

August  Fuch  do  

D.  Schwarting  !  do  

Wm.  Clark  I  do  

Mrs.  Max  Richter  do  

Frank  Franz   Theo.  J.  Kirk  

John  F.  Byrne   S.  E.  Terry  

Doctor  Emerson  I  do  

Axel  Hodges  I  do  

Adolph  Sembler  do  

Commission   Commission 

 do  do  

 do  do  


Commission. . 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Theo.  J.  Kirk. 
C.  B.  Dfdrick . 
Commission. . 
S.  E.  Terry. .. 
....do..>.^7„ 

....do  

....do.. 

....do  

Theo.  J.  Kirk. 
S.  E.  Terry  . . 

....do  

....do  

....do  


.do. 


Thos.  Marsh   Nelson  W.  Davis . 

J.  J.  Overton  1  do  

J.  L.  Darling  do  

J.  H  Davis  do  

Port  Jefferson  Water  Co         T.  B.  Rogers  


 do  

Nelson  W.  Davis. 

 do  

 do  

 do  

T.  B.  Rogers  


Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis. 

 Drver  do  do  


A.  T.  Norton  do. 

J.  W.  Brown  do. 

J.  Biddle  do. 

..do. 


Port  Jefferson  Fire  Co. 
Port  Jefferson  Co  


 do  

J.  H.  Hopkins . . . 
Joseph  M.  Shaw . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Pierce  Well  Engineering  Pierce  Well  Engineering  Co. 

Co. 

T.  B.  Rogers  j  T.  B.  Rogers  

Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis  

Arthur  &  Tuthill   W.  T.  Arthur  


♦For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 


LI. 

«. 

6 
6 
6 

li 
-6 

li 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 

13 

36 

2 
12 

8 

8 

8 

8 

2 

8 

8 

8 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

3 
2 
6 

6 
li 

11 

2 
3 

2 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 

! — Continued. 


161 


Depth  of 
well. 


Feet. 
38 
80 
65 
50 
43 
275 
40-45 
28 
8 
72 
19 
28 

Shallow. 

150 
50 
50 
51 
90 
46 
50 

110 
70 
27 
59 
00 
80 
64 
59 
38 
38 
70 
59 
85 
90 

1.50 
20 
96 
±25 
54 


75.5 
60 

140 
90 
120 

Shallow. 

35 

370 
95 
45 


Depth  of 
priticip;i 
water 
supply. 

Height  oi 

water 
above  (+) 
or 

below  ( — ) 
ground 
level. 

Supply 

per 
minute. 

GroOlOKZG  liori/.on  of 
water-bearing  strata. 

Remarks. 

Feet. 

Feet. 
-  12' 

Gallons. 

Pleistocene  

Salt  water  

Tisbury?  

—  30 

+  15 

Salt  water  

36 

Fresh  water  

Well  abandoned  

-  30 

Pleistocene  

Black  water:  abandoned  

-  17 

-  18 

-  80 
-  40 

-  65 

-  22 

-  52 

-  54 

-  70 

-  54 

-  26 

-  32 

Commission  No.  1237  

Tisbury?  

Commission  No.  1214  

Commission  No.  1233  

-145 
Flows. 

-  40 
Flows. 
Flows. 

Flows. 
Flows. 

Large. 

5 

Pleistocene  

2  wells.    Pumps  133  gallons  per  well  per 
minute. 

25 

 do  

This  well  ceased  to  flow  when  No.  804  was 
completed. 

140 

-  70 
-110 



100 

Pleistocene  

Wells  for  fire  protection  

Flows.  , 

Temperature  58°  F.;  pumps  42  gallons  per 
minute. 

Small. 
Good. 

-  88 

-  20 

a  See  Table  VIII. 


162       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  weds 


No. 


*814 


816 
817 

*818 

*819 

820 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


2  miles  west  of  Yaphank 
station. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


Walter  McGee   S.  K.  Terry   S.  E.  Terry. 


Yaphank   HE..  Dr.  C.  A.  Baker  '  Dr.  C.  A.  Baker. 


Coram   HE. 

Middle  Island   HE. 


E.S.  Still   S.E.Terry   S.E.Terry  

Wm.  Davis   Nelson  \V.  Davis.   Nelson  W.  Da  vis. 


.do   14  E  . .  Judge  Bartlett . 


Rocky  Point   14  F. 

 do   14  F. 


Hawman  Bros  

Long  Island  R.  R  . 


821     Brookhaven   15  D  .  .  General. 


*822 
823 
*824 

*825 


Manorville   15  E  . 

Wading  River   15  F  . 

Wardenclvffe   15  F  . 


S.  E.  Terry   S.  E.  Terrv. 


Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis. . 

  Long  Island  R.  R. 


Postmaster. 


Mrs.  Groty   J.  W.  Nichol 


J.  W.  Nichol. 


..1  i. 


15  F 


Nikola  Tesla . 


*826    Woodville  Landing   15  F  . 

*827   do  1  15  F  . 

*828    Wading  River   15  F  . 

*829   do   15  F  . 

*830   do  '  15  F  . 

*831    Center  Moriches   16  D  . 


*832 
*833 
834 
835 
*836 
837 
*838 
*839 
*840 

*841 

*842 


 do   16  D. 

 do   16  D. 

 do   16  D. 

 do   16  D. 

East  Moriches   16  D. 

 do   16  D. 

South  Manor   16  E  . 

 do   16  E. 

 do   16  E  . 


Mary  Miller  I  Preston  Raynor  1  Preston  Raynor. . 

Geo.  E.  Hageman  I  Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis. 

[T.  B.  Rogers.,   Nikola  Tesla  

 IW.  H.  Beers   W.  H.  Beers  

[North  Shore  Industrial  Co   Jas.  S.  Warden . . . 

{J.  S.  Warden   S.  B.  Saxe  

Wardenclvffe    Brick    and    Jas.  S.  "Warden. . . 

Tile  Co. 

Long  Island  R.  R   Dollard  Bros   Dollard  Bros  

Mrs.  De  Groat  J.  W.  Nichol   J.  W.  Nichol  

S.  W.  Wheeler   Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis. 

Dr.  Wm.  Carr   Robinson  Bros   Robinson  Bros. . . 

Otto  Lauraman  do  do  

Wm.  Hallock  do  do  

 Kroln  do  !  do  

Dr.  A.  J.  Woodruff   Arthur  &  Tuthill   W.T.Arthur  

W.  Frank  Smith   W.  Franx  Smith. 

George  Harris   George  Harris  

Wesley  Young   J.  W.  Nichol   J.  W.  Nichol  

Alfred  Steele  do  do  

Benj.  Raynor  do  do  


.do. 


16  E 


.do. 


  16  E  . 

*843  I  Manorville   16  E  . 

*844   do   16  E  . 

*845  I  do....   16  E  . 

*846   do   16  E  . 


Wallace  Raynor  do. 

Porter  Howell  do. 


.do. 


.do. 


J.  W.  Nichol  

M.  E.  Raynor.  

Long  Island  R.  R  . 
Mrs.  Jones  


*847 

♦848 
*840 
*850 
*851 
*852 

853 

*S54o 
♦855 


•  do   16  E  . .  Preston  Ravnor. 


Hulse  Landing   16  E 

Remsenbuig   17  D 

Speonk   17  D 


 do  

 do  

fCalverton  

(....do  

Baiting  Hollow. 
 do  


17  D. . 
17  D. . 
17  E  . . 
17  E  .. 
17  F  .. 
17  F  .. 


Dr.  J.  H.  Darlington. 

R.  B.  Dayton  

Jacob  Raynor  

Ellsworth  Raynor. . . 

W.  C.  Rogers  

Mrs.  Robinson  

General  

Chas.  H.  Wells  

Charles  Warner  


 do  do  

 do  |  do  

  Long  Island  R.  R. 

J.  W.  Nichol   J.  W.  Nichol  


Preston  Raynor   Preston  Raynor. 


W.  II.  Beers   Dr.  J.  H.  Darlington. 

 |  R.  B.  Dayton  

Arthur  &  Tuthill   W.  T.  Arthur  

 do  j  do  

 do  do  

Wm.  V.  Young   Wm.  V.  Young  

  Postmaster  

Wm.  V.  Young   Wm.  V.  Young  

Arthur  A  Tuthill   W.  T.  Arthur  

*For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  ct  seq. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


163 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Inches. 


36 

n 

8 
4 


Depth  of 
well. 


60-8 


48-3 


H 
3 
3 
li 

3 
U 
3 
28 

n 
u 

H 


Feet. 


18-24 

33 
62 

39 

128 
120 

14-20 

29 
50 
123 
166 
347 
94 
90 
57 

110 

38 
68 
20 
34 
20 
67 
26 
33 
60 
22 
15 
24 

36 

20 
12 
15 


Depth  of 
principal 
water 
supply. 


Height  of 

water 
above(+) 
or 

below(— ) 
ground 
level. 


Feet. 


32 


29 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Feet.  Gallons. 

-  62  1  


Remarks. 


-  18 


Wisconsin   All  morainal  material  

  Medium  white  sand  0  to  62  feet. 


Wisconsin . 


-121  12-15  Tisbury' 
-106   


+  36 


-  10 

-  21     |  I  Clay  3  to  29  feet  

  Tisbury?   All  sand  and  gravel. . 

-113   !  

-  110  15    Tisbury   Water  pure  and  soft. 

  Experimental  well . . . 


Tisbury . 
Jameco?. 


-  28 


Clay  from  0  to  47  feet. 


-  10 

-  28 

-  56.5 

-  18 

-  12 

-  22 

-  10 

-  15 

-  9 

-  12 


Abandoned . 

Tisbury  

Pleistocene  

....do  

...do  1  

 do  I  All  sand  and  gravel  

 do  do  

 do   Soft  water  

 do  '  do  

Sand  and  stones  2  to  22  feet  . 

Sand  2  to  15  feet  

Clay  22  to  24+  feet  


Pleistocene?   Clav  3  to  15,  19  to  36  feet . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Clav  6  to  7  feet. 


42 
42 
32 
92 
25 
29 
26 
26 
65 
20-50 
105 
99 


Pleistocene?. 


92  -  87 
10-25  -  10 
  -  21 


Clay  3  to  42  feet . . 
Clay  3  to  40  feet . . 
Clay  12  to  28  feet. 


Large. 
20 


Pleistocene. 

 do  


Clay  21  to  25  feet . 
Clay  18  to  20  feet . 


Pleistocene. . 
Pleistocene?. 


-  20   

-  54   

-  20   

-  94   

I    -  90  I  

a  Other  wells  also  numbered  854  have  similar  sections. 


All  sand  and  gravel . 


853 

854 
855 


164       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


*85fi 
•856  A 
•857 
*8S8 
*859 
*860 
*861 
862 


*8«3 


•864 
865 
866 


867 


*869 
*870 

871 
•872 

873 

*874 
•875 

876 
•877 

878 

•879 

•880 

•881 

•881  A 

•882 

•883 

•884 

•885 

886 

887 


•890 
891 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Baiting  Hollow   17  F  . 

Centerville   17  F  . 

West  Hampton  Beach.  18  D  . 

Quogue  Beach   18  D  . 

Quogue   18  D  . 

 do   18  D. 

....do   18D. 

Quogue  Station   18  E  . 


Howell  Sandford   Arthur  &  Tuthill. 

Sydney  Shaw  I  S.  E.  Terry  

Augustus  Zabriskie   Arthur  <$:  Tuthill 

Hallock  &  Small   Nelson  W.  Dans. 

Asha  B.  Hallock  


W.  T.  Arthur  

S.  E.  Terry  

W.  T.  Arthur  

Nelson  W.  Davis, 
.do   Asha  B.  Hallock. 


Authority. 


J.  Wendell   Cole  Bros. 

Quantuck  Water  Co  

Long  Island  R.  R  


Riverhead   18  E  .  .  Riverhead  Waterworks. .. .   Nelson  W.  Davis. 


....do   18  F. .. 

Northville   18F..J 

Cum  Citv   18-19  F 


Yetter  <fc  Moore  ,  W.  V.  Young. 

Chas.  Wells  I  A.  O.  Ryder. . 

Nicholas  Brown  do  


Cole  Bros  

Henry  Gardner,  treasurer. . 
Long  Island  R.  R  


Nelson  W.  Davis. 


John  R.  Perkins. 


W.  V.  Young. 
A.  O.  Ryder. . 

 do  


Good  Ground   19  F. .  .  General   S.  L.  Squires. 


 do   19  E. 

Jamesport   19  F . 

 do   19  F. 


Gilsey  estate  I  J.  Elliott  j  J-  Elliott. 

Capt.  Jas.  Downs   W.  V.  Young  j  W.  V.  Young. 

John  J.  McLaughlin  


Mattituck   19  F?. 

 do....'  .-   19  F. 


F.  M.  Lupton  

Long  Island  R.  R. 


Chas.  Darling,  consulting 
engineer. 

 do  

Long  Island  R.  R  


.do. 


19  F-G  General  I  Dr.  E.  K.  Morton. 


Shinnecock  Hills   20  F. .  . 

North  Sea   20-21  F 

New  Suffolk   20  F  .  . 

 do  |  20F..i 

Southold   20-21  G 

Southampton   21E..I 

Hampton  Park   21  E. 

 do   21  E. 

Water  Mill   21  E. 

Shelter  Island  1  21  G. 


 Thane  |  Chester  D.  Corwin   Chester  D.  Corwin  

Chas.  W.  Payne   W.  T.  Arthur   W.  T.  Arthur  

Donald  Goldsmith   Arthur  &  Tuthill  do  

 Reid  do  do  

  Nelson  W.  Davis   Nelson  W.  Davis  

rOsear  Darling,  consulting 
Southampton  Water  Co  I  engineer. 

iGeo.  Elliston.  encineer  

Mrs.  S.  F.  McDonald   Arthur  &  Tuthill   W.T.Arthur  

Edward  G.  Whittaker  1  do  do  

General  i   Frederick  H.  Rose  


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


21  G. 
21  G. 
21  G. 
21  G. 
21  G. 
21  G. 


John  F.  Becker  

 Ulmer  

John  Weber  

J.  N.  Stearns  

Mrs.  Post  

Capt.  Max  Walthers. 
A.  O.  Rvder  


Harry  Strausbinger . 

 do  

 do  

A.  O.  Ryder  


Harry  Strausbinger. 

 do  

 do  

A.  O.  Rvder  


Nelson  W.  Darts   Nelson  W.  Davis. 


A.  O.  Ryder. 
....do  


Shelter  Island  Heights.  21  H.  .  {ShSoCfarti0Snand  Hei*ht»  As_ 
Shelter  Island   21  II 


A.  O.  Ryder. 
 do..  


/Wesley  Smith,  superintend- 
\  ent." 


Grcenport   21  H. 


Manhanset  House   W.  H.  Havens,  chief  engi- 

neer. 

J.  Madison  Wells. . . 


 I  A.  O.  Ryder   A.  O.  Ryder. 


•For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 


REPRESENTATIVE  WELLS. 


1<)5 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Din  meter 
of  well. 


Depth  of 
well. 


Inches. 
2* 
12-3 
2-1* 


Feet. 
104 
109 

20 
225 
277 
277 

40 
42-16 
225 
305 


16 
150 

35 

15-90 


8 
H 

3 


32 
45 

70 

30 
20 

12-90 

35 
25 

28.5 

88 

70 


80 
80 
111 


Height  of 

n._4.i,  „<  water 
Depth  of    -      ,  ,0 

principal  ftt)0T!<  > 

water  ibelowC-) 
ground 
level. 


supply. 


Feet. 


225 


Feet. 

-  96 

-  92 


83 
225 
305 


60  711 


36 
36 


36-6 
36 


52 
43 
53 
35 
60 
73 
62 
33 
60 
36 
65 


+  12 
+  3 
Flows. 

-  4 

-  30 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

-  5 
-135 

-  30 
<•-  40 

-  50 

-  22 

-  6 

-  7 

-  16 


!  : 


-  12 
90 


-  35 


-100 


-  30 

-  50 

-  68 

-  50 

-  18 


45  35-15 
a  Estimated. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Gallons. 


1-2 
a  347 


Geologic  horizon  of 
water-bearing  strata. 


Remarks. 


Pleistocene . 
Cretaceous . 

 do  

 do  


Fluctuates  with  the  tide  

Flows  16  gallons  per  minute. 
Flows  1  gallon  per  minute... 


Group  of  6  wells  b. 
2  wells  


(»)  

Flows  1.50  gallons. . 
Pumps  133  gallons. 


Pleistocene? 
Pleistocene . 


All  coarse  white  sand . 
All  medium  red  sand. . 


Fair. 


.do. 
.do. 


All  light-colored  sand  and  gravel. 


30-40 

50    Pleistocene . 


Hood. 


All  sand . 
 do... 


Pleistocene . 


.do. 
.do. 


All  white  sand . . . 
Clay  4  to  88  feet.. 
Clay  40  to  60  feet . 


dm 

Small. 


100 
0 


Pleistocene. 


Jameco?  

Pleistocene . 


Group  of  3  wells  . 
Clay  34  to  80  feet. 
Clay  2  to  82  feet. . 


Pleistocene . 

 do  

Sankaty  

Tisbury  

Tisbury?... 
Sankaty 
Tisbury  


All  sand  and  gravel. 

....do  


Tisbury   Group  of  IS  wells  . 


—  45    Jameco?  

t>  See  Table  VIII.  c  Average. 


No. 


856 
856  A 
857 
858 
859 
860 
6  861 
862 


863 


864 
865 
866 

867 


869 
870 

871 

872 


874 
875 
876 
877 
878 

879 
(6) 
880 
881 
881 A 
882 
883 
884 
885 


889 
(») 
(■890 


d  Test  for  whole  station  of  3  wells. 


166       UNDERGROUND  WATER   RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XI. — Representative  wells 


No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


*892    Greenport   21  H.  .1  Village  of  Greenport. 


*893   do  

*894  East  Marion. 

♦895   do  

896   do  


21  H. 
21  H. 
21  H. 
21  H. 


*897    Bridgehampton   22  F.. 

898   do   22  F.. 

899  Sagaponack   22  F. 


Long  Island  R.  K  . 


East  Marion  Life- Saving  A.O.Ryder. 
Station. 

W.  F.  Furst  .1  

General  


Jas.  A.  Sanford  A:  Son  Tas.  A.  Sanford  &  Son. 

General  

 do  i  


*900 


.do. 


22  F. 


*901    Sag  Harbor   22  F. 

902   do   22  F. 


J.  Wilkes  Hedges  [  

John  K.  Morris  '  I.  H.  Ford. 


*903 


«IIM 


.do. 


.do. 


22  F.. 


22  F.. 


*905   do   22F-G 

906    Shelter  Island   22  G... 

*907   do  ,  22  G... 

•908  (  do   22  G... 

*909    Orient  ( Long  Beach)  ...  22  H  . . 

*910  I  Easthampton   23  F... 

*911    Plum  Island   23  I . . . 

912    Amagansett   24  F.. . 

»913   do   24  F... 

*914    Gull  Island   24  I . . . 

•MS    Montank   26  G... 


'  Harbor  Waterworks  Co   E.  Camerdon. 


Fab;  Watch  Case  Co   Frank  Wankel 


Authority. 


W.  E.  Reynolds. 


Long  Island  R.  R . 

A.  O.  Ryder  

W.  F.  Furst  

Postmaster  


.las.  A.  Sanford. 
Postmaster  

 do  


J.  Wilkes  Hedges. 
John  K.  Morris. . . 


E.  Camerdon  

H.  F.  Cook,  president. 

Frank  Wankel  


Chas.  W.  Payne  (   John  EL  Hunt  

F.  M.  Smith   A.  O.  Ryder   A.  O.  Ryder  

Doctor  Benjamin  J  do  do  

J.  Eugene  Parker  do  '  do  

Orient  Manufacturing  Co. ..  •  Uriah  White  

Easthampton  Home  Water    W.  C.  Jaegle  I.  A.  Worthington,  engi- 


«llfi 
*917 
*9I8 


.do. 
.do. 


26  G. 
26  G. 
26  G. 


*9I9     Fishers  Island   26  J.. 


Co. 


U.  S.  Army. 


O.  \V.  Degenti. 


General  I  Postmaster  

Long  Island  R.  R   C.  A.  Lockwood   C.  A.  Lockwood. 

U.  S.  Army  \  1  0.  W.  Degend... 


.do. 


C.  A.  Lockwood   C.  A.  Lockwood. 


Long  Island  R.  R   Long  Island  R.  R. 

Fort  Pond  1  !  do  

Great  Pond  '  do  

E.  M.  &  W.  Ferguson   C.  L.  Grant   C.  L.  Grant  


*  For  additional  data  see  descriptive  notes,  pp.  168  et  seq. 
"  Reported  test  of  first  4  wells. 
&See  Table  VIII. 


REPRESENTS TTV E  WELLS. 


167 


on  Long  Island — Continued. 


Diameter 
of  well. 


Height  of 

Depth  of  principal  abov^(+)   ^P1*'  j    Geologic  horizon  of 


well. 


,,..1.-       IMHJWl  — 

suppl>.  ground 
level. 


below(-)  minute,    w  ater-bearing  strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 

'  6 
6-4 


Frrt. 

28-18 


15-20 
12 
50 

35 

18-36 

300 
20-60 
20-W 


Feet. 
665 


Feet.  Gallons. 

  a  300  Pleistocene. 

Flow   Llovd  sand'? 


-  48 


185 
40-100 


1S2 


f     -  18  I 

I     -  30  | 

-  35   

-  25   

-  30  j  

-  15  j 

-  40  | 

-145?   Pleistocene 


  892 

Abandoned:  rock  below  670;   supply  very  f,. 
small.  "    J(  ' 


  Analyses    893 

Tisbury   894 



Pleistocene   896 


Cretaceous   897 

Pleistocene   898 

 do   |   899 


.do. 


900 


40 
90 
130 
1.55-160 


-  3 


  "Mineral  springs:'"  a  large  chalybeate  spring  902 

Pleistocene  1  Abandoned  for  surf  ace  supply  6903 


500 


.do. 


(Abandoned  because  of  contamination  from 
\      chemicals  in  factory. 


904 


80 
38 
60 
76 


 I   Brackish  water.  3  to  20  feet   905 

-  35    Tisbury   All  sand  |  906 

-  40  j  I  Sankaty?  j   907 

-  71    Tisbury   908 


+406    Struck  rock  and  well  abandoned. 

75-86    -  32$        <-166  '  Pleistocene   Group  of  3  wells  


909 
&910 


85 


28 


Pleistocene?   Group  of  3  wells. 


10 
8-4 

8-10 


20-50   1    «  —  45  |   Pleistocene  1  

107    -  67         +15  |  do  t  

291  91    /Flow.    Salt  water.  0 to  110 feet:  abandoned. 

30    -  13            52  \ 


911 

912 
913 
914 


^Pleistocene   915 

37  10  1   69  J  I 

 J  '  I  Analysis   916 

 do   >J17 

 do   918 

485                                                                                     Rock  at  204  feet:  abandoned   919 


c  Test  of  single  well. 

d  Superintendent  of  construction  and  civil  engineer,  quartermaster's  department. 
<  Average. 
/  Salt  water. 


168       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES. 

[Numbers  in  black-faced  type  correspond  to  those  used  in  the  table  preceding.] 

1.  The  sample  from  this  well  preserved  in  Mr.  Gregory's  office,  marked  "Hoffmans  Island  210  feet,"  is  a 
dark,  bluish-gray  sand,  apparently  glacial. 

Record  of  quarantine  station  well,  Hoffmann  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand,  clay,  and  gravel,  with  salt  water     0-450 

2.  Rock,  with  salt  water   450-750 

3.  Rock,  with  fresh  water   750-1,000 

2.  In  1867  John  Nadir,  United  States  engineer  at  Fort  Hamilton,  carefully  examined  the  underlying  for- 
mations at  Fort  Lafayette,  making  borings  800  to  1,000  feet  from  the  shore.  These  borings  showed  the  follow- 
ing section:" 

Generalized  record  of  United  States  Army  test  borinas  at  Fort  Lafayette,  N.  Y. 

Feet. 

1.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  few  broken  shells    0-20 

2.  Decayed  marsh  or  meadow  mud  with  diatomacese  and  spiculae  of  sponges  and  shells   20-23 

3.  Gravel  and  sand  containing  many  broken  shells    23-40 

4.  Mud,  quite  compact,  which  appears  to  have  been  a  marsh  with  scanty  vegetation, 

rather  than  a  meadow.  In  this  formation  a  great  number  of  shells  were  found  which 
were  identified  as  Nassa  obsoleta ,  Anomia  ephippium,  Mya  arenaria,Crepidula  fornicata, 
Solenensis,  Mytilus  edulis   40-53 

3.  See  plan  and  cross  section  of  south  Brooklyn  tunnel,  by  Isaiah  Bowman,  from  notes  furnished  by  J.  C. 
Meem, civil  engineer  (PI.  XXV).  Mr.  Meem  states  that  in  order  to  keep  the  tunnel  dry  750,000  to  1,000,000 
gallons  pei'  day  were  pumped  from  each  of  the  seven  shafts. 

4.  Mr.  L.  B.  Ward  gives  the  following  data:i>  "This  company  has  no  municipal  contract.  Its  area  of 
operation  comprises  Blythebourne  and  Borough  Park  tracts,  situated  in  the  Thirtieth  Ward.  The  supply 
is  pumped  from  open  wells  at  a  depth  of  80  feet.  The  works  consist  of  1  principal  pumping  station,  and  1 
reserve  station,  also  5  elevated  tanks  (wooden  structures)  of  25,000  gallons  each.  Daily  pumpage  200,000 
gallons.    An  average  of  106,000  gallons  per  day  is  also  received  from  the  city." 

5.  Mr.  J.  C.  Breckenridge,  general  manager  of  the  Brooklyn  Rapid  Transit  Company,  in  a  letter  dated 
April  29,  1901,  gives  the  following  data  regarding  this  well:  "Well  was  put  down  1,503  feet;  8  inches  in  diameter 
to  1,000  feet,  and  6  inches  below  that  point.  It  was  never  pumped  to  determine  the  yield,  as  the  water  always 
tested  salty  and  unfit  for  boiler  use.  The  original  plan  was  to  go  down  to  a  fissure  in  the  bed  rock  where 
il  was  supposed  a  stream  of  running  water  suitable  for  boiler  use  could  be  found.  The  nature  of  the  material 
penetrated  was  as  follows: 

Record  of  Brooklyn  Rapid  Transit  Company's  v)ell  at  Brooklyn,  N .  Y . 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand   i   0-73 

2.  Clay   73-95 

Sankaty : 

3.  Fine  sand   95-101 

4.  Clay   101-139 

Jameco : 

5.  "Hard  pan,"  with  small  stones,  black,  and  varying  in  size   139-169 

6.  Coarse  sand   169-189 

7.  "  Hard  pan  "  to  bed  rock   189-212 

"At  140  feet  no  clay,  struck  a  bowlder  and  were  obliged  to  shoot  the  well  to  get  it  out  of  the  way,  as  it 

jammed  the  drilling  at  the  end  of  casing.  At  292  feet  a  sand  pocket  was  struck.  When  the  sand  had  been 
pumped  out  the  cavity  was  filled  with  cement  and  the  drilling  continued.  Work  was  started  on  August  31, 
1897  and  stopped  December  21,  1898." 

"  Am  Nat  ,  vol  2,  1869,  p.  335. 

"  Merchants'  Association  report  on  water  supply  of  the  city  of  New  York,  1900,  p.  181. 


1 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


169 


7.  This  well  is  about  10  feet  above  low  tide  and  was  completed  in  November,  1903.  It  is  entirely  in  sand 
and  gravel.  At  .50  feet  clay  was  encountered,  below  which  the  driller  stated  it  was  useless  to  look  for  water 
in  this  vicinity.  The  clay  suggests  the  Sankaty,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  underlying  Jameco  does  not 
yield  potable  water  at  this  point,  because  of  the  removal  of  the  clay  covering  in  the  upper  bay. 

lO.  Q.  M.  Gen.  C.  F.  Humphrey  reports:  At  Governors  Island  an  8-inch  well  was  recently  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  1,822  feet  6  inches.  At  1,175  feet  a  flow  of  15  gallons  per  minute  was  obtained.  By  torpedoing  the  well 
the  flow  was  increased  to  about  18  gallons  per  minute.  The  water  was  salty  and  chemical  analysis  pronounced 
it  unlit  for  drinking  purposes. 

The  following  samples  have  been  received  from  this  well: 

Record  of  U nited  States  Army  well  on  Governors  Island,  New  York. 


Feet. 

1.  Red  clay,  wTith  bowlders   13 

2-4.  Red  clay  ;  no  bowlders  "   44-55 

5.  Very  fine,  gray,  micaceous,  silty  clay   60 

6.  Dark  multicolored  gravel,  with  fragments  of  Recent  shells   70 

7-8.  Disintegrated  micaceous  rock,  with  fragments  of  Recent  shells   73-87 

9.  Highly  micaceous  schist  or  diorite,  thought  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Eckel,  of  this  Survey,  to  resemble 

the  Harrison  diorite   87-1,700 

1  1.  Record  o)  well  on  Ellis  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-35 

2.  Rock:  trap  and  gneiss   35-1,400 


12.  Samples  and  record  in  the  Long  Island  Historical  Museum  show: 

Record  oj  Long  Island  Railroad  well  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

1.  Sand,  gravel,  clay,  etc  

2.  Micaceous  gneiss  (possibly  Harrison  diorite — Eckel)  

13.  See  Pis.  XXVI,  XXVII. 

16.  The  following  analysis  has  been  made  by  the  Brooklyn  health  department  : 
Analysis  of  well  water  at  Gravesend  pumping  station. 


Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   127.00 

Loss  on  ignition  .'   27.00 

Free  ammonia  ,   .  002 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .  000 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   12.  50 

Sodium  chloride   20.60 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   5.  76 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites  _>     None. 

Total  hardness   76. 00 

Permanent  hardness   65.  50 


18.  Mr.  L.  B.Ward  gives  the  following  data  regarding  this  company:  "This  tract  of  90  acres,  located  in 
the  Thirtieth  Ward,  between  Fifteenth  and  Eighteenth  avenues,  and  Fifty-third  and  Sixtieth  streets,  has 
an  independent  water  service,  with  1.7  mile  of  distributing  pipes  and  one  pumping  station  located  at  Seventeenth 
avenue  and  Sixtieth  street,  supplied  from  a  single  well." 

23.  Temperature  52°  to  53°.    Water  used  for  cooling  and  manufacturing. 
17116— No.  44—06  12 


Feet. 
0-88 
88-120 


170       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Sanitary  analysis  of  water  from  well  at  Eighth  avenue  and  Eighteenth  street,  Brooklyn. 

[Analyst  not  reported.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids  376.04 

Loss  on  ignition  (slight  charring)   84.  80 

Chlorine   30. 02 

Nitrogen  of  free  ammonia  -   .05 

Nitrogen  of  albuminoid  ammonia  '.  -  -  -  -   .03 

Nitrogen  of  nitrite  .  -  -   .05 

Nitrogen  of  nitrate   ----   12.07 

Temporary  hardness    87.  28 

Permanent  hardness  -   55.  84 

Total  hardness   143. 12 

Iron   Very  faint  trace. 

Samples  received  from  Mr.  R.  A.  Ward,  treasurer,  show  the  following  section: 

Record  of  well  at  Eighth  avenue  and  Eighteenth  street,  Brooklyn. 
Wisconsin  till :  Feet. 

1.  Reddish  bowlder  clay   5 

2.  Fine  to  coarse  silty  sand  with  a  little  gravel   15 

3.  Same,  but  much  cleaner:  note  on  samples  says,  "Struck  first  water,  which  yielded 

3  gallons  per  minute  "   25 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

4-5.  Reddish-brown  bowlder  clay   35-45 

6-14.  Clean,  dark-colored,  reddish-brown  glacial  sand  and  gravel   55-135 

25.  Sample  preserved  in  Mr.  Gregory's  office  dated  April  24.  1894,  and  marked  "  141  feet:  46  gallons  per 
minute"  is  a  mixture  of  sand  and  coarse  gravel  with  much  glacial  material.  It  is  believed  to  represent  the 
Jameco  gravels.  The  Tartar  Chemical  Company  report  that  the  water  falls  to  14  feet  when  the  well  is  pumped. 
Temperature  54°. 

Analysis  of  unfillered  well  water  from  Ninth  street  and  Gowanus  Canal,  Brooklyn. 

[Water  taken  February  20,  1S93.] 
Evaporated,  4  liters.  Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   225 

Si(X    19 

CaO  :     17 

MgO.:  ,   i4 

Traces  of  FeAl2Os. 

Analysis  of  filtered  well  water  from  Ninth  street  and  Gowanus  Canal,  Brooklyn. 

[Water  taken  February  23,  1893.] 
Evaporated,  7  liters.  Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   171.0 

SiO,   19. 4 

CaO   46.8 

MgO   14. 8 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  171 

Analysis  of  well  water  from  Ninth  street  and  Gowanus  Canal,  Brooklyn. 
[Analysis  by  Charles  L.  Bauer,  Springfield,  Ohio,  September  26,  1896.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Calcium  sulphate   46.  3 

Calcium  carbonate   0 

Magnesium  sulphate   49.  6 

Magnesium  carbonate   117.3 

Sodium  chloride   26.  2 

Iron   -0 

Volatile  and  organic   171.0 


Total  solids  -  -   410.  4 

Remarks:  Odorless  and  clear. 


Analysis  of  well  water  from  Ninth  street  and  Gowanus  Canal,  Brooklyn. 

Analysis  by  bureau  of  chemistry,  board  of  health,  Brooklyn,  September  16,  1897;  G.  J.  Volckening,  chief  chemist:  H.W. 

Walker,  assistant  chemist.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Chlorine  in  chlorides   47.  02 

Equivalent  to  sodium  chloride  4   77.  50 

Phosphates    .00 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates  and  nitrites   16.  90 

Free  ammonia   .00 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .00 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (before  boiling)   197.  5 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (after  boiling)   197.  5 

Organic  and  volatile   145.  3 

Mineral  matter   384.  7 

Total  solids  by  evaporation    530.  1 

Analysis  of  well  water  from  Ninth  street  and,  Gowanus  Canal,  Brooklyn. 
[Analysis  by  Pittsburg  Filter  Manufacturing  Company,  Pittsburg,  March  20,  1903;  F.  T.  Aschman,  chemist.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Sodium  chloride  .'   58.  0 

Calcium  sulphate   100.  0 

Calcium  carbonate   80.  4 

Magnesium  carbonate   57.  8 

Iron  and  aluminum  oxides      5.  8 

Silica      19.0 

Organic  and  volatile  matters   Traces. 

Total  solids   321.0 

Carbon  dioxide   67.8 

Sample  clear. 


'27.  Seventeen  test  borings  were  sunk  at  this  point:  No.  1,  110  feet  north  of  Third  avenue  and  Third 
street:  Nos.  2-9,  at  intervals  of  50  feet  west;  Nos.  10-16,  bordering  Third  street,  at  intervals  of  50  feet  east 
toward  Third  avenue:  No.  17.  opposite  No.  2.    The  following  sections  may  be  taken  as  typical: 

Record  of  Transit  Development  Company's  test  boring  No.  J  near  Third  avenue  and  Third  street.  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 


1.  Light-yellow  sand  filling   0-12 

2.  Ash  and  cinder  filling   12-30 

3.  Gray  silt   20-40 

4.  Very  fine  to  medium  light-gray  sand    40-50 


172       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  Transit  Development  Company's  test  boring  No.  9  near  Third  avenue  and  Third  street,  Brooklyn. 


Feet. 

1.  Ash  filling   0-12 

2.  Gray  silt   12-22 

3.  Medium  light-gray  sand  containing  muscovite  and  a  considerable  percentage  of  erratic 

material   22-24 

4.  Light-brown  sand,  gradually  becoming  coarser  and  with  an  increasing  percentage  of 

erratic  material   24-35 

Record  oj  Transit  Development  Company's  test  boring  No.  13  near  Third  avenue  and  Third  street,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Ash  filling   0-  7 

2.  Gray  silt   7-15 

3.  Coarse  light-gray  sand  witli  a  high  percentage  of  erratics   15-20 

4.  Gray  silt   20-27 

5.  Transition  from  silt  to  sand   27-32 

6.  Medium-brown  sand  with  some  erratics   32-40 

Record  of  Transit  Development  Company's  test  boring  No.  16  mar  Third  avenue  and  Third  street.  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Light-brown  sand  with  erratic  material  between  5  and  10,  and  fine  sand  between  10 

and  15  1   0-15 

2.  Coarse  sand  with  erratic  material   15-20 

3.  Very  dark  silt   20-32 

4.  Transition  material,  silt  to  fine  sand   32-35 

5.  Fine  to  medium  dark-gray  sand  with  a  considerable  amount  of  erratic  material   35-42 

2§.         Record  of  well  on  Third  avenue  between  Degraw  and  Douglas  streets,  Brooklyn. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground   0-30 

2.  Siltyclay   30-35 

Recent  ? : 

3.  Blue  clay   35-40 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?: 

4.  Clay  and  sand   40-45 

5.  Sand  and  gravel   45-77 

6.  Quartz  sand   77-85 

29.  Record  of  well  on  Dean  street  near  Vandtrbilt  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Gray  sand  and  stones,  large  bowlders   8-56 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?: 

2.  Brown  sand  and  bowlders   56-81 

3.  Coarse  brown  sand  (water  at  81  feet)   81-98 


Mr.  Corwin  adds:  " Nearly  always  we  get  water  in  brown  sand — pepper  and  salt  mixture — sometimes 
in  yellow  coarse  sand:  never,  or  hardly  ever,  in  white  sand." 

:tO.  A  sample  from  this  well  preserved  by  Mr.  Gregory,  and  marked  217  feet,  is  a  coarse,  multicolored, 
glacial  gravel,  similar  to  the  Jameco  gravel  in  the  Brooklyn  test  wells. 

Record  of  well  at  St.  Marks  and  Grand  avenues.  Brooklyn. 


Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-100 

2.  Sand,  gravel,  and  clay   100-331 

3.  Granite  rock   331- 


TEST   BORINGS  OF   RAPID  TRANSIT   RAILROAD  COMMISSION   FROM   EAST   RIVER   TO   DE   KALB  AVENUE, 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  17 
31.                        Record  oj  well  at  Lewis  and  De  Kalb  avenues,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-63 

Tisbury?: 

2.  Light-gray  sand  and  stones   63-  91 

3.  Coarse  gray  and  white  sand   91-101 

33.  A  sample  preserved  by  Mr.  Gregory,  marked  "  125-138  feet,"  is  a  highly  erratic  glacial  gravel. 

35.  Record  oj  well  at  Forest  street  and  Evergreen  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1 .  Loam  and  bowlders  -   0-  23 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Yellow  gravel  and  sand  "   23-  63 

3.  Yellow  gravel  with  water   63-105 

Sankaty  or  Cretaceous: 

4.  Blue  clay   105-275 

37.  Record  of  well  at  Bartlett  street  and  Harrison  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Old  well  -   0-60 

Tisbury*: 

2.  Coarse  sand,  water-bearing  -   60-  65 

Sankaty:  * 

3.  Red  clay  with  an  occasional  large  bowlder   65-150 

Jameco: 

4.  Coarse  red  sand,  water-bearing   150-165 

38.  Record  oj  well  at  Bartlett  street  and  Flushing  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  Miscellaneous  filling  down  to  bottom  of  old  creek   0-  6 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Loam,  sand,  and  gravel     6-  37 

3.  Sand  and  gravel,  water-bearing   37-  45 

Sankaty : 

4.  Interstrat ideations  of  clay  and  fine  sand  and  gravel   45-139 

Jameco : 

5.  Water-bearing  stratum  of  coarse  yellow  sand   139-176 

The  samples  of  the  material  encountered  in  this  well,  which  were  obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  ^ 

E.  L.  Heusner,  chief  engineer,  show  the  following  section: 

Record  oj  well  at  Bartlett  street  and  Flushing  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Recent:                                                                                                         -  Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground   0-  8 

2.  Black  marsh  mud   8-  9 

3.  Blue  clay  .   9-  15 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury '.. 

4.  Light  ,  yellowish  brown,  sandy  clay  at   19 

5.  Bluish  gray,  rather  pure,  clay  at   26 

6.  Highly  erratic  glacial  gravel   31-  36 

7-9.  Medium  sand,  the  particles  being  uniform  in  size,  the  composition  very  similar  to 

No.  6..  ,   36-62 

10.  Erratic  gravel  mixed  with  gray  clay   62-  73 

11.  Coarse  glacial  sand   73-  81 

Sankaty: 

12.  Bluish  gray,  impure,  sandy  clay  -  -  -  -   87-  93 


174      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Sankaty — Continued.  Feet. 

13.  Yellowish  gray  sand  mixed  with  clay  -   93-108 

14.  Clean,  light-brown,  medium,  erratic  sand   108-122 

15.  Bluish  gray  sandy  clay  '-   122-124 

16.  Yellowish  brown  medium  sand,  slightly  clayey   124-127 

Jameco : 

17.  Yellowish  brown,  coarse,  clayey  sand   127-134 

18-19.  Very  coarse  slightly  clayey  sand,  having  a  dark-yellow  color   134-145 

20-22.  Reddish  yellow,  extremely  coarse  sand  with  erratic  material  as  in  the  preced- 
ing samples   145-174 

23.  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  much  coarser  and  with  erratic  material  more  abun- 
dant  174-175 


Mr.  Heusner  states  that  the  first  wells  which  were  used  on  tins  property  by  the  chemical  company 
were  30  feet  deep.  These  wells  were  successively  deepened  to  40,  50,  and  70  feet,  and  finally  it  became 
necessary  to  sink  the  deep  wells  above  described.  The  water  from  the  deep  wells  rises  to  within  7  or  8  feet 
of  the  surface,  or  to  the  surface  of  the  original  ground  before  this  section  was  built  up  by  filling.  The 
capacity  of  this  well  is  .500,000  gallons  in  twenty-four  hours,  the  well  being  pumped  steadily  the  year  round, 
night  and  day. 


40.  Record  of  irell  at  20  to  34  Ryerson  street,  Brooklyn . 

Feet. 

1.  Filling   0-  8 

2.  Sand,  stones,  and  little  clay   8-32 

3.  Fine  sand  and  clay   32-84 

4.  Hell  Gate  rock  84- 

41.  Record  of  uieU  ot  163  Carlton  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-50 

2.  Bowlders   50-60 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv : 

3.  Sand   60-90 


42.  Mather  gives  the  following  section  of  a  well  sunk  for  Mr.  Johnson  in  Brooklyn  between  "  Wallabout 
and  Guanus"  in  April,  1811: 

Record  of  well  between  Wallabout  and  Gowanus,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 


1.  Sandy  loam   0-3 

2.  Hard  concreted  clay,  sand,  and  stones  colored  with  iron  and  requiring  a  pick  to  dig;  com- 

posed of  gneiss,  hornblende,  and  brittle  slate   3-18 

3.  Loose  gravel  and  grayish  sand,  with  thin  streaks  of  gravel,  the  gravel  of  quartz,  bassanite, 

breccias,  mica  slate,  and  red  sandstone   18-38 

4.  Alternating  layers  of  2  or  3  feet  of  sand  and  gravel,  containing  coarse  green  soapstone  in 

addition  to  the  materials  of  No.  3   38-55 

5.  Sand  and  gravel  in  alternating  layers;  the  gravel  beds  contain  sea  shells,  mostly  clams  and 

oysters,  but  the  sand  none   55-84 


43.  According  to  llollick,"  this  is  the  location  of  the  well  from  which  the  Exogyra  coslata.  reported  by 
Redfield''  and  Cozzens/  was  taken  at  a  depth  of  65  feet. 

A  drawing  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  by  C.  M.  Jacobs,  consulting  engineer, 
gives  the  following  section  at  the  east  tower  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge: 

a  Trans.  New  York  Acad,  of  Sci.,  vol.  12,  1893,  p.  225. 

b  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser  ,  vol  4.r.,  184.1,  p.  156. 

<"A  Geological  History  of  Manhattan  Island,  1843,  p.  51. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


175 


Record  of  excavation  for  east  tower  of  Brooklyn  Bridge,  Brooklyn . 


Feet. 


1.  Water  

2.  Gravel  and  bowlders  

3.  Hardpan;  concrete  and  serpentine  rock  

4.  Bowlders  and  sand:  a  trap  bowlder  

5  Sand.  

6.  Sand,  gravel,  and  clay  

7.  Reddish  clay  

8.  Very  compact  sand,  gravel,  and  clay,  mixed  with  trap 


0  -10 
10  -12 
12  -23.6 
23.6-32 
32  -34.8 
34.8-49 

49  -50 

50  -89 
89  - 


9.  Rock 


46. 


Record  of  well  at  Pear  and  Front  streets,  Brooklyn. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury : 


Feet. 
0-21 
21-60 
60- 


1.  Sand  and  bowlders 

2.  Coarse  brown  sand. 

3.  Fine  red  sand  


47.  Mr.  Ingalls,  of  John  W.  Masury  &  Son,  reports  two  5-inch  and  five  6-inch  wells  drilled  between  1877 
and  1902.  He  gives  the  following  description  of  the  locality:  "After  a  few  feet  of  loose  earth  there  is  clay, 
very  hard,  from  27  to  33  feet,  where  we  get  gravel  and  clay  to  40  feet.  The  lower  clay  and  gravel  are  filled 
with  hard  bowlders  (probably  glacial,  as  every  well  in  this  end  of  Long  Island  has  shown  these  to  be  widely 
distributed).  Below  40  feet  the  sand  becomes  finer  and  is  water  bearing.  Our  wells  give  a  good  supply  at 
53  feet,  which  is  not  much  increased  at  75.  Below  50  feet  is  clear  fine  sand,  with  bowlders  in  some  places, 
extending  to  about  90  feet,  where  hard  blue  clay  is  reached. 

"An  interesting  feature  of  our  wells  is  the  rapid  corrosion  of  brass  strainers.  The  metal  loses  the  zinc. 
A  corroded  and  useless  strainer  showed  65  per  cent  copper  and  35  per  cent  zinc  in  the  perfect  spots  and  over 
99  per  cent  copper  in  the  corroded  parts,  which  were  chiefly  at  the  bottom,  the  top  being  in  perfect  condition. 
The  water  is  not  acid  except  with  C02,  and  the  prevailing  opinion  is  that  the  action  is  electrolytic,  though  this 
has  not  been  proved. 

"The  75-foot  well  has  a  casing  of  59  feet  of  8-inch  pipe,  with  a  16-foot  brass  strainer,  6  inches  in  diameter, 
extending  below  and  connected  with  a  6-inch  iron  pipe  inside  the  casing.  This  well  when  first  completed 
gave  225  gallons  per  minute  with  a  centrifugal  test  pump. 

"The  supply  is  all  right,  but  the  strainers  give  out,  the  pump  fills  with  sand,  and  we  have  to  keep  putting 
down  new  wells  and  strainers  every  year  or  two. 

"Changing  the  position  of  the  wells  only  25  or  50  feet  seems  to  make  a  difference  in  durability.  Water 
is  good,  but  hard.    It  is  used  principally  for  cooling  purposes." 

Mr.  Jamieson,  of  Arbuckle  Brothers,  reports  that  a  sample  taken  from  this  well  November,  1899,  showed 
1.662.5  parts  of  chlorine  per  million. 

4§.  Mr.  H.  S.  Stewart  reports:  "Well  No.  1  was  about  800  feet  deep.  We  struck  what  1  would  call 
trap  rock  at  97  feet — until  that  depth  it  was  quicksand  or  gravel  and  bowlders.  We  shut  that  off  with  18-inch 
pipe.  From  97  feet  to  800  feet  it  was  trap  rock  standing  on  edge  all  the  way  and  full  of  crevices,  making 
it  very  hard  to  keep  a  straight  hole.  We  abandoned  that  well  at  about  800  feet,  and  started  No.  2  about  500 
feet  away.  We  encounterea  the  same  formation  in  this  well  to  a  depth  of  about  93  feet  and  then  struck  the 
same  kind  of  trap  rock,  which  continued  for  about  800  feet.  Below  this  the  rock  lay  level  and  we  had  no 
more  trouble  in  keeping  a  straight  hole.  This  rock  was  granite,  some  dark  and  some  red.  It  would  change 
in  color  sometimes  in  20  feet  and  sometimes  run  in  the  same  color  for  30  feet.  This  well  was  drilled  to  a  depth 
of  2,148  feet.  There  was  water  in  the  gravel  above  the  trap  rock,  but  it  was  not  the  quality  of  water  wanted. 
We  cased  it  off  and  went  on  down.  There  was  no  water  in  the  granite  nor  trap  rock — it  was  too  hard  to 
contain  water.    The  well  was  then  abandoned  at  Mr  Arbuckle's  request." 

Water  from  a  depth  of  51  feet  showed  560  parts  of  chlorine  per  million. 


176       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


5  1 .  Record  of  well  at  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard,  Brookl  i/n . 

Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground  <   0-  15 

2.  Stiff  blue  clay   15-24 

3.  Hardpan   24-26 

4.  Blue  day  and  gravel    26-  30 

5.  Hard  pan   30-38 

6.  Reddish  blue  clay   38-42 

7.  Sand  -   42-48 

8.  Blue  clay   48-60 

9.  Gravel  and  hardpan  :  -   60-  73 

10.  Stiff  blue  clay   73-84 

1 1.  Bowlders  and  gravel;  water  brackish  and  filthy   84-103 

12.  Brown-yellow  granite   103-122 

13.  White  granite    122-129 

14.  Gray  granite   129-144 

15.  Bluish  granite     144-156 

16.  Gray  mica-schist. .  .   156-168 

17.  Darker  schist  :   168-172 

18.  White  schist   172-185 

19.  Black  schist   185-227 

20.  White  granite   227-246 

21.  Gray  granite   246-259 

22.  White  granite,  yielding  good  clear  water,  which  dissolved  scale  in  boilers,  and  contained 

some  soda   259-275 

23.  Reddish  brown  granite   275-288 

24.  Black  granite,  more  water   288-296 

25.  White  granite   296-312 

26.  Black  granite   312-316 

Mr.  Wankel  adds:    "All  the  water  above  the  rock  is  of  very  poor  quality.    The  water  from  the  rock  rose 

to  within  50  feet  of  the  surface.    A  supply  of  60  gallons  was  obtained  at  275  feet  and  SO  gallons  at  296.  This 


well  was  put  down  in  the  granite  building  which  inclosed  the  large  pumping  engine." 

The  civil  engineer  at  the  navy-yard  reports  in  a  letter  transmitted  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy:  "At 
a  point  marked  2  on  the  map  a  well  was  driven  to  a  depth  now  unknown,  but  from  such  sources  as  are  now 
available,  this  depth  is  supposed  to  have  been  about  120  feet.  The  water  was  found  to  be  brackish  and  the 
well  was  abandoned."    From  the  location  given,  this  is  clearly  the  well  described  by  Mr.  Wankel. 

Mr.  Wankel  says:  "This  well  furnished  about  60  gallons  per  minute  of  very  good  clear  water  from 
the  rock  at  about  190  feet.    It  dissolved  scale  in  boilers,  and  contained  some  soda  and  carbonic-acid  gas." 

Record  of  well  at  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard ,  Brooklyn. 


Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground   0-11 

2.  Marsh   11-23 

3.  Blue  clay   23-  26 

4.  Fine  white  sand   26-  29 

5.  Coarse  sand   29-  35 

6.  Hardpan   35-  51 

7.  Mixed  sand  *   51-  56 

8.  Yellow  water  sand   56-  62 

9.  Brown  water  sand   62-  74 

10.  Coarse  brown  water  sand     74-  83 

11.  Gray  sand   83-85 

12  Beach  sand   85_  §8 

13.  Blue  clay   88-93 

11.  Sand  and  gravel,  "brackish  water''   93-  % 

15.  Blue  granite   96-220 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   W  ELLS. 


177 


The  civil  engineer  of  the  navy-yard  reports:  "  Only  one  well  was  a  success.  It  still  exists  and  it  is  stated 
tliat  the  depth  is  about  216  feet,  and  that  rock  was  struck  at  a  depth  of  96  feet.  From  measurements  made 
recently  the  depth  of  this  well  is  found  to  be  205.6  feet  from  the  top  of  the  casing." 


53.  Record  of  well  at  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground   0-  9 

2.  Stid  blue  clay   9-35 

3.  Hardpan   35-  46 

4.  Sandy  yellow  clay   46-  54 

5.  Hardpan   54-66 

6.  Sand  and  water   66-  74 

7.  Hardpan   74-  80 

8.  Fine  pasty  sand   80-98 

9.  Granite  bowlders.  _   98-101 

10.  Flint  granite    101-108 


54.  The  various  depths  given  in  the  following  record  are  referred  to  the  top  of  the  coping  of  dry 
docks  2  and  3: 

Record  of  well  at  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard,  Brooklyn. 


Feet. 

1.  Filling   0  -9.5 

2.  Bluish  clay-like  materials  mixed  with  shells   9.  5-25 

3.  Peat   25  26 

4.  Fine  light  clayey  sand     26  28 

5.  Fine  iron-colored  sand  .'   28  31 

6.  Fine  drab  sand   31  33 

7.  Fine  dark-drab  sand   33  39 


55.  The  original  record  of  this  well,  published  by  E.  Lewis,  jr.,  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly,  volume 
10,  1877,  page  443.  is  as  follow*: 


Record  of  well  at  ooG  Kent  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  gravel   0    -  30 

2.  Quicksand   30  ,  -  32 

3.  Bowlder  drift     32  -102 

4.  Clay   102  -129 

5.  Oyster  shells   129   -129.  5 

6.  Coarse  sand   1 29.  5- 

Samples  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society  show  the  following  section: 

Record  of  well  at  566  Kent  avenue,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Bowlder  clay   0-70 

2.  Water-worn  fragments  of  snells  apparently  Recent  from  a  layer  at  a  depth  of   129.  5 


3.  Medium  white  sand,  not  clearly  glacial.    Depth  not  given,  marked  '  water-bearing 
stratum." 

An  error  has  apparently  been  made  in  transcribing  the  record,  which  is  published  by  Merrill  (Annals 
X.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  346)  and  reprinted  by  Darton  (Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Ko.  138,  1896,  p.  34). 

Mr.  Fred  S.  Benson,  chief  engineer  of  the  eastern  division  of  the  Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Company,  reports 
under  date  of  November  30,  1903:  "The  well  you  refer  to  as  being  129  feet  6  inches  deep  was  put  down  by 
the  Nassau  Gaslight  Company  in  1873  or  1874.  The  well  was  located  at  Kent  avenue  and  Cross  street, 
Brooklyn.  Its  yield  when  first  tested  was  500  gallons  per  minute.  We  have  since  put  down  two  other  pipes 
in  the  same  excavation,  but  the  quantity  of  water  has  diminished  yearly.  I  might  add  that  the  pipes  have 
been  drawn  up  to  a  depth  of  85  feet  from  the  ground  level,  that  being  the  depth  from  which  the  maximum 
quantity  was  obtained  in  1902.'' 


t 


178      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

60.  Mr.  C.  D.  Corwin  reports  the  following  section: 


Record  of  well  at  Bushwick  and  Meserole  avenues.  Brooklyn. 

J  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  clay  and  stones     0-49 

2.  Gray  sand  -   49-55 

3.  Fine  sand  and  mica   55-63 

4.  Yellow  clay,  with  quartzite,  slate,  conglomerate,  and  feldspar  pebbles   63-.101 

a.  Water-bearing  gray  sand  and  gravel   101-117 

6.  Blue  clay  (not  passed  through)  -  -   117-120 

62.  Phillips  and  Worthington  report  the  following  section: 

Record  of  well  on  Ten  Eyck  street,  between  Bushwick  avenue  and  Florence  street,  Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Interlying  strata  of  clay,  sand,  and  gravel  (very  heavily  bedded  with  bowlders) . . .  0-52 

Tisbury?: 

2.  Coarse  yellow  sand  and  gravel  -  :   52-75 

Sankaty  ? : 

3.  Blue  clay   75-100 

Jameco?  and  Cretaceous: 

4.  Beach  sand   100-240 


This  well  was  abandoned  and  a  new  one  sunk,  which  obtained  its  supply  from  the  water-bearing  strata 
between  52  and  75  feet. 

Mr.  I.  H.  Ford  gives  the  following  section: 

Record  of  well  on  Ten  Eyck  street,  between  Bushwick  avenue  and  Florence  street,  Brooklyn. 


Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-58 

Tisbury  ?: 

2.  Water-bearing  sand   58-76 

Sankaty  ? : 

3.  Reddish-brown  clay   76-160 


64.  These  wells  are  entirely  in  sand;  there  is  plenty  of  water,  but  if  too  much  is  drawn,  salt  water  from 
Newtown  Creek  comes  in.    Analysis  of  the  water  shows  1,000  parts  of  chlorine  per  million. 

65.  A  test  well  at  this  point  gave  the  following  section: 

Record  of  well  at  Porter  and  Maspeth  avenues,  Brooklyn. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Stones  and  rough  material;  no  sand     0-12 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?: 

2.  Loam,  sand,  etc   12-^48 

Sankaty?: 

3.  Clay  having  a  blue  color.   48-190 

Jameco?: 

4.  Water-bearing  gravel   190- 


A  good  supply  of  water  is  reported  from  layer  4,  but  the  wells  at  this  point  are  completed  in  layer  2. 
66.  Mr.  C.  Harty,  foreman  for  I.  H.  Ford,  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  data  of  the  deep  test  wells  at 
this  point:  Diameter,  10  inches,  0-137  feet;  8  inches,  137-200;  6  inches,  200-225. 

Record  of  well  at  Meeker  and  Kingsland  avenues,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 


1.  Filled  ground   0-5 

Wisconsin : 

2.  Blue  clay  with  bowlders   5-16 

3.  Sand  and  small  bowlders  with  water   16-32 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  179 

Cretaceous  ?:  Feet 

4.  Blue  clay   32-72 

5.  Light-gray  clay   72-180 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Sand — not  water  bearing.   180-180.  5 

7.  Blue  clay   180.  .5-205 

8.  Light-greenish  clay,  passing  into  dark-greenish  clay  containing  small  concre- 

tionary masses   205-215 

9.  Yellow  and  dark-colored  sand}'  clay   215-225 

Pre-Cretaceous: 

10.  Rock,  mica-schist   225- 

This  well  was  abandoned  and  a  shallow  well  sunk  near  it,  which  obtained  water  from  the  glacial  gravels 
between  28  and  32  feet.    The  section  of  this  shallower  well  is: 

Record  of  well  at  Meeker  and  Eingsland  avenues,  Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1 .  Blue  clay ;  no  stone  . .    0-28 

2.  Reddish-brown  glacial  sand  and  gravel   28-32 

Cretaceous  ? : 

3.  Light-gray  clay   32-40 

67.  Record  of  well  on  Meeker  avenue,  between  North  Moore  and  Monitor  streets,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Yellow  clay  and  stones   0  -10 

2.  Gray  sand  and  stones   10  -18 

3.  Nearly  all  stones,  very  little  sand   18  -27 

4.  Stones  and  gray  sand   27  -32 

5.  Stones  and  red  sand   32  -40 

6.  Fine  gray  sand   40  -43 

7.  Very  tough  light  dry  clay   43  -47 

8.  Fine  sand  with  conglomerate,  quartz,  feldspar,  and  jasper  pebbles   47  -54 

9.  Coarse  gray  sand  with  fresh  water   54    -55.  5 

10.  Yellow  clay     55.  5-60 

11.  Blue  clay   60  -63 

12.  Gray  sand  and  gravel:  good  water-bearing  stratum    63  -70 

13.  Fine  sand   70  -73 

71.  Mr.  F.  P.  Rust,  manager  of  the  Rust  Well  Machinery  Company,  gives  the  following  record  of  this  well: 

Record  of  well  at  99  to  117  North  Eleventh  street,  Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam  and  bowlders  -_   0  -50 

Sankaty  ? : 

2.  Blue  clay   50-70 

Jameco  ? : 

3.  Gravel  and  bowlders   70-100 

Cretaceous?: 

4.  Blue  clay   100-125 

5.  Quicksand   125-132 

Pre-Cretaceous : 

6.  Light-gray  and  black  granite   132-333 

The  New  York  Quinine  Chemical  Company  report  a  yield  of  7,500  gallons  per  hour.  The  water  level  lowers 
5  feet  on  pumping  eight  hours;  temperature  of  water  65°  F.;  it  contains  much  lime  and  magnesia  and  is  not 
used  for  drinking. 


180       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


20.35 


72.  Mr.  H.  L.  Pratt  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  gives  the  following  information:  "About  twenty-five 
veai-s  ago  an  attempt  was  made  to  drive  a  well  at  this  point,  but  after  going  to  the  depth  of  200  feet  without 
getting  any  water  the  well  was  abandoned  on  account  of  a  ledge  of  rock." 

75.  The  following  data  have  been  furnished  by 
Mr.  Jacob  Blumer: 

"We  drove  at  least  25  shallow  wells  to  a  depth  of 
from  60  to  70  feet.  In  the  depth  mentioned,  we  went 
through  sand  and  gravel  only  and  never  struck  rock. 
All  the  wells  furnished  water,  but  of  late  years  the 
levels  became  lower.  Twenty  years  ago  the  levels 
stood  15  to  16  feet  from  the  surface,  and  in  the  last 
wells,  made  in  1897.  it  was  as  low  as  38  to  40  feet. 
As  for  the  amount  of  water  furnished,  I  can  only  give 
you  figures  for  the  three  wells  which  were  made  in 
1897.  These  were  made  by  sinking  a  pit  7  by  9  feet 
to  a  depth  of  36  or  40  feet,  and  then  we  drove  20  to 
25  feet  of  6-inch  pipe  with  a  perforated  strainer  at 
the  end  through  sand  and  gravel.  The  pump  was  at 
the  bottom  of  the  pit  and  each  well  was  good  for  200 
gallons  per  minute.  The  water  in  these  wells  was 
clear  and  cold,  but  exposed  to  the  air  became  yel- 
lowish. Hydroxide  of  iron  precipitated  in  the  water: 
this  was  quite  troublesome  in  our  pipe  lines.  After 
about  three  years  a  3-inch  pipe  would  be  nearly 
filled  up  solid  with  the  precipitate. 

"  We  also  made  four  deep  wells,  the  locations  of 
which  are  shown  on  the  accompanying  diagram  [fig. 
61].  In  these  we  went  through  70  to  80  feet  of  sand 
and  gravel,  and  in  all  of  them  struck  rock  at  124 
feet  ;  the  rock  was  porous  but  hard.  In  all  wells  we 
found  plenty  of  petrified  wood,  some  black,  some 
vellowish  white,  like  hard  maple,  and  in  some  of  the 
shallower  wells  we  found  petrified  fish  roe. 

"No.  1  deep  well  was  originally  275  feet  deep, 
and  yielded  80  to  100  gallons  per  minute.  After 
Xo.  3  well  was  made  and  operated,  the  yield  of  Xo.  1 
diminished:  then  we  drilled  to  375  feet,  but  did, not 
get  the  water  back,  and  in  a  few  months  it  had  gone  out  entirely  and  the  well  was  abandoned. 

"No.  2  deep  well  was  300  feet  deep,  and  yielded  120  to  125  gallons  per  minute,  and  kept  it  up  until  we 
closed  the  works.    Level  of  water  in  the  well  when  not  in  operation  was  220  feet  from  the  surface. 

"No.  3  deep  well  was  450  feet  deep;  it  yielded  125  gallons  as  long  as  we  were  running  the  place: 
level  was  2.50  feet  from  surface. 

"No.  4  deep  well  was  490  feet  deep:  it  yielded  about  10  gallons  per  minute  and  was  abandoned. 
The  water  from  all  the  deep  wells  was  a  little  brackish — the  amount  of  chloride  increasing  continuously.  I 
can  give  you  the  amount  of  chlorine  for  No.  1  well  for  a  period  of  over  three  years." 


Scale 
200 


400  feet 


Figures  at  corners  give  elevation 
in  feet  city  datum. 

Fig.  61. — Sketch  map  showing  location  of  deep  wells  of  the 
Fleisehmann  Manufacturing  Company  at  Long  Island 
Citv. 


DESCRIPTIVE    NOTES   I  >N  WELLS. 


Chlorine  in  water  of  Fleischmann  deep  veil  No.  I  at  tttuniBe,  Long  Island  City. 

Parts  per  million. 

October  12,  1888   1,902. 1 

October  17,  1888   2,000.8 

December  1 1 ,  1888  -     2, 329.  5 

March  11,  1889   2,556.0 

May  29,  1889   2.756.9 

June  24,  1889   2, 785. 4 

October  11,  1889    3,064.0 

March  5,  1890  j   3,415.2 

December  10,  1890   3,632.2 

February  10,  1892   3.9S4.0 

76.  A  large  well  at  this  point.  25  feet  in  diameter  and  50  feet  deep,  has  a  number  of  6-inch  points  driven 
in  the  Iwttom  of  it  to  a  depth  of  60  to  70  feet:  the  water  level  was  originally  5  or  6  feet  from  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  but  is  now  60  feet,  and  the  large  well,  or  pit.  has  been  deepened  from  time  to  time  as  the  water- 
level  lowered.  In  the  spring  of  1903  the  large  plants  across  Newtown  Creek  which  have  wells  in  the  same 
stratum  closed  down,  and  the  water  is  rapidly  rising  in  the  Standard  Oil  Company  well,  and  threatens  to 
drown  out  the  pumps  which  are  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  large  well.  The  water  is  "everything  that  is 
bad:"  it  is  used  for  condensing  purposes  only. 

79.  The  original  record  by  Lewis  is  as  follows: 

Record  of  well  at  New  Calrary  Cemetery.  Long  Island  City. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  drift   1-139 

Raritan: 

2.  Greenish  earth   139-178 

3.  White  clay  with  red  streaks   178-182 

4.  Gneiss   182-582 

Darton  reports  the  water  soft,  with  only  a  little  lime,  magnesia,  and  chlorine.  In  the  museum  of  the  Long 
Island  Historical  Society,  the  following  samples  are  preserved:  (1)  Green  sandy  clay,  marked:  '"39  feet  thick 
at  a  depth  of  139  feet:"  (2)  mottled  red  and  white  clay. "  200-204."  Of  the  green  sandy  clay  Merrill  says: 
'•The  greenish  earth  was  found  to  be  ferruginous,  and  on  treatment  with  hydrochloric  acid  left  a  residue 
which,  under  the  microscope,  was  seen  to  consist  of  fragments  of  kaolinized  feldspar,  with  occasional  grains 
of  coarse  sand." 

SO.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well,  Long  Island  City. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  loamy  sand   0.4-  0.5 

2-3.  Very  fine,  light-yellow,  clayey  silt   1.5-  6.0 

4-5.  Fine,  reddish-yellow,  silty  sand   7.  5-14.  0 

6.  Medium  to  coarse,  clean,  dark-brown  sand   IS.  5-19. 0 

7.  Fine,  reddish-yellow,  silty  sand  20.5-21.5 

8-10.  Dark,  grayish-brown  sand  to  small  gravel   27.5-38 

All  samples  have  a  decidedly  glacial  appearance. 

82.  Record  of  Flower  estate  well.  Long  Island  City. 

Wisconsin:      ■  Feet. 

1.  Sandy  clay   0-90 

Tisburv  I : 

2.  Coarse  sand,  full  of  water     90-100 

Cretaceous?: 

3.  Clay   100-112 

4.  Rock..:  .'   112-145 


182       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OE  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


83. 


Record  oj  commission's  lest  well..  Long  Island  City. 


Feet. 


1.  Humus-stained  sandy  loam   0  -0.5 

2.  Yellow  sandy  loam   2.5 

3-10.  Fine  to  medium,  reddish-yellow,  glacial  sand  with  a  little  silt   8  -40.0 

S5.  See  fig.  62  and  Pis.  XXVIII-XXXIII. 

§6.  A  number  of  test  borings  were  put  down  at  this  point  for  foundations  for  an  electrical  plant.  In 
one  well  marine  shells  were  found  at  a  depth  of  about  60  feet :  in  another  water  was  encountered  which  flowed 
1  foot  above  the  surface;  bed  rock  was  reached  at  different  depths,  the  greatest  being  69  feet. 


Scale 

1 000  2000 


3000  feet 


Fig.  62.— Index  map  showing  location  of  borings  represented  on  Pis.  XXVIII-XXXIII. 
§7.  Record  oj  v:ell  at  Sixth  street  and  West  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1  Ash  and  cinder  filling   0-  7 

2.  Fine  yellow  sand   7-  18 

3.  Blue  mica  sand  (disintegrated  rock)   18-  22 

4.  Gneiss  rock   22-152 

Mr.  Sweeney  reports  that  the  rock  in  this  well  dipped  at  rather  a  high  angle,  and  that  it  was  very 

difficult  to  enter  the  pipe  in  the  rock.  At  the  last  depth  given  a  supply  of  brackish  water  was  found  in  a 
crevice.    The  granite  was  of  unequal  hardness. 

Water  is  only  slightly  brackish,  is  excellent  for  boiler  use  and  gang  purposes,  and  contains  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  salt . 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MAP  AND   DIAGRAM   OF  BORINGS  FOR   PENNSYLVANIA,   NEW  YORK  AND  LONG  ISj  « 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  44    PL.  XXVIII 


110° 


117°        1160=115  , 14o    119o  120c 


*  I  N  G  S 


120 


121 


122 


123 


124 


125 


126 


127 


128 


S.C. 


G.S. 


Br.or  B. 


6  (S.C. 


high 


CIS. 

G.S. 


S.C.G. 


Br.or  B. 


Br.o.  B. 


C.fS. 


S.G.C. 


S.C. 


^IBr.or  B. 


A.S.C.G. 


sir. — 

CIS.  

S.C.G.B. 


Br.or  B. 


IS.C. 


fS.C.G. 


f-e-.fS 


SC. 


;  Br.o-  B. 


fS.C. 


S.G.C. 


S.G.C. 


S.C.G. 


St.  

C.fS. 


pa; 


C.S.G 


Br.or  B. 


S.G.C. 


cS.G. 


-">  Br.or  B. 


Br.or  B. 


-300 


Br.or  B. 


-270 


260 


•240 


ABBREVIATIONS 


A.    Artificial  ground      G.  Gravel 


S.  Sand 
fS.  Fine  sand 
cS.  Coarse  sand 
C.  Clay 
St.  Silt 


B.  Bowlder 

D.    Disintegrated  rock 

Br.  or  B.    Bed  rock  or  bowlder 

Br.  Bed  rock 


Horizontal  scaie 

200  300 


500  feet 


L.  L.  POATF.S  ENGR  G  CO.,  N.I 


RAILROAD  TUNNEL;  THOMSON   AVENUE  TO  ARCH   STREET,   LONG   ISLAND  CITY. 


WASH  BORINGS 


MAP  AND   DIAGRAM   OF   BORINGS   FOR   PENNSYLVANIA,   NEW   YORK  AND   LONG  ISLA 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  44    PL.  XXIX 


ABBREVIATIONS 


A. 

Artificial  ground 

G. 

Gravel 

S. 

Sand 

B 

Bowlder 

fS. 

Fine  sand 

D. 

Disintegrated  rock 

cS. 

Coarse  sand 

Br. 

or  B.    Bed  rock  or  bowlder 

c. 

Clay 

Br. 

Bed  rock 

St. 

Silt 

Horizontal  scale 

200  aoo  400  soo  feet 


UILROAD  TUNNEL;   ARCH   STREET  TO  VERNON   AVENUE,    LONG   ISLAND  CITY. 


L.  L.  POATES  EMgrg  CO.,  W.Y. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  183 
89.  The  elevation  of  this  well  is  about  8  feet  above  mean  tide. 

Record  oj  irell  at  Vernon  and  Nott  avenues,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Ash  and  sand  filling   0-14 

2.  Coarse  yellow  sand   14-23 

3.  Blue  sand  (disintegrated  rock)   23-25 

4.  Gneiss   25-85 

91.  This  well,  which  is  about  5  feet  above  the  adjacent  sea  marsh,  is  reported  to  have  passed  through 
nothing  but  gravel,  but  a  near-by  well  struck  beds  of  blue  clay  with  but  1  or  2  feet  of  gravel.  Both  were  test 
wells  put  down  by  the  water  department  of  Long  Island  City. 

92.  Record  of  well  at  596  Jackson  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Clayey  loam   0-10 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   10-16 

3.  Layer  of  stones  averaging  about  half  the  size  of  paving  stones   16-19 

4.  White  clay   19-20 

5.  Compact  mixture  of  sand  and  gravel   20-21 

6.  Black  and  white  gravel   21-25 

93.  A  group  of  20 or  30  wells,  of  which  several  are  flowing:  they  are  so  connected  that  it  is  impossible  to 


tell  which  is  and  which  is  not  flowing.  The  one  nearest  the  branch  is  reported  to  have  originally  flowed  18 
gallons  per  minute:  it  flowed  July  19,  1903,  about  one-half  gallon  per  minute  from  the  pipe  and  1  or  2  gallons 
on  the  outside  of  the  pipe.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  reports  one  well  flowing  slightly,  but 
readily  pumped  down.    The  water  is  excellent,  but  the  supply  not  great. 


Analysis  oj  water  from  well  at  Jackson  avenue  and  Hill  street,  Long  Island  City. 

Parts 
per  million. 


Free  ammonia   0.  091 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .  128 

Oxygen  consumed   .  842 

Nitrites     Trace. 

Nitrates  993 

Sodium  chloride   16.  330 

Hardness   120 

Permanent  hardness     50 

Temporary  hardness   70 

Total  solids   250 

In  the  near-by  well  the  following  section  was  encountered  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Allen: 

Record  oj  v:ell  at  Jaclcson  avenue  and  Hill  street,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Blue  clay   0-31 

2.  Hard  packed  gravel  with  water   31-38 

94.  Record  oj  well  at  Long  Island  Railroad  and  Remsen  street,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Bowlders  and  loam   0-40 

2.  Sand   40-50 

3.  Rather  coarse  water-bearing  gravel   50-61 


95.  Mr.  Allen  states  that  the  well  at  this  point  will  flow  when  the  near-by  waterworks  station  is  not 
pumping:  when  it  is  pumping  its  maximum  capacity  the  well  will  lower  about  15  feet;  it  is  also  affected  by 
the  pumping  at  the  ice  factory  near  Jackson  and  Steinway  avenues  (So.  98). 


L84       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


96.  Record  oj  well  at  Bvckley  street  and  Middleburg  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-12 

2.  Bowlders  -   12-19 

3.  Black  and  white  gravel   19 

The  bowlders  in  stratum  2  were  so  large  and  numerous  at  12  feet  that  a  hole  10  feet  square  was  dug  and 
the  bowlders  removed;  the  bowlders  varied  from  8  to  10  feet  in  diameter. 

9H.  Mr.  S.  H.  Allen  furnishes  the  following  data  regarding  the  six  wells  which  he  completed  at  this  point  : 
Well  No.  1:  Depth,  66  feet;  diameter,  4  inches;  depth  to  water,  3  feet;  tested,  48  gallons  per  minute, 
full  capacity  not  reached. 

Record  of  well  No.  I  at  Long  Island  Railroad  and  Lowery  street,  Long  Island  City. 


Feet. 

1.  Dark-brown  sand   0-15 

2.  Sand  ,  -   15-30 

3.  "Hardpan"   30-35 

4.  Coarse  gravel  with  water  -   35-66 


Well  No.  2:  Depth,  97  feet  ;  diameter,  2  inches;  depth  to  water,  5  feet;  capacity,  160  gallons  per  minute. 
With  direct  suction  the  water  lowers  to  17.9  feet,  but  will  not  lower  farther. 

Well  No.  3:  Depth,  51  feel ;  diameter,  4  inches;  capacity,  60  gallons  per  minute. 
Well  No.  4:  Depth,  54  feet;  diameter,  2  inches;  capacity,  60  gallons  per  minute. 
Well  No.  5:  Depth,  55  feet  ;  diameter,  3  inches;  capacity,  unsatisfactory. 
Well  No.  6:  Depth,  66  feet:  diameter,  3  inches:  capacity,  60  gallons. 

Sweeney  &  Gray  completed  three  wells  at  this  place  and  report  the  following  typical  section: 
Record  oj  well  at  Long  Island  Railroad-  and  Lowery  street,  Long  Island  City. 


Feet. 

1.  Medium  red  sand   0-20 

2.  Mixture  of  red,  blue,  and  white  clays     20-23 

3.  Mixture  of  sand  and  gravel  cemented  with  iron   23-30 

4.  Fine  blue,  water-bearing  sand  >   30-45 

5.  Ordinary  sand  and  gravel   45-55 

6.  Black  and  white  gravel   55-62 


99.  For  records  of  original  wells  put  down  at  this  station  see  PI.  XXXIV,  which  was  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Farmer  from  samples.  Mr.  Farmer  has  also  furnished  the  following  record  and  samples  of  the  test  boring 
made  in  connection  with  a  new  series  of  wells  which  was  completed  at  this  point  in  the  spring  of  1904: 


Record  of  wells  at  Long  Island  Railroad  and  Grove  street,  Long  Island  City. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  Marsh  deposits   0-  2 

Wisconsin : 

2.  Slate-colored  clay   2-  7 

3.  Sand  and  clay  cemented  into  hardpan   7-  32 

4.  Water-bearing  sand;  not  a  very  good  water  stratum   32-  33 

Wisconsin  or  Tisbury: 

5.  Sand  and  gravel  up  to  one-half  inch  in  diameter  cemented  into  hardpan:  very 

hard  to  drill   33-  55 

6.  Reddish  brown  sand  mixed  with  small  gravel   55-  58 

Cretaceous  (Raritan): 

7.  Sand  and  clay  of  greenish  color;  easy  to  drill;  color  changing  to  gray  at  85   55-  85 

8.  White  clay  (kaolin)   85-110 

9.  White  and  greenish  clay  (not  greensand)  evidently  a  rock-weathering  product   110-118 

Fordham '(: 

10.  Gneiss   118-125 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MAP  AND   DIAGRAM   OF   BORINGS   FOR   PENNSYLVANIA,   NEW  YORK  AND  LONG 


RINGS 


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240' 

-300' 

■290' 
-280' 
-270' 


230' 


.220'  ABBREVIATIONS 

(  A.  Artificial  ground      G.  Gravel 

"2,°                                    S.  Sand  B.  Bowlder 

,                                     fs-  Fi"e  sand  D.    Disintegrated  rock 

-200                                      cS.  Coarse  sand  Br.  or  B.    Bed  rock  or  bowlder 

C.  Clay  Br.  Bed  rock 

St.  Silt 


Horizontal  scale 

200  300  400  5oo  feet 


L.  L.  P0ATE6  ENGR'G  CO..  N.Y. 


ID  RAILROAD  TUNNEL;  VERNON  avenue  to  east  river,  long  island  city. 


MAP  AND  DIAGRAM   OF   BORINGS  FOR   PENNSYLVANIA,   NEW  YORK  AND   LONG  ISLAND   RAILROAD   TUNNEL;   EASTERN   HALF  OF   EAST  RIVER. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


185 


A  well  put  down  by  the  commission  on  additional  water  supply  about  60  feet  west  of  the  pumping 
station  showed  the  following  section: 

Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Long  Island  Railroad  and  Grove  street.  Long  Island  City. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

3.  Black  humus-stained  clay  -   5. 0-  5.  5 

4.  Grayish  green  sandy  clay   5.  5-  6.  5 

5.  Multicolored  fine  silt  to  medium  sand       9.  5-10.  5 

6-9.  Dark,  multicolored,  glacial  sand  and  gravel     12.  0-35 

11.  Fine,  yellowish  brown  glacial  sand   41  -42 

100.  Record  of  well  on  Steimvay  avenue,  between  Pierce  and  Graham  avenues,  Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  -   0-  8 

2.  Blue  clay;  no  bowlders  .   8-30 

3.  Quicksand  with  black  water   30-38 

4.  Hardpan   38-39 

5.  Gravel  -   39-43 

101.  Mr.  Allen  sunk  five  wells  on  the  east  side  of  Fifth  avenue  between  Pierce  and  Graham  streets 
to  an  average  depth  of  32  feet;  one  he  sunk  to  a  depth  of  60  feet  and  reached  rock  without  getting  a  second 
water-bearing  stratum.  Water  in  these  wells  has  been  lowered  from  18  feet  below  the  surface  to  30  feet 
below  the  surface  by  the  pumping  of  the  ice-factory  well:  and  the  wells  have  been  driven  5  feet  deeper,  or  to 
37  feet.  A  well  just  across  the  block,  on  Fourth  avenue,  belonging  to  Mr.  Vanderhyde,  reached  rock  at  58 
feet :  water  was  found  on  the  rock. 

102.  Record  of  well  at  ^Yashington  and  Fourth  avenues.  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Gravel  ;   0-10 

2.  Sand....   10-32 

3.  Gravel  with  large  bowlders   32-40 

4.  Blue  clay   40-50 

5.  Red  sand  and  gravel  with  some  small  black  gravel   50-57 

104.  Record  of  well  at  Pierce  avenue  and  Crescent  street.  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Gravel  and  bluish  rock   0-34 

2.  Blue  clay   34-64 

3.  Gravel   64-74 

105.  Well  is  pumped  empty  and  then  allowed  to  fill:  water  is  used  for  manufacturing  purposes,  and 
not  for  drinking. 

Sanitary  analysis  of  water  of  well  at  Williams  and  Beebe  ai'enues,  Long  Island  City. 

[By  E.  H.  Richards.] 

Appearance:  Parts  per  million 

Turbidity   None. 

Sediment   Slight. 

Color   None. 

Odor: 

Cold   None. 

•       Hot  Faintly  earthy.  . 

Total  residue  on  evaporation   S36 

Ammonia : 

Free   0.006 

Albuminoid   .  036 

17116— No.  44—06  13 


186       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  'YORK. 


Parts  per  million. 

Chlorine   80. 000 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites. . .   .  003 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates  -   34. 000 

Oxygen  consumed  -   .180 

I  am  afraid  it  is  a  case  of  the  border  line.    I  do  not  know  why  the  nitrates  should  be  so  high,  unless 

there  is  some  contamination. — E.  H.  Richards,  May  22,  1900. 

IOO.  I    the  spring  of  1903  Mr.  Allen  completed  three  wells  in  the  kitchens  of  new  houses  on  the  west 

side  of  Ely  street  between  Paynter  and  Beebe  streets,  which  afforded  the  following  section: 

Records  of  wells  on  Ely  avenue  between  Payntar  and  Beebe  avenues,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Quicksand   0  -12 

2.  Blue  clay  ...  12  -17.5 

3.  Gravel  17.5-20.5 

4.  Sand   20.5-22.5 

5.  Bed  rock  22.  5- 

The  well  in  the  house  nearest  Paynter  street  flows  about  5  gallons  per  minute  2  feet  above  the  ground ; 
the  others  flow,  but  a  less  amount.  On  the  corner  of  Beebe  and  Paynter  streets,  just  northwest  of  the 
jast  of  these  houses,  is  an  old  factory  with  a  well  about  20  feet  deep  which  reached  bed  rock  and  furnished 
flowing  water.  This  well  has  now  stopped  flowing,  because  of  the  construction  of  the  sewer  along  Beebe 
street  which  drains  the  water  from  it.  The  elevation  at  the  comer  of  Ely  and  Paynter  streets  is  9  feet, 
city  datum. 

HO.  The  water  of  this  well  is  extremely  brackish  and  can  not  be  used  in  boilers;  it  is  used  for  mixing 
clays.    The  elevation  of  the  grade  line,  corner  of  Wallach  and  Vernon  avenues,  is  14.89  feet,  city  datum. 

Record  of  well  at  Jfil  Vernon  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Ash  and  sand  filling   0-  4 

2.  Coarse  red  sand   4-22 

3.  Rock   22-115 

1 1 5.  These  wells  are  reported  as  being  about  one-half  mile  north  of  bridge  No.  4  (Blackwells  Island 
bridge).    There  are  two  3-inch  wells,  and  two  4^-inch  wells. 

Record  of  well  near  Blackwells  Island,  bridge,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Marsh  mud  '   0-16 

2.  Mud  and  sand   16-20 

3.  Sand     20-31 

4.  Bedrock   Si- 


ll O.  Record  of  well  at  Broadway  and  Academy  street,  Long  Island.  City. 


Feet. 

1.  Heavy,  coarse,  building  sand,  with  bowlders  of  various  sizes   0-35 

2.  Very  large  bowlders  packed  closely  together,  many  weighing  a  ton  or  more   35-40 

3.  Coarse  gravel  containing  stones  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter   40-50 

4.  Very  tenacious  blue  clay,  containing  no  stones   .50-57 

5.  Fine  yellow  sand  !   57-60 

6.  Fine  white  sand   60-90 


The  bowlders  in  stratum  2  so  hindered  the  sinking  of  the  well  that  it  was  necessary  to  dig  a  hole  1  0 
feet  square  and  blast  them  out.    At  90  feet  a  large  supply  of  brackish  water  was  obtained. 

117.  Record  of  well  at  Ninth  and  Jamaica  avenues,  L,ong  Island  City. 


Feet. 

1 .  Stratified  sand  and  gravel   0-48 

2.  Fine  reddish  sand   48-58 

3.  Red  sand  and  gravel   58-74 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MAP  AND   DIAGRAM   OF   BORINGS  FOR   PENNSYLVANIA,   NEW   YORK  , 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  44    PL.  XXXII 


15°  \jS 


>16 


ft? 

ft? 


ABBREVIATIONS 


A. 

Artificial  ground 

G. 

Gravel 

S. 

Sand 

B. 

Bowlder 

fS. 

Fine  sand 

D 

Disintegrated  rock 

cS. 

Coarse  sand 

Br. 

or  B.   Bed  rock  or  bowlder 

c. 

Clay 

Br 

Bed  rock 

St. 

Silt 

I 


I40      1  I  »\  \ 


olO 


o|7 


0I8 


19 


E-1 


°20 


°21 


Horizontal  scale 
200  300 


500  feet 


CORE 


BORINGS 


310  • 


n  high  water  300  - 
290 '• 


■170 
160' 
150' 


I: 

a? 

lit 


m  A.S.Gt  -i 

em  c.  Ete 
as 

S 


fS.C. 


cS.C 


GrS^ 

Br. 


Br. 


91  & 


"tea 


CS. 


CS. 


cS. 


cSG 


43 


44 


47 


A.  IS. 
G.C. 


A.G. 

jS  fs.c. 

A.C.S.Q^'C 


fs.c. 


G.CS 


S  G.C  S 


3* 


35 


35 


1 
Si 


St 


A.S. 


G.C. 


Eg  A.S.  tsi 

IP 


=  fS.C. 


S:e- 


—  fS.C. 


AS  G 


fS.C 


G;CS 
-S-  B 


S5 


A^SCk-  A 


35  A. 


fSC. 


fS.C. 


GtC-S 


=  r 


A.S. 


G.C  S 


S.G. 


cS.G. 


A.G. 


A.S. 


ISC. 


A.SC 


IS.C.G 
C  13. 
IS.C. 


fS.C. 


cStGt- 

ts.c 


G.S. 


Br. 


±  A.S. 


/.«- 


fSC. 


^S  G  D. 
"  Br 


-310 
-300' 
-290' 
-280' 
-270' 
-260' 
-250' 
-240' 
-230' 
-220' 
•210' 
-200' 
-190' 
-180' 


140' 


L.  L.  POATES  ENGP.  G  CO., 


LONG   ISLAND   RAILROAD  TUNNEL;   WESTERN    HALF  OF   EAST  RIVER. 


MAP   AND   DIAGRAM  OF 


FOR    PENNSYLVANIA,    NEW    YORK   AND   LONG   ISLAND   RAILROAD   TUNNEL;    EAST    RIVER   TO   FIRST    AVENUE,    NEW    YORK  CITY. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  187 

In  this  well  the  first  water  was  encountered  at  32  feet;  below  this  was  7  feet  of  clayey  sand  and  a 
second  layer  of  clay  and  gravel. 

Record  of  v)dl  at  408  Ninth  avenue  Long  Island  OUy. 

Feet. 

1  Sand  with  bowlders    -  —   0-50 

2.  Quicksand  with  marine  shells      50-57 

3.  Water-bearing  sand  -  -   57- 

4.  Very  hard  layer  of  red  sand  and  gravel. 

1 19.  Record,  of  well  at  Steinway  and  Jamaica  avenues,  Low/  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Glacial  gravel  with  bowlders   0-18 

2.  Gray  sand   18-36 

3.  Red  gravel,  water-bearing   36-65 

120.  Record  of  well  at  Albert  street  and  Jamaica  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1 .  Unstratified  glacial  sand  and  gravel   0-4 

2.  Quicksand   4-39 

3.  Grayish  clay  -  39-42 

4.  Red  sand  and  gravel,  water-bearing   42-60 

121.  Record  of  well  on  Twelfth  street  between  Broadway  and  Jamaica  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1 .  Unstratified  sand  and  bowlders     0-30 

2.  Stratified  red  sand   30-60 

3.  Water-bearing  gravel  with  more  or  less  clay     60-65 

4.  Black  clay   65- 


Mr.  Allen  reports  that  in  this  vicinity  the  water-bearing  gravel  lying  between  the  stratified  sand  and 
black  clay  ranges  in  thickness  from  0  to  23  feet. 

122.  Record  of  well  at  Grand  street  and  Third  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 


Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  sandy  loam   0.1-  0.4 

2.  Reddish  sandy  loam      1.5-  1.7 

3.  Fine  to  medium  reddish  yellow  silt v  sand   6.0-  7.0 

4—6.  Dark  brownish  gray  multicolored  glacial  sand  and  gravel     11.5-23.0 

7-8.  Same,  but  with  much  reddish  silt  24.0-31.0 


123.  Mr.  Allen  reports  that  this  well  is  in  an  area  which  is  about  a  block  and  a  half  square,  in  which  it  is 
quite  easy  to  get  water;  outside  of  this  local  basin  it  is  much  more  difficult. 

125.  Surface  water  was  shut  out  at  225  feet,  and  the  well  tested  at  352  and  608;  both  tests  gave  salty 
water. 

126.  No  water  encountered  until  43  feet,  where  it  was  found  in  a  crevice  of  the  rock,  and  came  up  to 
within  4  feet  of  the  surface.    Water  contains  too  much  lime  for  boiler  use.    Well  pumps  18  gallons  a  minute 


at  suction  limit. 

Record  of  well  at  Steinway  avenue  and  River  road,  Long  Island,  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Yellow  bowldery  clay  _   0-24 

2.  Quicksand  (very  fine,  clean  sand — no  mica)...   24-37 

3.  Coarse,  white  gravel  and  beach  sand    37-42 

4.  Conglomerate  rock  ("like  the  rock  at  Scranton,  Pa.,  just  above  the  hard  coal")   42-45 

5.  Gray  gneiss   45-55 

128.  Impotable  water  is  reported  at  14  feet;  good  water  at  48  feet. 


129.  Mr.  Harper  states  that  the  record  of  material  penetrated  in  this  well  is  exactly  the  same  as  in  the 
other  wells  which  he  put  down  on  Barren  Island.    (See  Nos.  130  and  131.) 


188       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


130.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Lewis  Woolman  from  samples  furnished  by  Mr. 


Thomas  B.  Harper : « 

Record  of  T.  F.  White  Company's  well  on  Barren  Island.  New  York. 
Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Interval;  no  specimens  - —      0-  70 

2.  Brownish  sands,  sometimes  slightly  yellowish  and  sometimes  slightly  reddish  in 

cast  -   70-130 

3.  Reddish-brown  and  yellowish-brown  sands,  same  as  next  above,  with  the  addition 

of  pebbles  and  cobbles,  etc.    (Jameco)   130-220 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Whitish  sands   220-240 

5.  Brown  sands   240-260 

6.  Bluish-white  sands  with  some  lignite  throughout   260-500 

7.  Dark,  micaceous  sandy  clay,  no  lignite   500-690 

8.  Yellowish-white,  water-bearing  sand,  coarse  at  700  to  720  (Lloyd  sand)   690-740 

131.  The  following  samples  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Thomas  B.  Harper  to  the  New  Jersey  Geological 
Survey: 

Record  of  Sanitary  Utilization  Company's  well  on  Barren  Island,  New  York. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 
1.  Whitish  sand  for  some  distance  down  from  the  surface;  heavy  gravels  and  cob- 
bles at   140 

3.  "Reddish"  (?)  sand. 

4.  Dark-colored  conglomerate,  quartz  grains  and  pebbles  size  of  mustard  seed  to 

that  of  shellbarks  and  walnuts  at   218 

5.  Cobbles  at  some  distance  below   230 

Cretaceous : 

6.  Whitish  sand. 

7.  "Cemented  material"  of  feldspar  and  quartz   495-500 

8.  Bluish  soft  marl  (?)   500-560 

9.  Alterations  of  sands  and  clays,  each  15  to  20  feet  thick   560-660 

10.  Red  clay  at   706 

11.  Yellowish-white  coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel,  water  bearing  (Lloyd  sand)  ......  712-720 

12.  Whitish  clay,  prospected  4  feet,  or  from      720-724 

132.  The.  following  section  was  reported  by  Mr.  Chester  D.  Coiwin: 

Record  of  Sanitary  Utilisation  Company's  well  on  Barren  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 

1.  Medium  fine  gray  sand   0-135 

2.  White  beach  sand   135-525 

3.  Hardpan,  clay  and  stones;  clay  and  gravel-like  cement;  color  between  gray  and 

brown   525-530 

4.  White  sand   530-680 

5.  Light-gray  medium  gravel;  good  water-bearing  stratum   680-700 

133.  Record  of  White  Lead  Company's  well  on  Crook  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 

1.  Fine  gray  sand   0-  95 

2.  Brown  medium  sand   95-115 

3.  Coarse  light-gray  sand   115-116 

4.  Brown  medium  sand  (similar  to  No.  2)   116-130 

5.  Coarse  white  sand   130-134 


a  Ann  Kept  (ieol.  Survey  New  Jersey,  1897,  pp.  156-157.  b  Op.  cit.,  p.  155. 


» 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


No.l 


No. 2 


1  Ctay 

«.l    light  drab, 
5  gravel 
!  cemented  in. 


No. 3 


No. 4 


No. 5 


No.6 


No.7 


No.8 


No.9 


Loam 
black 


f  Sand 

I  blackish  brown, 
^fe   fine  grains, 
^  homogeneous 


Loam 
black 


"L  Loam 
w  black 


^  Loam 
7  black 


in  character 


|  Sand 
1  light  brown, 
|  fine  grains, 
^  mixed  with 
^  coarse  ones, 
I  porphyritic 
I  character 


Gravel 
grains 
cemented 
together 


10- 


Sand 
light  brown, 
fine  grains, 
cemented 
together 


Sand 
white,  black 
-I    and  brown, 
coarse  grains 
|  in  finer  matrix, 
'  porphyritic 


'Gravel  and  sand 
-  L     light  drab, 
oj  cemented 
.  together 


Sand 
X«    light  drab, 

grains  cemented 
4,  together 


"J.  Loam 

CO 

black 


Loam 
black 


f  Sand 
^blackish  brown, 

ine  grains, 
I  cementing 
material  present 


jGravel  and  sand 

0  'ight  drab 
|  cemented 

1  together 


J  Clay 

CO 

|  gray 


Sand 
white,  black 
and  brown, 
coarse  grains 
in  finer  matrix 
porphyritic 
character 


character 


l  Stones 
*.^white  and  slate 
g  colored  quartz, 
I    »/u  to  Ve'in 
|  diameter 


15- 


Sand 
I    white,  black 
^ I    and  brown, 

0  coarse  grains 

1  in  finer  matrix, 

porphyritic 
i  character 


20- 


25-- 


30- 


35 


<0 


45 


50 


Sand 
^  blackish  brown 
1"    coarse  and 
I     fine  grains 


|  Sand  and  gravel 
"^blackish  brown 
cementing 
Imaterial  present 


j  Sand 
blackish  brown 
^    fine  grains : 
i  homogeneous 
in  character 


Sand 
^*blackish  brown 
^    coarse  and 
fine  grains 


Sand 
w  I  white,  black 
S1  and  brown, 
^  coarse  grains 
|  in  finer  matrix 


Sand 

I  blackish  brown 
o 

*r    coarse  and 
fine  grains 


Sand 
!  blackish  brow 
coarse  grain 
^  in  finer  matr 
I  cemented 
together 


Gravel 
white  and  slate 
in  colored  quartz, 
Yn  to  J4"in 
diameter 


Stones 
I  white  and  slate 
10  colored  quartz, 
I    'As  to  y2"  in 
diameter 


Sand 
I  blackish  brown 
I     coarse  and 
|     fine  grains 

1  Water  bearing  j 


Sand 
I  blackish  brow 
?    fine  grains 
homogeneou 
in  character 


RECORD  OF  TEST   BORINGS  MADE  AT  LONG  il\ 

Prepared  from  the  slffi- 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO.  44    PL.  XXXIV 


No. 10 


No. 11 


No. 12 


No. 13 


No. 14 


No. 15 


No. 16 


No. 17 


No. 18 


Loam 
black 


Clay 
gray 

mixed  with  grit 


Clay 
gray 


s.1  Clay  ana  loam 

CM 

gray 

■4  


J  Clay 
ci  yellow 


Clay 
yellow 


•  t  Loam 
T    dark  brown 


Clay 
yellow 


Clay 
gray 


Sand 
J  gray. 

00  very  fine  grains 

1  approaching 

clay  in 
composition 


Clay 
gray 


Sand 
„blackish  brown 
J7    fine  grains, 
cemented 
together 


Sand 
|    white,  black 
°     and  brown 
coarse  siliceous 
•  grains 


Sand 
gray, 
very  fine  grains 
,  cemented 
together 
approaching 

clay  in 
composition 


Sand 
gray, 
very  fine  grains 
approaching 

clay  in 
composition 


Sand 
very  fine  grains 
mixed  with 
coarse  ones, 
cementing 
material  present 


Sand 
gray. 
J  very  fine  grains 
?  cemented 
|  together, 
j  approaching 

clay  in 
|  composition 


Clay 
5  gray 

•  7 

mixed  with  grit 


J  Clay 
yellow 


Clay 
gray 


Stones 
.J  white  and  slate 
^"colored  quartz, 
I    V£to  !/2"in 
diameter 


Sand 

white,  black 
and  brown, 

coarse  grains, 
cemented 
together 


T  Sand 
„l  blackish  brown 
gj   fine  grains: 
l  homogeneous 
j,  in  character 


Sand 
blackish  brown 
I  coarse  grains 
In  finer  matrix 


Sand 

gray, 
nrery  fine  grains 
I  approaching 
|        clay  in 
j  composition 


Sand 
light  brown, 
!  coarse  grains 
in  finer  matrix 
cementing 
material  presen' 


Sand 
*o  blackish  brown 
j   coarse  grains 
I  in  finer  matrix 


Gravel  and 
stones 
white  and  slate 

ID 

j  colored  quartz, 

I     V»6  t0  Sfi 
diameter 


Sand 
^    white,  black 
X«    and  brown 
coarse  siliceous 
grains 

Water  bearing? 


Stones 
I  whit3  and  slate 
colored  quartz, 

diameter 


Sand 
white,  black 
and  brown, 

coarse  siliceous 
grains 


Gravel 
|  white  and  slate 
^colored  quartz, 
|     V«  to  y4"in 
"  diameter 


Stones 
|  white  and  slate 
colored  quartz, 
Vis  to»/t"in 
diameter 


Sand 
i  white,  black 
J  and  brown 
I  coarse  and 
I  fine  grains, 
cementing 
material  present 


10 


Stones 
|  white  and  slate 
■*  colored  quartz, 
j    ViJto  »/2*jn 
!  diameter 


-15 


■-20 


--25 


-30 


■35 


--40 


--45 


50 


i  ND  CITY  PUMPING  STATION  NO.  3  (NO. 
fes  by  A.  S.  Farmer. 


99). 


* 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


189 


134.  Mr.  L.  B.  Ward  gives  the  following  data:  "This  Company  operates  under  the  franchise  of  the 
Long  Island  Water  Supply  Company  in  the  Twenty-sixth  Ward,  where  its  property  is  situated.  It  pumps 
70,000  gallons  of  water  daily  from  driven  wells  for  the  supply  of  houses  built  on  its  tract  No.  1,  and  takes 
90,600  gallons  additional  from  the  Long  Island  Water  Supply  Company  for  use  in  tract  No.  2.  The  plant 
consists  of  a  pumping  station  and  a  standpipe.  It  supplies  176  houses  on  tract  No.  1  and  275  houses  on 
tract  No.  2." 

135.  Mr.  Robert  Van  Buren,  of  the  department  of  water  supply,  Borough  of  Brooklyn,  has  kindly 
furnished  samples  from  the  deep  wells  put  down  at  New  Lots  in  1903.  From  these  the  following  section 
has  been  compiled  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  deep  wells  of  detriment  of  water  supply  at  New  Lots  road  ami  Fountain  avenue, 


East  New  York. 

Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Peat  -  -  -   0-  4 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?: 

2.  Gray  sandy  clay  with  gravel   4-  12 

3-5.  Light,  multicolored,  fine  to  coarse,  glacial  sand   12-  70 

6.  Light-gray  clay  -  -  -   70-  72 

7.  Fine  to  medium,  light  yellow  glacial  sand     72-  93 

8.  Reddish  brown  fine  to  coarse  glacial  sand   93-1 1 3 

Sankaty: 

9.  Light-gray  gravelly  clay   113-118 

Jameco: 

10.  Coarse,  multicolored,  highly  erratic  glacial  sand  and  gravel   118-164 


Messrs.  P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan  reported  to  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey  a  in  1896  the  following:  '  The 
greatest  yield  and  the  best  quality  of  water  for  the  Long  Island  Water  Supply  Company  were  found  at  East 
New  York,  where  it  is  all  gravel  and  coarse  sand.  The  yield  was  about  two  and  one-half  million  gallons 
per  day  from  six  8-inch  wells  that  run  from  65  to  95  feet  deep." 

In  1898  the  same  firm  reported:'' "We  have  erected  a  pumping  plant  for  the  Long  Island  Water  Supply 
Company  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  We  put  down  five  wells  averaging  a  depth  of  80  feet.  Supply  collectively 
was  2,000,000  gallons  per  day  of  24  hours.    The  strata  were: 

Record  of  wells  of  department  of  water  supply  at  New  Lots  road  and  Fountain  avenue, 

East  New  York. 


Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-  4 

2.  Fine  sand   4-  10 

3.  Gravel  with  water   10-  35 

4.  Thin  vein  of  clay   35-  36 

5.  Sand  and  gravel     36-100 

6.  Clay  ,...<,  3^.,'..^-.   100- 

7.  Fine  red  sand  -   -140 


"We  went  to  140  feet  with  one  well,  but  got  no  water.  It  was  fine  red  sand  with  much  iron  and  no 
gravel,  and  we  went  no  deeper.  The  levels  of  the  wells  are  about  high-tide  level:  a  very  high  tide  breaks 
up,  so  that  they  are  all  connected  at  tide  level,  but  the  water  is  fresh  and  good  for  use,  but  a  little  hard." 

136.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  depart- 
ment of  water  supply  in  the  n.unicipal  building,  Brooklyn  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well,  No.  17. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1 .  Yellow  loamy  sand ...      0-  8 

2.  Light,  reddish-brown,  fine  to  coarse,  speckled  sand.    8-70 

Tisbury: 

3.  Light-yellow  sand  and  pebbles  (orange  sand)   70-  95 


«  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1896,  1897,  p.  18«.      '>  Ann.  Rept.  Geo].  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1898,  1899,  p.  142. 


190       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Sankaty:  Feet- 

4.  Dark-gray  clay  with  vegetable  matter  (swamp  deposit )   95-106 

Sankaty?: 

5.  Light-yellow  fine  to  medium  sand   106-128 

Jameco : 

6.  Fine,  dark,  reddish-brown  sand,  glacial   128-140 

7.  Very  coarse  multicolored  sand   140-150 

8.  Coarse  multicolored  gravel,  with  a  very  small  percentage  of  quartz   150-170 

9.  Fine  to  coarse  dark  reddish-yellow  sands  and  gravel   170-191 


The  elevation  of  the  surface  at  this  point  is  10.6  feet  above  the  Brooklyn  base. 
137.  The  following  records  have  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  depart- 
ment of  water  supply,  municipal  building,  Brooklyn  (see  fig.  10): 


Record  of  Brooklyn  lest  well,  No.  .}• 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1 .  Dark,  humus-stained  surface,  sandy  loam   0-  9 

2.  Clean  reddish-brown  sands  and  gravels  of  glacial  origin   9-97 

Tisbury: 

3.  Dirty-gray  sands  with  a  few  pebbles   97-126 

Sankaty: 

4.  Gray  pebbly  clay   126-141 

Jameco: 

5.  Coarse  multicolored  gravel  with  a  very  few  quartz  pebbles   141-149 


Mr.  De  Varona  reports:  "Water  level  above  the  blue  clay  is  about  16  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  below  the  clay  it  is  about  2.5  feet  below  the  surface."0 

Analysis  of  water  of  Brooklyn  test  well,  No.  4- 6 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   93. 000 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter)     29.000 

Ammonia: 

Free  014 

Albuminoid   .  078 

Chlorine  as  chlorides  .'   3.500 

Sodium  chloride   5.  770 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates     .  422 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   .  060 

Total  hardness   31.  500 

Permanent  hardness   31.500 


138.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  department 
of  water  supply: 

Record  of  wells  at  Old  Spring  Creek  pumping  station. 


1A. 

2A. 

3A. 

4A. 

5A. 

Recent  

1.  Peat  

0-  3 

0-  4 

0-  4 

0-  2 

0-  2 
2-124 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury.. 

2.  Fine  to  medium  yellow  to  reddish  yellow 
sand  with  some  gravel. 

3-J25 

4-127 

4-127 

2-126 

Sankaty  

125-133 

127-137 

127-136 

126-136 

124-134 

4.  Multicolored  sand  and  gravel  with  rela- 
tively small  percentage  of  quartz. 

133-158 

137-151 

136-153 

136-153 
/ 

134-151 

a  Ann!  Kept.  Commr.  City  Works  of  Brooklyn  for  1895,  1896,  p.  346. 
Analysis  by  the  Brooklyn  health  department,  op.  cit.,  pp.  140.  142. 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


191 


Messrs.  W.  D.  Andrews  <Sc  Brother,  who  put  in  the  original  plant  at  this  point,  report  under  date  of 
March  8,  1895:  "At  Spring  Creek  and  Baisley  trial  tubes  and  wells  were  driven  to  a  depth  of  1(X)  feet  or 
more,  from  which  water  flowed,  and  would  rise  2  or  3  feet  above  the  surface  if  confined  in  a  tube.  By  hand 
pumping  these  2-inch  wells  would  yield  30  to  40  gallons  per  minute."' 

Analysis  of  water  from  sliallow  driven  well  plant  at  Spring  Creek  pumping  station. 


[By  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   194.429 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter)   40.429 

Free  ammonia   .  005 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .015 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   12.857 

Sodium  chloride   21. 186 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates  ,   4.510 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   110.214 

Permanent  hardness     809.  29 


139.  The  following  analysis  was  furnished  by  Mr.  I.  M.  De  Varona: 


Analysis  of  water  from  well  at  temporary  Spring  Creek  pumping  station. 
[Analysis  by  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   223.  500 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter)   52.000 

Free  ammonia   .  000 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .  017 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   14.000 

Sodium  chloride   23.070 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   6.  965 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   92.  500 

Permanent  hardness.    91 .  000 


141.  Section  from  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water  department  (see  fig.  10): 


Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  5. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  16 

2.  Reddish  brown  multicolored  sands  and  gravel  of  glacial  origin   16-192 

Sankaty: 

3.  Gray  clay   192-200 

4.  Dark  multicolored  silty  sand  (glacials   200-216 

5.  Gray  silty  clay   216-281 

Jameco: 

6.  Gray  silt  with  multicolored  pebbles  (glacial)   281-284 


Accompanying  the  samples  preserved  in  the  glass  tube  is  a  sample  in  an  envelope,  marked  "Test  well 
No.  5,  below  clay,  received  August  21,  1895."  This  sample  consists  of  large  dark-colored  pebbles,  only 
about  one-fourth  of  which  are  quartz.  Mr.  I.  M.  De  Yarona  adds:  "When  the  pipe  was  down  about  284 
feet  the  water  level  was  about  46  feet  below  the  surface."    Elevation  of  ground  61.8  feet,  Brooklyn  base. 


* 


192       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Analysis  of  wafer  from  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  5. 
[By  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   139.000 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter)   20.000 

Free  ammonia   None. 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .024 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   8.500 

Sodium  chloride   14.010 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   .  659 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   63.  500 

Permanent  hardness   63.500 


142.  The  wells  of  this  company  are  arranged  in  two  groups  about  one-half  mile  apart,  the  northern  one 
consisting  of  4  wells  and  the  southern  one  of  12.  The  pumping  station  is  located  about  midway  between 
them,  in  the  factory  of  the  Agate-Nickel  Steel  Ware  Company. 

Section  from  samples  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  Agate-Nickel  Steel  Ware  Company: 

Record  oj  Woodhaven  Water  Supply  Company's  well  near  Woodhaven. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Light-brown,  medium,  glacial  sand   0-16 

2-3.  Coarse  glacial  sand  and  gravel,  containing  a  large  percentage  of  granitic  and 

sachistose  pebbles   16-31 

4.  Fine,  light-gray,  micaceous  clayey  sand   31-38 

5-8.  Brown  glacial  sand  and  gravel   38-91 


The  whole  section  is  pronouncedly  glacial,  with  the  highest  percentage  of  erratic  material  between  16  and 
31  feet.    An  analysis  of  this  water,  made  November  28,  1902,  gave  the  following  results: 

Analysis  of  water  from  Woodhaven  Water  Supply  Company's  well  near  Woodhaven. 


Appearance,  etc.,  clear  pale  brownish  yellow. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F.),  faint  earthy.  Parts  per  million. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides    11.5 

Equivalent  to  sodium  chloride   18.  9 

Phosphates   Trace. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates   2.  1 

Free  ammonia   .03 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .04 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (before  boiling)   149.7 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (after  boiling)   29.0 

Organic  and  volatile  (loss  on  ignition)   56.2 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile)   146.1 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation)   193.4 


143.  The  record  of  the  deep  well  at  this  point  has  been  published  by  Messrs.  Bryson,"  Lewis,''  Darton/ 
and  Woolman/'  A  complete  set  of  samples  presented  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Luce,  superintendent  of  the  Woodhaven 
Water  Supply  Company,  which  are  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  show 
the  following  section: 

a  Am.  Geologist,  vol.  3,  pp.  214,  1889. 

b  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  233,  1889. 

<■  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  138,  1896,  pp.  31-32. 

<1  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey,  for  1896,  1897,  pp.  158-160. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  198 

Record  of  well  0}  Lalance  &  Grosjean  Manufacturing  Company  near  Woodharen. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Reddish-yellow  glacial  sands  and  gravels"   0-213 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Dark  laminated  clay  with  some  quartz  pebbles   213-358 

3.  Gray  clayey  sand  with  lignite   358-430 

4.  Very  dark  sandy  clay   430-436 

5.  Fine  white  sand   436-443 

6.  Very  dark-gray  dirty  sand   443-456 

7.  Medium  white  sand,  with  small  quartz  pebbles   456-460 

8.  Very  dark  clayey  sand  '.   460-475 

9.  Small  quartz  gravel   475-510 

10.  Fine  to  medium,  dirty,  clayey  sand.   510-515 

11.  Dark,  sandy,  laminated  clay,  with  quartz  pebbles   515-518 

12.  White  or  dirty  gray  clay   518-540 

13.  Dirty  gray  medium  sand   540-5.56 

Pre-Cretaceous: 

14.  Rock   556-570 

144.  Record  0}  commission's  test  well  near  Union  Plice. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  dark-yellow  sandy  loam. 

2.  Reddish-yellow  sandy  clay   1.5 

3.  Dark-yellow  sand  and  small  gravel   5 

4-5.  Sand  and  coarse  gravel,  with  much,  erratic  material   10-15 

6-7.  Grayish-yellow  silt  and  coarse  sand   20-25 

8.  Fine  to  medium  dark-yellow  sand   30 

9.  Coarse,  dark-gray,  multicolored  sand,  with  much  erratic  material   32-32.  5 

10.  Dark-colored  sand,  with  some  silt   33-34 

11-13.  Dark-yellow  silty  sand   35-46 

This  whole  section  is  apparently  outwash  glacial  gravel. 

145.  Record  0}  commission's  test  well  near  Glendale. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Dark  humus-stained  clay   0.  -0.4 

2.  Reddish  yellow  clay   1.5-  1.8 

3-5.  Reddish  yellow  silty  sand   6.  -18 

6-16.  Fine  to  coarse  dark-gray  glacial  sand  24.  -76 

147.  Analysis  0}  water  0}  Montauk  Brewing  Company's  well  near  Metropolitan. 

[By  H.  W.  Walker.] 

Appearance  clear. 

Color  normal.  Parts  per  million. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F.)   None. 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   14.  5 

Sodium  chloride   23.89 

Xitrogen  in  nitrites   .00 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates     1.  186 

Free  ammonia   None. 

Organic  and  volatile  loss  on  ignition       74.5 

Mineral  matter  not  volatile   184.  0 

Total  solids   257.0 

Mr.  H.  W.  Walker,  of  the  Brooklyn  city  health  department,  says,  August  8,  1903:  "This  water  is  of 
bright  and  sparkling  appearance,  and  the  analysis  indicates  a  high  degree  of  purity." 


a  In  the  samples  the  sand  ends  at  153  feet,  but  as  both  the  Lewis  and  Bryson  records  cam*  it  to  213  feet  it  has  been  so 
placed  in  this  record. 


194       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONO  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


14S.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Middle  Village. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  gravelly  loam   0-1.5 

3-5.  Yellowish  clayey  sand   5-16 

6.  Fine  to  medium,  dark,  multicolored  sand   19-20 

7.  Dark  yellowish  brown,  clayey  sand,  glacial   21-22 

8.  Dark,  multicolored,  fine  sand  to  coarse  glacial  gravel   22-23 

9-11.  Dark,  multicolored,  clayey  sand  and  gravel,  glacial   30-37 

12-20.  Dark,  multicolored,  fine  to  coarse  glacial  sand   44-96 

See  Table  XIII. 

149.  Record  of  H.  Bottjer's  well  near  Middle  Village. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

2.  Stones  and  clay  "hard  pan."  with  occasional  streaks  of  water-bearing  sand  and 

gravel   3-135 

?  3.  Coarse  white  sand   135- 

151.  A  test  well  put  down  at  station  No.  5  gave  the  following  section  (see  fig.  13): 

Record  of  well  of  Citizens'  Water  Supply  Company  at  Station  No.  5,  near  Flushing  Creek. 

WiM  uiiMii  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Reddish-brown  sand  and  fine  gravel   0-  60 

Tisbury?: 

2.  Coarse  reddish-brown  gravel   50-  90 

Sankaty  ?: 

3.  Blue  stony  clay   90-190 

152.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Flushing  Creek. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface;  sand}-  loam   0-  2 

3-4.  Reddish-brown  clayey  sand   4-11 

5-6.  Multicolored  glacial  sand  and  gravel   15-22 


153.  Mr.  L.  B.  Ward  gives  the  following  data:  "The  works  of  this  company  are  located  in  the  Second 
Ward  of  Queens  Borough  and  were  erected  to  supply  Long  Island  City.  They  consist  of  three  pumping 
stations,  each  containing  one  pumping  engine,  also  178  driven  wells,  and  7.5  miles  of  12-inch  and  16-inch 
pipe  in  three  force  mains  laid  to  connect  with  the  Long  Island  City  distribution  system.  The  pumps  and 
pump  houses  are  of  a  provisional  character  and  the  works  are  idle  except  for  the  formal  operation  of  one 
small  pump." 


154.  Record  of  well  at  New  Calvary  Cemetery,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  mud   0-22 

2.  Blue  clay  and  small  blue  rock   22-70 

3.  Bed  rock  '    70- 

1  55.  Record  of  well  at  New  Calvary  Cemetery,  Lonq  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Blue  clay  and  bowlder  rock   0-15 

2.  Quicksand   15-21 

3.  Gravel  with  water   21-51 

1  5tt.  Record  of  »•<•//  at  New  Calvary  Cemetery,  Long  Island  City. 

,  Feet. 

1.  Hard  pan  and  small  rocks   0-20 

2.  Gravel   20-56 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  1«.*5 

157.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Newtown. 

Wisconsin: 

1-3.  Surface:  clayey  sand   1-5.5 

4-5.  Yellow,  clayey  sand   10-13 

6.  Bowlder  clay   15-16 

7-9.  Dark  multicolored  sand  and  gravel,  increasing  in  coarseness  with  depth   1S-26 

159.  Record  of  commission's  lest  well  near  Elmhurst. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-5.  Yellow  loam  with  gravel   0  -  5 

6-12.  Fine  to  coarse,  dark,  multicolored  sand  with  some  gravel:  ''hardpan,  very 

hard  driving"   5  -41.5 

13-16.  Fine  yellow  sand  and  clay;  "  easy  driving  "   41.5-55 

17-18.  Dark  multicolored  sand  and  gravel:  "hardpan"   55  -65 

Bowlder  or  ledge  at   69 

See  Table  XII. 


160.  The  difference  in  elevation  between  these  wells  is  very  slight.  Well  No.  1.  if  anything,  is  on 
higher  ground  than  wells  Nos.  2  and  3.  There  is  apparently  a  very  rapid  and  irregular  variation  in  the 
water  table. 

161.  See  No.  153. 

162.  Messrs.  Stotthoff  Brothers  report  a  the  following  data  to  the  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey 
(see  fig.  13): 

Record  of  Citizens'  Water  Supply  Company's  well  near  Woodside. 


Wisconsin:  Fast. 

1.  Earth,  clay,  and  bowlders   0-38 

Jameco  and  Cretaceous?: 

2.  Hard  clay  mixed  with  sand   38-  98 

3.  Quicksand   98-118 

4.  Blue  clay   118-138 

Fordham  gneiss: 

5.  Rock,  "gneiss  layer,"  etc   138-227 


163.  Mr.  Allen  reports  that  the  bowlder  in  the  following  section  was  blasted  and  that  water-bearing 
gravel  was  found  immediately  below  it.  When  he  penetrated  the  gravel  3  feet  the  water  rose  in  the  pipe 
15  feet,  or  4  feet  above  the  bowlder. 

Record  of  I.  Isenburg's  well  on  Albert  street  near  Grand  avenue.  Long  Island  City. 


Feet . 

1.  Sand  with  bowlders   0-40 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   40-50 

3.  Large  bowlder   50-58 

4.  Water-bearing  gravel   58-61 


164.  Mr.  S.  H.  Allen  states  that  most  of  the  wells  in  this  vicinity  are  about  60  feet  deep  and  that  be 
encountered  two  water-bearing  layers  separated  more  or  less  by  a  bed  of  sandy  clay  or  clayey  sand.  The 
water  in  the  upper  layer  has  no  pressure,  while  that  from  the  lower  often  has  pressure  enough  to  rise  5  or 
10  feet.    The  water  from  the  lower  layer  is  considered  better  both  in  quantity  and  quality. 

165.  Record  of  well  on  Thirteenth  avenue  near  Vandeventer  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 


Feet. 

1.  Unstratified  sand  and  bowlders   0-28 

2.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   28-39 

3.  Hard  sand  with  bowlders   39-46 

4.  Clear  sand  with  water   46-56 

5.  Large  bowlders   56- 

6.  Water-bearing  sand  

7.  Water-bearing  gravel.   -72 


Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey  for  1899,  1900,  p.  80. 


196       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

166.  Record  of  commission's  well  on  Bowery  Bay  road  near  Flushing  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  sandy  loam    0-  6 

4.  Very  fine  dark-gray  sand  and  clay   10-11 

5.  Very  fine  yellow  sand  and  clay   15-16 

6-11.  Fine  to  coarse,  multicolored  glacial  sand  and  gravel   16-40 

12.  Rock  or  bowlder   40- 

See  Table  XII. 

167.  Record  of  well  at  Albert  street  and  Ditmars  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  3 

3-5.  Fine,  yellow,  silty  sand  and  gravel   5-16 

6-10.  Clean,  coarse,  multicolored  glacial  sand  and  gravel   20-39 

11.  Rock  or  bowlder   39-40 


16§.  Mr.  S.  H.  Allen  completed  a  well  at  this  place  79  feet  9  inches  deep,  which  yielded  210  gallons  per 
minute.  This  well  ended  on  what  appeared  to  be  bed  rock.  Later  the  well  was  deepened,  and  after  drilling 
32  feet  the  rock  was  penetrated  and  quicksand  found.  It  was  found  impossible  to  obtain  water  from  this 
quicksand  and  a  new  well  was  drilled  to  the  original  depth. 

Record  of  Astoria  Silk  Worlcs'  well  on  Steinway  avenue,  near  Ditmars  avenue,  Lung  Island  City. 


Feet. 

1.  Hardpan   0-51 

2.  Bowlder   51-53 

3.  Water-bearing  sand  and  gravel   53-80 

4.  Rock   80-112 

5.  Quicksand   112- 

169.  Record,  of  well  on  Potter  avenue  near  Park  Place,  Lony  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Solid  stone  and  hard  pressed  gravel   0-40 

2.  Blue  clay   40-48 

3.  Quicksand,  black   48-56 

4.  Micaceous  sand  with  water;  took  quite  a  time  to  clear   56-63 

1  TO.  Record  of  well  at  Merchant  street  and  Ditmars  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  bowlders   0-32 

2.  White  sand  and  gravel   32^10 

3.  White  sand  packed  very  hard   40-48 

171.  Record  of  well  near  Merchant  street  and  Ditmars  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-25 

2.  Fine  sand  '.   25-30 

3.  Sand  and  bowlders   30-37 

4.  Solid  rock  with  water  in  crevice  of  rock   37-45 

172.  Record  of  well  u>  ( 'rescent  street  and  Ditmars  avenue,  Long  Island  City. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-42 

2.  Bed  rock  or  bowlder   42- 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  197 

173.       Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Laurence  street  and  Wolcott  avenue.  Long  Island  Oity. 
Pleistocene: 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0_  2.  5 

3.  Fine  yellow  sand  

4.  Small  gravel  of  a  dark  mud  color  

5.  Yellow  to  dark-brown  rock  flour  formed  from  drilling  in  bowlder   12-12.  5 

6.  Multicolored  glacial  sand  and  gravel   14-3] 

See  Table  XII. 

176.  Mr.  L.  C.  L.  Smith,  consulting  engineer,  reports  that  there  are  17  wells  at  this  station  which 
pass  through  the  following  material : 

Record  of  wells  of  Bowery  Bay  Building  arid  Improvement  Association,  at  Xorth  Beach. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury '.  ,.-oet 

1.  Sand   0—15 

Sankaty  i 

2.  Clay....   45-6O 

Jameco: 

3.  Water-bearing  strata   65-70 

Sweeney  &  Gray,  drillers,  report  the  following  section: 

Record  of  wells  of  Bowery  Bay  Building  and  Improvement  Association  at  Xorth  Beach. 
Wisconsin  to  Tisbury? 

1.  Sandy  top  soil  varying  in  color  from  white  to  yellow..   0-20 

2.  Compact  mixture  of  sand  and  gravel  _   20-32 

Sankaty  ? 

3.  Blue  and  gray  clay  in  alternating  layers   32-36 

Jameco? 

4.  Very  coarse  sand  and  gravel  in  alternate  layers   36-82 

177.  This  is  the  locality  from  which  the  wells  described  by  Darton  as  "Bowery  Bay:  110  feet  deep:  6 
inches  in  diameter:  one  flowed  50  gallons,"  were  reported.  It  seems  that  several  parties  attempted  wells 
at  this  point,  but  that  no  results  were  obtained  until  after  this  information  had  been  given  the  Survev.  when 
three  6-inch  wells  were  put  down  in  a  near-by  hollow  to  a  depth  of  40  or  50  feet,  the  present  water  supply  being 
derived  from  these.  Mr.  I.  H.  Ford  states  that  the  first  well  was  sunk  to  a  depth  of  400  or  500  feet,  bit  no 
further  data  has  been  obtained  regarding  it. 

17§.  See  No.  153. 


179.  Record  of  commission's  well  at  Trains  Meadow  and  Highway  roads,  Long  Island  City. 


Recent :  Feet. 
1-2.  Y'ellow  surface  loam     0-  2 

3.  Dark  clay  with  decayed  glacial  pebbles  and  peat   5-6 

Wisconsin : 

4.  Very  fine,  grayish  or  reddish  brown,  clayey  sand,  glacial..   10-28.  5 

ISO.  Record  of  commission's  well  on  Trains  Meadow  road  near  Jackson  avenue.  Long  Island  City. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

3.  Yellow  clay  with  considerable  MnO.,   5-  5.  5 

4-5.  Fine,  dark-colored,  micaceous  clayey  sand   10-13.  5 

6.  Yellow  clayey  sand   15-16 

7.  Medium,  coarse,  multicolored  gravel   17-18 

8.  Y'ellow  clayey  sand   19-20 

9-10.  Fine  to  coarse  multicolored  sand  and  gravel   22-26 

11.  Dark  reddish  speckled  sand  suggesting  disintegrated  Triassic  sandstone   30-31 

See  Table  XII. 


198       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


1§1.       Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Junction  avenue  and  Strongs  lane,  Long  Island  City. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 
1-2.  Missing. 

3.  Light-yellow  clayey  loam  with  pebbles,  "bowlder  clay''   7    -  8 

4-7.  Reddish  yellow,  fine  to  medium,  silty  sand   14.  0-30.  5 

8-1 1 .  Dark  multicolored  glacial  sand  and  gravel   36.  5-53.  0 

182.  A.  D.  Schlissinger,  president  of  the  India  Rubber  Comb  Company,  reports  as  follows: 

Record  of  India  Rubber  Comb  Company's  well  near  College  Point. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-35 

2.  Black  muck  and  water  smelling  of  clams   35- 

184.  C.  D.  Corwin  reports  the  following  section  from  this  well: 

Record  of  well  of  American  Hard  Rubber  Company,  near  College  Point. 

Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground   0-  8 

2.  Yellowish  clay  and  sand   8-25 

3.  Hard  pan,  yellow  clay,  and  stones,  impervious  to  water:  like  macadamized  roads. 25-60 

4.  Water-bearing  gravel  and  light-brown  coarse  sand   60-70 

5.  Yellow  clay  and  stones   70-85 

1  §6.  A  sketch  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Jacobs,  consulting 
engineer,  gives  the  following  section  of  the  test  well  at  this  point  : 

Record  of  railroad  test  boring  on  Tollman  Island,  New  York. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  trap  bowlders:  old  sea  beach   0-7.3 

2.  Yellow  quartz  sand   7.  3-  30 

3.  Quartz  gravel  and  bowlders   30   -  31.5 

4.  Yellow  quartz  sand,  medium  fine   31.5-  50 

5.  Trap  bowlders,  quartz  sand,  and  gravel:  regular  glacial  drift   50    -  57 

6.  Sand   57-63 

7.  Quartz  gravel   63    -  66 

8.  Gravel  and  sand   66    -  73.  3 

9.  Quartz  gravel   73. 3-  76.  3 

Cretaceous: 

10.  Soft  clay   76. 3-  79. 3 

11.  Lignite  intermixed  with  clay  bands   79.3-91.7 

12.  Streaked  red  and  white  clay;  hard,  bored  out  as  a  solid  core   91.7-110.4 

Fordham : 

13.  Soft,  white  micaceous  "sandstone,"  the  upper  part  of  which  was  so  soft  as  to 

wash  to  powder  under  diamond  drill;  below  it  gradually  became  less 

micaceous  and  harder,  the  lower  part  coming  out  as  a  solid  core   110.4-159 

The  core  mentioned  in  Xo.  13  is  regarded  by  Mr.  Eckel  as  quartzitic  Fordham. 

1§7.  Lawrence  Yerdon  says:  "Stopped  at  112,  as  I  could  get  the  well  no  farther." 

Record  of  James  Caffery's  well  near  Far  Rockaway. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Water-bearing  strata,  almost  clear  gravel   0-  42 

Sankaty : 

2.  Clay  .   42-66 

Jameco: 

3.  Black  sand  with  water  which  looked  and  tasted  good   66-  88 

4.  No  record   88-112 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


t&S.  This  well  was  put  down  by  Mr.  Gilbert  Baldwin  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Jesse  Conklin  Mr. 
Conklin,  under  date  of  April  25,  1895,  gives  the  following:  "At  Far  Rocka way,  about  one-fourth  mile  from 
the  ocean  I  drove  a  well  210  feet.  I  found  water  at  15  feet  from  the  surface  and  got  a  good  supply  I 
drove  180  feet  through  beach  sand  and  gravel.  At  195  feet  struck  petrified  wood.  Last  15  feet  was  clear 
white  gravel,  with  a  very  good  supply  of  water  of  about  -40  gallons."  From  Mr.  Baldwin  it  is  learned  that 
this  water  was  so  salty  that  the  well  was  abandoned.    The  record,  according  to  Mr.  Baldwin,  is  as  follows: 


Record  of  B.  L.  Carroll's  well  near  Far  Rockavxiy. 

Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Fine  beach  sand   0-  25 

2.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   25-  45 

Sankaty: 

3.  Blue  clay  ;  no  stones   45-  65 

Jameco  and  Cretaceous?: 

4.  Fine  gravel  and  sand  with  brackish  water  (this  layer  furnished  but  a  small  quan- 

tity of  water)   65-180 

5.  Coarse  grave)  with  a  vigorous  supply  of  salty  water   180-190 

The  second  well  was  drilled  at  a  distance  of  about  400  feet,  and  Mr.  Carroll  reports  the  following 
section: 

Record  of  B.  L.  Carroll's  well  near  Far  Rockaway. 

Tisbury:  j.-eet. 

1.  Beach  sand   0-20 

Sankaty : 

2.  Blue  clay   20-60 

Sankaty  and  Jameco: 

3.  Quicksand  •.   60-90 

Jameco: 

4.  Gravel   90- 

The  water  from  this  layer  was  of  sufficiently  good  quality  for  ordinary  use.  Analysis  showed  a  large 
amount  of  chlorine,  but  this  was  not  sufficient  to  be  perceptible  to  the  taste. 

1§9.  Record  of  James  CaiTery's  well  near  Far  Rockaway. 

Feet. 

1 .  Ordinary  soil,  sandy  loam   0-  2 

2.  Fine  sand  with  no  gravel  except  in  streaks   2-30 


Mr.  Walsh  reports  that  the  material  was  so  fine  that  he  used  a  Cook  strainer  to  prevent  the  sand  from 
entering  the  tube  and  clogging  the  well.  He  adds  that  in  general  the  water  on  Rockaway  Ridge  occurs 
from  12  to  18  feet  below  the  surface,  and  that  the  water  near  the  center  of  the  ridge  is  better  in  quality  than 
that  near  the  margin.    At  the  edge  of  the  meadows  there  is  a  fine  nonwater-bearing  sand. 

190.  The  following  analysis  is  reported  by  the  Long  Island  Railroad  Company: 
Analysis  of  water  from  railroad  well  at  Far  Rockaway. 

Parts  per  million. 


SiO,  and  F203>  etc   4.  8 

CaCo3  and  MgC03  -  Traces. 

CaS04   88. 1 

CaCl2     15.  7 

MgOL.   68. 2 

NaCl   31. 1 


Total  solids   207.  9 


A  corrosive  water  at  200  pounds  pressure. 


200        UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


191.  This  was  the  site  of  the  first  plant  of  the  Queens  County  Water  Company.    Mr.  C.  A.  Loekwood, 
who  put  in  the  wells,  reports  that  there  were  twenty  5-inch  wells,  50  feet  deep.    These  were  entirely  in  light- 
brown  sand  and  gravel.    As  these  wells  did  not  yield  a  sufficient  supply  two  deep  wells  were  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  200  feet,  but  in  both  brackish  water  was  encountered  and  they  were  abandoned. 
"  The  section  reported  is  as  follows : 


Record  of  well  of  Queens  County  Water  Company  near  Far  Rockaway. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Light-brown  sand  and  gravel  similar  to  the  rest  of  the  Rockaway  Ridge  material. .  0-  60 
Sankaty : 

2.  Blue  clay   60-100 

Jameco  and  Cret  aceous  '. : 

3.  Beach  sand   100-200 

The  above  record  is  for  the  well  nearest  the  bay  north  of  Far  Rockaway;  the  one  farther  south  near  the 

railroad  station  contained  clay  from  60  to  78  feet. 

193.  Record  of  T.  R.  Chapman's  well  on  Hooks  Creek. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  .'     0- 

2.  Quicksand  ,  

3.  Alternate  layers  of  sand  and  clay;  brackish  water   -140 

Sankaty : 

4.  Dark-colored  clay   140-200 

5.  Very  hard  clay;  required  120  blows  from  1-ton  hammer  to  drill  1  inch   200-202 

Jameco: 

6.  Gravel  with  artesian  water   202-203 


Water  at  first  flowed  a  good  stream  several  feet  above  the  surface,  but  the  yield  is  now  much  less. 

195.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preserved  by  the  department  of  water  sup- 
ply in  the  municipal  building,  Brooklyn  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  16  at  Shetuckei  pumping  station. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Fine,  dark-brown,  loamy  sand   O-20 

2.  Fine  to  coarse,  light,  yellowish  white,  speckled  sand   20-89 

Tisbury : 

3.  Fine  gray  sand   90-105 

4.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish-brown  sand   105-135 

Sankaty : 

5.  Gray  clay   135-146 

Jameco: 

6.  Dark  multicolored  sand  and  gravel  with  some  clay  (glacial)   146-154 


Elevation  of  ground,  12.7  feet  Brooklyn  base;  water  was  found  below  the  blue  clay,  and  water  level  was 
originally  9  feet  from  the  surface.  The  elevation  of  the  water  in  this  test  well  ranged  from  11  to  17  feet  below 
the  surface  in  1901. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


201 


196.  The  following  records  have  been  compiled  from  the  manuscript  reports  of  Mr.  Peter C.  JaoobeoC 
which  were  kindly  placed  at  our  disposal  by  chief  engineer  [.  ML  De  Varona  (see  fig.  10): 

Records  of  wells  at  Springfield  pumping  station. 


Section. 

Well 

.  No. 

Sand. 

Blue  clay 
with  wood 
and  sand. 

Water-bearing 

sand  and 
gravel;  some 
wood  and 
clay. 

Total 
depth. 

Flow  per 
minute. 

Yield  for 
24  hours. 

Kemarks. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 



« 15 

0-74 

74-182 

182-207 

207 

b 700, 000 

3 

0-50 

50-117 

117-177 

177 

15 

Sand   with   water,  no 

gravel,  117  to  134  feet. 

2 

0-50 

50-124 

124-178 

178 

Began  to  flow  at  134  feet. 

T*  nw  l  Ti rTOii    »m  1 1'\        crtt  1_ 
J.  1UW  Ml*  It  UiH  U  IU  <£.J  gai 

Ions  on  washing  out. 

4 

177 

15 

6 

160-177 

177 

20 

Water-bearing  sand  and 
gravel  at  160  feet. 

•  7 

160-177 

177 

15 

'•1,000,000 

Do. 

8 

139-179 

179 

f'15 

Do. 

9 

76-135 

Flows  at  135  feet. 

10 

132-156 

1.56 

11 

157 

12 

158 

Fine  sand  and  gravel 
worked  down  for  bot- 
tom. 

a  This  is  from  a  report  on  this  well  made  in  Julv.  1897.  c  November  17,  1897. 

»  August  24,  1897.  d  October  26,  1897. 

In  the  report  for  June  7,  1897,  the  following  record  is  given,  apparently  referring  to  well  No.  15: 

Record  of  well  15  at  Springfield  pumping  station. 
Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Sharp  water-bearing  sand     0-25 

Tisbury : 

2.  Fine  hard  packed  sand  with  very  little  water     25-7S 

Sankaty : 

3.  Blue  clay  with  sand  and  gravel   78-123 

Jameco: 

4.  Small  gravel  and  sand  with  a  large  percentage  of  carbonized  wood:  water  bearing: 

water  level  6  inches  above  surface:  will  vield  with  hand  pump  7.5  gallons  per 
minute;  pumping  with  hand  pump  lowers  it  6  feet;  when  pumping  is  stopped 
the  level  of  6  feet  is  recovered  in  J  minute   123-129 

5.  Sand  of  various  fineness  containing  carbonized  wood  and  clay   129-158 

6.  Gravel,  sand,  and  a  little  clay  mixed:  water  bearing   158-178 

On  June  14  it  was  stated  that  the  flow  of  well  15  had  increased  to  9  gallons  per  minute  and  that 
its  pumping  capacity  was  almost  a  million  gallons  a  day. 

As  no  samples  from  these  wells  were  preserved  and  as  the  data  are  very  meager  and  somewhat  confusing, 
it  is  not  possible  to  arrive  at  a  very  satisfactory  conclusion  regarding  the  exact  structure  at  this  point.  From 
the  location  of  the  wells  and  from  the  data  furnished  by  adjoining  wells  it  is  felt  that  the  water-bearing  sands 
and  gravels  are,  in  part  at  least,  Jameco,  and  the  blue  clay,  Sankaty.  The  locality  is  very  near  the  eastern 
edge  of  the  old  Sound  River  Valley,  and  the  irregularity  of  the  lower  part  of  this  section  is  doubtless  due  to 

17116— No.  44—06  14 


202       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

the  unevenness  of  the  old  land  surface  and  the  redeposition  of  the  pre-Pleistocene  materials.  The  statement 
of  the  inspector  that  the  water-bearing  stratum  grows  finer  and  the  gravel  less  toward  the  west  seems  to 
indicate  a  rise  in  the  old  surface  in  that  direction,  as  indicated  in  fig.  10.  Toward  the  east  it  is  known 
from  the  samples  of  well  No.  197  that  the  pre-Pleistocene  beds  are  very  near  the  surface.  All  the  data  at 
hand  point  to  the  conclusion  that  the  development  at  this  place  is  in  a  small  valley  in  the  older  beds. 

Analysis  of  Springfield  Pond  pump  well  at  Springfield. 

[Surface  water;  analysis  by  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   86.  00 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter)    29.  10 

Free  ammonia  '.  06 

Albuminoid  ammonia  12 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   10.  58 

Chlorine  equivalent  to  sodium  chloride   17.  48 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   2.  13 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites  None. 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (before  boiling)   28.  80 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (after  boiling)    26.  90 

197.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  waterworks 
in  the  municipal  building,  Brooklyn  (see  fig.  10) '. 

Record  of  well  near  Springfield  pumping  station. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Fine  to  medium,  light,  reddish-yellow  sands   0  -33 

2.  Same,  but  a  little  lighter   33    -  39 

3.  Light,  brownish-yellow,  fine  to  medium  sands   39  -54 

Tisbury : 

4.  Bright-yellow  silt  (looks  like  surface  loam )   54-56 

5.  Fine  olive-yellow  sand  :   56    -  59 

6.  Bright-orange  fine  to  coarse  sand    59    -  77 

7.  Light-yellow  sand   77    -106.  5 

Jameco?: 

8.  Fine  steel-gray  sand  with  quartz,  jasper,  and  ferruginous  sandstone  pebbles. . .  106.  5-109.  5 
Cretaceous : 

9.  Very  dark-blue  clay  (different  from  clay  above  the  glacial  gravels)   109.  5-130 

10.  Light-gray  sands  with  lignite  at  136  and  140    130  -234 

11.  Lignite   234  -236 

12.  White  clay   236  -251 

13.  Dark-blue  clay   251  -258 

14.  Fine  gray  sand   258  -271 


In  addition  to  the  samples  preserved  in  the  glass  tube,  there  are  a  number  of  samples  in  cans  which  may 
be  described  as  follows:  107-110,  several  large  quartz,  jasper,  and  ferruginous  sandstone  pebbles;  110-125, 
lignite  and  gray  clay;  125,  lignite  and  pyrite;  "  130,  specimen  found  in  white  sand  October  25,1895" — large 
pieces  of  lignitized  wood,  evidently  part  of  a  tree.    Elevation  of  surface  is  10.3  feet,  Brooklyn  base. 

199.  Section  prepared  from  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water  department,  in  the  municipal 
building,  Brooklyn: 

Record  of  test  well  No.  18,  near  Oconee  pumping  station. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Dark  reddish-brown  loam   0-  8 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Fine  to  coarse,  light,  reddish-yellow  sand   9-  56 

Tisbury : 

3.  Fine,  light,  grayish-yellow  sand   5b-  89 

4.  Dark,  medium,  reddish-brown  sand   89-115 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELI.s.  208 

Sankaty:  pwt 

5.  Fine  gray  clay   115-185 

Jameco: 

6.  Dark,  multicolored,  very  coarse  sand  (glacial)   185-192 


Elevation  of  surface,  10.3  feet:  average  height  of  water  in  December,  1901,  17  feet  from  the  surface;  in 
November  of  the  same  year,  16.2. 

200.  Section  prepared  from  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water  department,  in  the  municipal 
building.  Brooklyn  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  test  well  at  Baisley's  pumping  station. 


Wisconsin:  Foot. 

1.  Yellowish  sand  and  gravel   0    -  21.5 

2.  Fine  yellow  sand   21.  5-  34 

3.  Coarser  yellowish  sand   34    -  39 

TMrary : 

4.  Fine  yellowish  sand   39    -  58 

5.  Gray  sand  and  gravel   58    -  77.  5 

6.  Gray  sand   77.  5-  97.  5 

7.  Yellowish  sand  and  gravel   97.  5-103 

8.  Yellowish  sand,  gravel,  and  clay   103  -106 

Sankaty : 

9.  - Blue  clay    106  -139.5 

10.  Blue  clay  and  quicksand   139.  5-156 

Jameco: 

11.  Black  sand  and  gravel     156  -166 

12.  Black  sand   166  -174 

13.  Finer  black  sand   174  -200 


Elevation  of  surface,  6.7  feet:  see  report  of  Andrews  &  Bro.,  under  No.  138. 

Analysis  of  water  from  test  well  at  Baisley's  pumping  station. 

\ 

[By  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   167.  50 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter)   58.  12 

Free  ammonia   .06 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .02 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   37.  98 

Chlorine  equivalent  to  sodium  chloride.   62.  61 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates  —   2. 39 

Nitrogen,  as  nitrites   .05 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (before  boiling)   68.  68 

Hardness  equivalent  to  carbonate  of  lime  (after  boiling)     61.  37 


204       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


5801 .  The  following  summary  of  the  material  penetrated  at  the  Jameco  pumping  station  has  been  prepared 
from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  (see  fig.  10) : 


Records  of  wells  at  Jameco  pumping  station. 


Well  number  j 

Cramer. 

|2A 

3A. 

4A. 

IB. 

2B. 

3B. 

4B. 

5B. 

6B. 

8B. 

9B. 

10B 

No.l. 

No.  2. 

Recent. 

1.  Peat  and  silt. 

— 

0 

to 
30 

0 

to 
5 

0 
to 

5 

0 

to 

5 

0 
to 

5 

0 
to 

6 

0 
to 
25 

0 

to 

5 

0 

to 

2.5 
2.5 
to 
38? 

0 

to 
4.5 

4.5 

to 

80 
80 

00 
to 

143 

0 
to 

■  6 

6 

to 
39 
IT 
to 
84 
84 

00 
to 

135 

135 
to 
145 

Wisconsin. 

2.  Yellow  loam. 

0 
to 

5 

to 

33 

0 

to 
2 

2 

to 

37 

3.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish-yellow  sand 
and  gravel,  containing  considerable 
material  of  glacial  origin  and  per- 
haps representing  Wisconsin  out- 
wash. 

5 

to 
32 

5 
to 
20 

5 
to 
18 

5 

to 
22 

5 
to 
31 

6 

to 
31 

5 
to 
34 



Tisbury. 

4.  Very  light-yellow  to  gray  sands,  gen- 
erally very  fine,  but  occasionally 
containing  a  few  pebbles.  Con- 
tains very  little  material  which  is 
clearly  of  glacial  origin. 

30 
to 
84 

32 
to 
84 

20 
to 
83 

18 
to 
81 

22 
to 
79 

31 
to 
80 

33 
to 
83.5 

31 
to 
86.5 

25 
to 
83 

34 
to 
87.5 
87.5 

00 
to 

140 

38? 
to 
80 
80 

m 

to 
144 

37 
to 
78 
78 

w 

to 
143 

Sankaty. 

5.  Dark-gray  ("blue")  clay. 

84 
to 
105 

84 
to 
106 

83 

00 
to 

141 

81 

(-0 
to 

138 

79 

00 
to 

137 

80 

00 
to 

141 

83.5 

00 
to 

141.5 

86.5 

00 
to 

141 

83 

00 
to 

143 

6.  Fine  grayish-yellow  silty  sand  with 
pebbles. 

105 
to 
113 

106 
to 
114 

7.  Dark-gray  ("  blue  ")  clay. 

113 
to 
141 

114 
to 
137 

Jameco. 

8.  Dark-brown,  highly  erratic,  multi- 
colored sand  and  gravel. 

141 
to 
160 

137 
to 
161 

141 
to 
154 

138 
to 
150 

137 
to 
151 

141 

to 
154 

141.5 

to 
153.5 

141 

to 
155 

143 
to 
157 

140 

to 
153 

144 

to 
153 

143  143 
to  to 
157  Ifil 

a  Stratum  6  absent. 


The  183  shallow-driven  wells  which  originally  constituted  this  station  were  supplemented  by  7  deep 
wells.    Data  regarding  these  is  presented  by  Chief  Engineer  I.  M.  De  Varona  in  the  following  table: 


Records  of  deep  wells  at  Jameco  pumping  station. 


No.  of 
well. 

Size  of 
well. 

Size  of 
suction. 

When 
com- 
pleted. 

Depth 
driven. 

Rate  of  nor- 
mal flow  per  24 
hours. 

Yield  per  24 
hours,  when 
pumped. 

186 
185 
100 



Inches. 
4 
4 
4 
4 
6 
6 
6 

Inches. 
2 
2* 
2J 
2* 
2| 
44 
44 

1891 
1892 
1892 
1893 
1893 
1893 
1893 

Ft.  in. 
165  0 
163  0 

150  4 
157  44 

151  4J 
154  9 
1.50  10 

Gallons. 

30,240 

34,  560 
129, 600 

34, 560 
684,000 
144,000 
201,600 

Gallons. 

172,800 

158,400 

403,  200 

504,000 

720,000 

432,000 

864,000 

In  1894  wells  No.  100  and  186  were  pulled  up,  cleaned,  and  redriven  to  depths  of  157  feet  8  inches  and 
160  feet  7  inches,  respectively.  After  being  cleaned  the  normal  flow  of  well  No.  100  was  4,320  gallons  per 
day,  and  with  a  pump  it  yielded  20,160  gallons;  well  No.  186  flowed  5,760  gallons  per  day,  which  was  increased 
to  60,480  gallons  by  pumping.  No.  185  was  tested  without  cleaning,  and  flowed  20,160  gallons,  and  with  a 
pump  yielded  90,000  gallons  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


205 


The  results  from  these  wells  were  so  satisfactory  that  arrangements  were  made  with  Messrs.  Amln  u  -  \ 
Bro.  to  construct  additional  wells.    Four  8-inch  wells  completed  late  in  1894  gave  the  following  results: 

Records  of  Andrews  deep  wells  at  Jameco  pumping  station. 


No.  of 
well. 

Thickness  of 
sand  stratum. 

Thickness  of 
clay  stratum. 

Length  of  pipe 
in  water-Lear- 
ing  stratum. 

Normal  yield 
per  24  hours. 

Ft.  in. 

Ft.  in. 

Ft.  in. 

Gallant. 

1A 

82  0 

55  6 

10  4 

201,000 

2A 

83  0 

59  4 

11  5i 

144,000 

3A 

81  6 

.    57  "  9J 

11  4 

159,000 

4A 

78  10 

58  8 

12  7j 

222,000 

In  January,  1895,  a  test  was  made  of  these  wells  extending  over  a  period  of  twelve  days,  during  which 
time  the  wells  were  run  under  various  combinations,  from  singly  to  all  four  together:  the  gaging  showed 
an  average  daily  delivery  of  over  1,000,000  gallons  when  one  well  was  being  pumped,  and  3,500,000  gallon* 
with  the  four  wells  connected.  During  the  period  of  observations  the  elevation  of  the  underground  water 
at  the  2-ineh  test  wells,  Nos.  8  and  9,  at  Jameco  (each  of  which  was  about  140  feet  deep),  and  the  deep  test 
well  at  Baisley's  station  (No.  200),  about  one-half  mile  distant,  was  noted.  The  lowering  of  the  water  at  the 
station  was  approximately  5  feet  when  1,000,000  gallons  were  being  pumped,  and  10  feet  when  the  delivery 
was  3,500,000  gallons.  The  greatest  lowering  shown  at  Baisley's  deep  test  well  was  slightly  over  4  feet. 
The  effect  of  the  rise  and  the  fall  of  the  tide  on  the  level  of  the  ground  water-could  not  be  taken  into  account 
at  the  time  in  determining  the  lowering  of  the  water. 

Early  in  1895  Mr.  C.  P.  Cramer,  of  Paterson,  N.  J.,  completed  a  10-inch  well  160  feet  deep,  which  flowed 
150,000  gallons  in  twenty-four  hours.  A  test  of  the  four  8-inch  Andrews  wells  (Nos.  1A,  2A,  3A,  and  4A )  and 
the  10-inch  Cramer  well  (No.  5A),  was  made  from  December  9  to  28,  1895,  the  wells  being  run  singly  and  in 
groups  of  from  2  to  5.  Elevations  of  the  deep  underground  water  level  were  taken  at  the  Jameco  test  wells 
Nos.  8  and  9,  at  the  5-inch  test  wells  Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  7,  and  11,  and  at  Baisley's  deep  test  well.  The  average 
daily  yield  per  well  was  approximately  1,000,000  gallons,  with  nearly  a  pro  rata  increase  for  each  well  connected, 
making  the  total  yield  about  5,000,000  gallons.  During  the  test,  lasting  twenty  days,  the  total  amount 
pumped  was  61,239,555  gallons,  and  when  pumping  the  maximum  of  5.000,000  gallons  daily  the  greatest 
lowering  of  water  at  Jameco  was  slightly  over  14  feet. 

The  greatest  lowering  of  water  in  the  deep  test  wells  during  the  above  test  is  given  as  follows: 

Depth  to  which  water  level  in  neighboring  deep  test  wells  was  lowered  by  pumping  at  Jameco  station,  December 

9-28,  1895. 


Feet. 

Jameco  test  well  No.  8   15.  23 

Jameco  test  well  No.  9   13.  44 

Baisley's  deep  test  well  (200)   8. 86 

Test  well  No.  1  (202)   9.99 

Test  well  No.  2  (203)   8.69 

Test  well  No.  4  (137)  31 

Test-well  No.  5  (141)  1  91 

Test  well  No.  7  (206)   1-53 

Test  well  No.  11  (212)   7.25 


The  locations  of  these  wells  are  shown  cn  PI.  XXIV. 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Analyses  of  waters  from  wells  at  Jameco  pumping  station. 
[By  the  Brooklyn  health  department."    Parts  per  million.] 


Old 
driven 
wells 
(shal- 
low). 

Old 
driven 
wells 
(deep). 

No.  2 A 

(An- 
drews). 

No.  4A 
(An- 
drews). 

No.  5A 
(Cramer ) . 



Number  of  analyses  

2 

1 

4 

3 

i 

Total  solids  

174.50 

125. 00 

119.  25 

123.66 

138.00 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and 

volatile  matter)  

44.50 

20.00 

15.50 

19.33 

35.  00 

Mineral  matter   ... 

1:30.00 

105.00 

103.  75 

104.  33 

103.00 

Free  ammonia  . 

.48 

.78 

.77 

.61 

1.04 

Albuminoid  ammonia  

.  14 

.  15 

.07 

.7 

.00 

Chlorine  as  chlorides  

32.50 

4.  .50 

9.37 

6.66 

6.00 

Sodium  chloride  

53.  56 

7.42 

15.44 

10.98 

9.89 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates  

.42 

.71 

.31 

.34 

.00 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites  

None. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

Total  hardness  

50.  75 

92.00 

70.00 

72.83 

60.  .50 

Permanent  baldness  

50.  75 

87.00 

40. 25 

69.  16 

60.  .50 

"Ann  Rept.  Comm.  City  Works,  Brooklyn,  1895,  pp.  139,  141. 


A  letter  from  W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro.,  dated  May  8,  1895,  gives  the  following:  "In  1890  at  Jameco  Park 
we,  on  our  own  account,  sunk  test  wells  4,  5,  and  6  inches  in  diameter.  From  veins  of  water  varying  in  depth 
from  30  to  160  feet  the  water  rose  10  feet  above  the  surface.  The  natural  flow  from  one  4-inch  open-ended 
pipe  was  90  gallons  per  minute.  Another  6-inch  tube  delivered  at  the  ground  level  500  gallons  per  minute 
and  rose  inside  of  the  tube  11  feet  above  the  surface.  During  Major  Boody's  term  we  made  several  6-inch 
wells  at  Jameco  station  having  an  average  depth  of  150  feet  and  a  natural  flow  at  the  surface  of  120  to  180 
gallons  per  minute." 

202.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preserved  by  the  department  of  water  supply, 
municipal  building,  Brooklyn: 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  So.  1,  Brooklyn  aqueduct  and  Cornell  Creek. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1 .  Light  yellowish  sands  and  gravel,  glacial   0-  54 

Tisbury: 

2.  Fine,  yellowish-gray,  "  pepper  and  salt  "  sand   54-  62 

3.  Fine  yellowish-white  sand   62-  75 

4.  Grayish  white  silty  sand  and  gravel  (very  few  glacial  pebbles)...   75-  89 

Sankaty: 

5.  Gray  clay   89-142 

Jameco: 

6.  Dark  multicolored  sands  and  gravel   142-156 


"When  the  well  casing  was  worked  down  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  the  flow  was  30  gallons  per 
minute.  The  normal  level  of  the  water  in  the  strata  below  the  clay  bed  was  0.75  foot  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground."" 


206 


a  Ann.  Rept.  Dept.  City  Works,  Brooklyn,  for  1895,  1896,  p.  343. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  21 1? 
Analysis  of  water  from  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  1,  Brooklyn  aqueduct  and  Cornell  Creek. 
[By  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   124.00 

Loss  on  ignition   14.00 

Free  ammonia   2. 05 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .00 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   5.  50 

Sodium  chloride   9.  06 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   .37 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   75.00 

Permanent  hardness   47.  00 

203.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  2,  Brooklyn  aqueduct  and  Rockaway  road. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Fine  to  very  coarse  reddish  silty  sand   0-  19 

Tisbury: 

2.  Fine  light,  yellowish  gray,  ''pepper  and  salt"  sand   19-  43 

3.  Fine,  darker,  yellowish  gray  sand;  some  pebbles  near  bottom  of  layer   43-  72 

4.  Fine  grayish  sand   72-  83 

Sankaty : 

5.  Dark-gray  silty  clay  ■  83-140 

6.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  sandy  silt   140-154 

Jameco: 

7.  Dark  multicolored  sands  and  gravels;  only  a  small  percentage  of  quartz  (pro- 

nouncedly glacial)   154-258 


"At  a  depth  of  169  feet  the  water  rose  in  the  well  to  within  18  inches  of  the  surface.  When  the  pipe 
was  down  to  239  feet,  the  top  of  the  pipe  being  2.25  feet  below  the  surface  of  ground,  the  flow  was  5 
gallons  per  minute."    Elevation  7.4  feet,  Brooklyn  base. 

Analysis  of  water  from  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  2,  Brooklyn  aqueduct  and  Rockaway  road. 
[By  Brooklyn  health  department  ] 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   48.  00 

Loss  on  ignition     15.  00 

Free  ammonia  -   .51 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .10 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   -   7.  00 

Sodium  chloride   11.54 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   .76 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   .05 

Total  hardness  !  16. 00 

Permanent  hardness  -  -   16.  00 


204.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department  (see  fig.  10): 


208       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  3,  Brooklyn  aqueduct  and  New  York  avenue. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1 .  Reddish  yellow  silty  sand  and  travel   0-  9 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish  yellow  sand  with  pebbles  in  lower  portion  (glacial)   9-45 

Tisbury : 

3.  Fine  light-yellow  sand   45-  86 

Sankaty : 

4.  Dark-gray,  silty,  lead-colored  clay   86-139 

5.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  silty  sand   139-158 

6.  Medium,  dark-gray,  silty  sand  •.   158-160 

7.  Gray  clay   160-201 

.lanieco: 

8.  Dark,  multicolored,  silty,  fine  to  coarse  sand  (glacial)   201-277 

Elevation  9.8  feet,  Brooklyn  base. 

In  addition  to  the  samples  preserved  in  the  glass  tube  a  number  were  found  in  a  can  marked  '"Third, 
5-inch  test  well:"  they  are  as  follows:  "69  feet  clay,"  light-gray  silty  clay:  "72  feet  wood,"  small  pieces  of 

peat,  evidently  a  swamp  deposit:  "  140  to  158  feet  wood,"  fragments  of  lignitized  driftwood:  "  161  to  202 


feet  wood,"  lignitized  pieces  of  driftwood.    "  No  water  was  found  in  the  strata  below  the  clay  bed." 

205.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department  (see  fig.  10): 


Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  8.  Brooklyn  aqueduct  and  Farmers  avenue. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Reddish  yellow  fine  to  coarse  sand   0-  27 

Tisbury : 

2.  Light,  brownish  yellow,  fine  to  coarse  sand   27-  59 

3.  Fine  speckled  gray  sand   59-  72 

Sankaty : 

4.  Gray  clay   72-212  ' 

Jameco: 

5.  Dark,  multicolored,  fine  to  medium,  dirty  glacial  sand  (same  as  8  in  well  204)...  212-260 

Cretaceous: 

6.  White  micaceous  sand   260-293 


Elevation  10  feet.  Brooklyn  base. 

The  following  samples  were  preserved  in  can  marked  "Eighth,  5-inch  test  well:"  "59.7  to  72.3  feet, 
specimens  found  in  gray  sand  October  7,  1895" — water  rolled  twigs  (only  slightly  lignitized),  water  rolled 
pieces  of  lignite,  and  large  flakes  of  muscovite:  "  258  to  275  feet,  specimens  found  in  sharp  white  sand  Octol>er 
14,  1895,"  fragments  of  lignitized  wood:  "258  to  275  feet,"  several  small  pieces  of  yellow  amber,  and  a  piece 
as  large  as  a  pigeon's  egg  of  yellow  gum.    No  water  was  found  in  the  strata  below  the  clay  bed. 

206.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  7,  Brooklyn  aqueduct,  northwest  of  Springfield  pumping  station. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  3 

2.  Light,  multicolored,  clean,  fine  to  coarse  sand   3-  20 

Tisbury: 

3.  Clean,  reddish  yellow,  fine  to  coarse  sand   20-  32 

4.  Dirty  yellowish-white,  medium,  "pepper  and  salt"  sand   32-  43 

5.  Fine  to  coarse,  dark,  yellowish  gray  sand   43-  65 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  OX  WELLS. 

Sankaty:  j.-oct 

6.  Gray  clay  ("blue  clay")   6.5-  711 

7.  Same  as  0   70-  78 

8.  Gray  clay   78-170 

Jazneco: 

9.  Reddish  yellow  multicolored  sand  and  pebbles  (glacial)   170-183 

Cretaceous: 

10.  Fine  to  coarse  white  sand  with  a  few  slightly  darker  quarts  pebbles  below  . . .  183—430 


The  following  samples  are  preserved  in  cans: 

"90  to  95  feet."  pieces  of  gray  clay  with  vegetable  matter,  apparently  marsh  or  swamp  deposit. 

"  SS  feet,  drilled  through  something  hard  for  about  a  foot,  presumably  a  log,  as  these  fragments  of 
wood  were  washed  up."  "These  fragments  of  wood"  prove  to  be  pieces  of  peat  made  up  of  parts  of  manv 
small  plants  closely  compacted. 

"230  feet."  large  pebbles  of  rose  quartz,  much  disintegrated  felspathic  rock,  black  chert,  banded  lime- 
stone, ferruginous  sandstone,  conglomerate,  iron  pyrite.  and  lignite. 

"Contained  in  gravel  washed  up  from  a  depth  of  171  feet" — fragments  of  soft  red  Newark  sandstone. 

"Pieces  of  wood  washed  up  from  a  depth  of  196  feet  September  6,  1895" — lignitized  wood,  evidentlv 
parts  of  a  log. 

As  the  material  in  the  tube  from  1S3  to  420  is  clearly  not  glacial,  the  sample  from  230  shows  some 
disagreement.  According  to  the  tube  samples  the  glacial  material  ended  at  1S2  feet,  while  according  to 
the  samples  in  the  cans  it  extends  to  at  least  230  feet. 

Elevation  of  surface.  10  feet  Brooklyn  base.    "No  water  was  found  in  the  strata  below  the  clay  bed." 

207.        Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  New  York  and  Locust  avenue*,  south  of  Jamaica. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0.  5-  1.5 

3-9.  Out  wash  gravel   5. 0-  29.  5 

See  Table  XII. 

20§.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  on  RocJcairau  road. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-  2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0.  5-  1 

3-10.  Outwash  gravel  with  quite  a  considerable  percentage  of  erratic  material   5-  31 

See  Table  XII. 

209.  Recortl  of  commission's  test  veil.  ~'  miles  south  of  Dunton. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-  2.  Coarse  sandy  loam   0-  2 

3-  9.  Yellowish-red  glacial  sand  and  gravel   2-  35 

10-12.  Dark,  yellowish-gray,  fine  sand  with  much  biotite   35-  44 

210.  Record  of  commission's  weU  near  iforris  Park. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury  :  Feet. 

1-  2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  1 

3-  S.  Fine  to  coarse,  grayish-brown,  glacial  sand   5-31 

9-12.  Dark  steel-gray  sand  (glacial)   31-  50.5 

211.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Jamaica. 

Wisconsin:                  .  Feet. 

1-  3.  Filled  ground   0-  * 

4-  12.  Dark-grav  fine  sand  and  gravel  with  much  biotite  and  erratic  material   4-  41 

13.  Small,  multicolored,  glacial  gravel  with  much  erratic  material   41-  43 


210       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Tisbury:  Feet 

14-27.  Dark-gray  fine  to  medium  sand    43-106 

28-30.  Medium  to  coarse  light-yellow  sand  with  a  very  small  percentage  of  glacial 

material   106-111 

Sankaty: 

31-33.  Blue  sandy  clay   111-122 

'212.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department  (see  fig.  13): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  11,  near  Jamaica. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Fine  to  coarse  light  sand  with  some  pebbles   0-  3 

2.  Medium  reddish-brown  sand   3-  7 

3.  Same  as  1   7-  20 

Tisbury: 

4.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish-yellow  sands  (glacial)   20-  43 

5.  Fine,  yellowish-gray,  speckled  sands  (glacial)   43-  89 

6.  Coarser  yellowish  gray  sand  with  gravel   89-  95 

Sankaty : 

7.  Gray  clay   95-189 

Jameco: 

S.  Dark  multicolored  fine  to  coarse  sand  (glacial)   189-200 


Elevation  of  surface,  19.2  feet.  Between  190  and  198  feet  below  the  surface  large  quantities  of  water 
were  found. 

213.  Mr.  C.  A.  Lockwood  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  record  of  a  deep  well  put  down  at  the 
pumping  station  of  the  Jamaica  Water  Supply  Company  (see  fig.  13): 

Record  of  well  at  pumping  station  of  Jamaica  Water  Supply  Company,  Jamaica. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0  -  1.5 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   1.5-  60 

Sankaty: 

3.  Blue  clay   60  -104 

Jameco: 

4.  Coarse  sand  and  reddish  gravel   104  -120 

Cretaceous: 

5.  Blue  clay  like  that  in  stratum  3   120  -140 

6.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel  lighter  in  color  than  preceding    140  -156 

7.  Blue  clay  like  that  in  strata  3  and  5   156  -175 

8.  Coarse  gray  sand   175  -235 

9.  "Pretty"  red  clay   235  -239 

10.  Lignite   239  -240 

11.  Very  coarse,  sharp,  nearly  white  sand   240  - 

12.  Pink  clay  of   the  consistency  of    putty,  described    as  very  beautiful  in 

appearance   241 

13.  Lignite   241  -242 

14.  White  putty-like  clay   242  -243 

15.  Beach  sand.   243  -352 


Near  this  well  another  well  was  put  down  to  a  depth  of  330  feet,  when  work  was  discontinued  because 
of  the  great  amount  of  lignite  encountered.  The  first  clay  bed  in  the  second  well  was  of  somewhat  less 
thickness  than  in  the  first.  Clam  shells  are  reported  at  various  depths.  The  water  in  this  well  contains 
considerahle  quantities  of  iron. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


211 


Other  wells  at  the  Jamaica  pumping  station  are  as  follows:  One  8-foot  brick-curb  well  57  feet  deep:  one 
8-inch  tile  well  50  feet  deep;  one  10-inch  well  150  feet  deep.  '  The  material  above  the  first  layer  of  clay  in  these 
wells  varies  in  different  localities  from  sand  and  gravel  to  a  red  or  gray  sand  and  in  some  places  to  quicksand. 

Mr.  Lockwood  reports  that  the  capacity  of  the  entire  series  of  wells  is  7,00(),<XX)  gallons  a  day,  but  that 
only  3,000.000  gallons  a  day  are  actually  pumped  during  the  summer  months,  and  that  the  average  for  the  year 
is  from  2,275,000  to  2.500,000  gallons  a  day.  The  smallest  wells  at  the  station  are  5  inches  in  diameter  ami 
out  of  a  single  one  of  these  250,000  gallons  a  day  is  pumped. 

In  18S6  if  the  10-inch  and  5-inch  wells  at  the  station  were  allowed  to  remain  without  pumping,  it  took  the 
water  five  seconds  to  recover  its  natural  level.  In  1903  it  took  four  and  one-half  minutes  i<>  recover.  In  the 
interval  of  seventeen  years  the  water  level  has  been  lowered  about  1  foot. 

Analysis  of  well  water  from  pumping  station  of  Jamaica  Water  Supply  Company,  Jamaica. 

[By  Brooklyn  health  department,  July  31,  1903.    Analyst.  Richard  J  Reilly,  assistant  chemist  ] 

Parts  per  million. 


Appearance   Clear. 

Color   None. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F.)   None. 

Sediment  .,. . . 

Chlorine  in  chlorides    17.  (X) 

Sodium  chloride   28.  01 

Phosphates   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates   6.  00 

Free  ammonia   .  005 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .01 

Total  hardness   83.4 

Permanent  hardness   75.  0 

Organic  and  volatile  matter  (loss  on  ignition)    39.  0 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile)   120.0 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation)   1.59.0 


Analysis  of  well  water  from  pumping  station  of  Jamaica  Water  Supply  Company,  Jamaica. 


[Bv  Long  Island  Railroad  Company,  May,  1897.] 

Parts  per  million. 

SKX   17  1 

ALA  and  Fe  A   2.  39 

CaCOs  1                              ---  29.07 

MgC03     16  42 

CaS04   23. 77 

MgCl2  -   1471 

NaCl  -   8.21 


.  Total  solids   111.67 

214.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Jamaica. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface,  dark  sandy  loam  

2.  Subsoil,  reddish-yellow  loamy  sand  

3-4.  Yellow  silty  sand  ,   5.  5-1 1 


5-6.  Sand  and  fine  gravel  

7-8.  Sand  bucket  sample  shows  sand  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  fine  gravel, 
and  a  wash  sample  shows  reddish  yellow  sand  


212       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


'2  1  ">.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Jamaica. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam    0    -  1 

3-8.  Outwash  gravel   1    -25.  5 

See  Table  XII. 

217.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Springland. 

Wisconsin .  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0   -  1 

3-8.  Outwash  sand  and  gravel  with  much  biotite     3    -24.  5 

See  Table  XII. 

216.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Jamaica. 

Wisconsin:  Feet 
1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  2 

3-  5.  Outwash  material  increasing  in  coarseness  with  depth   5  -16 

Yellowish  sandy  clay.  -  -   19.  5-20 

6-  8.  Reddish-brown  outwash  sand  and  gravel   21  -32 

See  Table  XII. 

21§.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Queens. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?-  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  1 

3.  Yellow  loamy  sand   5-  5.  5 

4-  5.  Light,  grayish  yellow,  outwash  sand  and  gravel   10-16 

6.  Fine,  dark,  steel-gray  sand  (glacial)   20-21 

7—  11.  Light,  grayish  yellow,  outwash  sand  and  gravel   26-60 

See  Table  XII. 


2 19 A.  This  is  a  small  private,  high-service  system,  which  draws  its  water  from  the  mains  of  the 
Jamaica  Water  Supply  Company  and  supplies  an  area  of  about  195  acres. 

220.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department : 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  7,  near  Hollis. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Reddish  yellow  surface  loam  and  loamy  sand   0-  15 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Light,  reddish  yellow,  multicolored  sands  and  gravel  (glacial)   15-  69 

Tisbury : 

3.  Medium-light  grayish  yellow  sand.   69-  77 

4.  Light-yellow  sand     77-  98 

Cretaceous?: 

5.  Very  fine,  gray,  silty  clay  (" blue  clay")   98-103 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Reddish  yellow  sand  and  gravel,  with  muscovite   103-117 

7.  Light,  yellowish  white,  medium  sands   117-144 

8.  Darker  yellowish  white  sands   144-157 

9.  Light,  yellowish  white,  fine  to  medium  sands.   157-217 

10.  White  quartz  pebbles   217-224 

11.  Fine  to  coarse,  light,  yellowish  sands   224-294 

12.  F  ne  pink  sands   294-297 

13.  Fine  reddish  yellow  sand   297-302 

14.  Dark  blue-gray  clay   302-319 

15.  Fine  gray  sand   319-337 

16.  Very  fine  pinkish  gray  sand  t   337-348 

17.  Very  fine  olive-gray  sand   348-354 

18.  Alternate  layers  of  very  fine  and  fine  pinkish  gray  sand   354-369 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


213 


Cretaceous — Continued. 

19.  Fine  light-gray  sand  

20.  Medium  dark-gray  sand  

21.  Very  fine  very  dark-gray  sand. 


Fig.  63.— Type  of  well  used  at  the  Montauk 
waterworks  plant  at  Dunton.  X.  Y 


Feet. 

  369-401 

  401-103 

  403-407 

Elevation,  58.6  feet.  Brooklyn  base.  The  samples  below 
No  .7  all  have  cons  derable  muscovite  and  resemble  the  yellow 
Cretaceous  sands  of  the  old  West  bury  section  (well  No.  4)10) 
and  the  Melville  section  in  the  West  Hills. 

221.  Rdoril  of  commission's  test  well  near  Woodhull  Park. 
Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-  2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  5.  2 

3.  Very  fine  dark-gray  clayey  sand   10-11 

4-  8.  Highly  erratic   out  wash   sand  and 

gravel   1 5-29 

See  Table  XII. 

222.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  West  Jamaica. 
Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

I.  Surface  sandy  loam   0-2 

2-  4.  Reddish  brown  fine  to  coarse  glacial 

sand   2-20 

5-  9.  Medium  gray  sand  with  much  biotite  .  20-52 

223.  The  plant  of  the  Montauk  Water  Company,  situated 
at  Dunton,  consists  of  eighteen  10-inch  tile  wells  having  an 
average  depth  of  50  feet.  The  type  of  the  well  and  the  character 
of  strata  penetrated  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  figure  (fig. 63). 
Mr.  C.  A.  Lockwood  gives  the  following  section  of  a  well  com- 
pleted by  him  at  this  point : 

Record  of  Montauk  Water  Company's  icell  at  Dunton. 
Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-  8 

2.  Blue  clay   8-24 

3.  Coarse  gray  sand  and  gravel   24-64 

The  following  analyses  were  reported  by  the  Long  Island  Rail- 
road Company,  April.  1897,  and  September,  1901,  respectively: 
Analyses  of  water  from  Montauk  Water  Company's  well  at  Dunton. 

Parts  per  million. 

Si02   1915 

A1,6S  and  Fe,0:l  51 

CaC03   42.  07 

MgC03   23. 08 

CaS04   10. 09 

MgSQ,  51 

MgCL.   -14.19 

NaCl   4.96 

114.56 


MgS04. 
MgCl,.. 


SiO,,  etc   20.  35 

CaC03   54.  55 

MgC03   25.  65 

CaSO,   13  00 

  7. 69 

  16.42 


NaCl  -  

An  excellent  boiler  water,  but  forms  some  scale. 


13.00 


1.50.66 


214       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Analysis  of  water  from  Montauk  Water  Company's  well  at  Dunton. 


[Analyst,  H.  B  Hodges.] 

Parts  per  million 

Silica  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina    11.97 

Carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia   77.  98 

Sulphate  of  lime  and  magnesia   22.  06 

Chlorides   39.50 

Soluble  sulphates  . .    51.  98 


Total  solids   203.49 

224.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Willow  Glen. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  clay   0.  0-  0.  5 

2.  Reddish  yellow  clay  7-  1 

3-4.  Very  fine,  reddish-yellow,  clayey  sand.   7  -14 

5-6.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  glacial  sand   19  -25 

225.  The  average  section  at  this  point  is  reported  as  follows: 

Record  of  wells  of  Citizens'  Water  Supply  Company  at  head  of  Flushing  Creek 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury  ? :  Feet. 

1.  Bluish  clay  and  stones   0-18 

2.  Coarse  brown  sand  and  gravel   18-45 

3.  Fine  brown  sand   45- 

Water  below  50  feet  is  poor. 


226.  Mr.  Edgar  L.  Wakeman,  proprietor  of  the  Deep  Glen  Spring,  reports  that  in  1903  between  2,000 
and  2,500  gallons  of  this  spring  water  were  placed  on  the  market  every  week,  having  a  value  of  from  $200  to 
$250. 

Analysis  of  water  of  Deep  Glen  Spring,  near  Flushing. 


Parts  per  million. 

Sodium  chloride   26.3940 

Sodium  bromide  0360 

Sodium  iodate  0051 

Sodium  and  potassium  sulphate.   2.  8272 

Sodium  carbonate     6.  5040 

Strontium  carbonate  0022 

Calcium   1.5851 

Magnesium  5147 

Iron  :    0955 

Silica    7517 

Organic  and  volatile  matter.  :  1   Trace. 

227.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  north  of  Jamaica. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Black,  humus-stained,  gravelly  loam   0-0.5 

2.  Yellow  gravelly  loam   1-  1.5 

3-4.  Reddish  yellow  clayey  sand   5-11 

5-8.  Dark,  grayish  brown,  fine  to  medium  sand   15-31 

9-11.  Dark,  multicolored,  glacial  sand  and  gravel   35—46 

22§.  Record  of  well  between  Queens  and  Baysidt 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Loam  and  loamy  clay  .'   0-50 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   50-86 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


215 


229.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Flushing. 

Wisconsin: 

•  Pert. 

1-8.  Yellowish  gray  sand  of  probable  outwash  origin   q_31 

9.  Yellowish  gray  sand  with  small  percentage  of  clay   34-35 

See  Table  XII. 

23©.  This  well  flows  12  or  14  inches  above  the  top  of  the  ground.  It  is  just  below  the  dam  of  the  ice 
pond,  and  Mr.  Sweeney  believes  that  this  is  possibly  responsible  for  the  head. 

Record  of  well  of  Casino  Lake  Ice  Company  »t  Cosmo  Lake,  near  Flushing. 

feet. 

1.  Black  mud   0-5 

2.  Compact  mixture  of  sand  and  gravel   5_13 

3.  Clean  coarse  red  sand..   13-35 

4.  Pure-white  quartz  gravel   35-40 

231.  This  is  the  old  College  Point  municipal  plant,  which  was  built  in  1874-75  at  the  Kassona  spring 
south  of  Flushing."    It  has  now  been  decided  to  replace  or  supplement  the  spring  supply  by  driven  wells. 
The  following  sections  of  3  test  wells  are  reported  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Corwin: 

Record  of  test  well  No.  1,  Fresh  Meadow  pumping  station,  south  of  Flushing. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  silty  mud   0.  0-  2  6 

2.  Yellow  clay  with  stones   2. 6-  5 

3.  Sand  and  gravel...   g  _jq 

4.  Yellow  sand   \q  _\2 

5.  Medium  gray  sand  _   1 2  _24 

6.  Fine  yellow  sand   24  -26 

7.  Yellow  medium  sand  with  water   26  -40 

S.  Coarse  yellow  sand  _   40  -55 

9.  Yellow  and  white  clay  and  fine  sand   55  -455 

10.  Yellow  clay  and  fine  sand   65  -75 

11.  Fine  white  sand;  flowed  slightly   75  -80 

At  49  feet  flowed  H  gallons  per  minute  24  inches  above  ground.  Brook  is  9  inches  higher  than  pond. 
Temperature  of  water  of  well,  56°;  of  pond,  44°. 

Mr.  Corwin  has  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  test  well  No.  1,  Fresh  Meadow  pumping  station,  south  of  Flushing. 

Wisconsin  or  Tisburv :  Feet. 
1.  Clean,  orange-colored,  quartz  sand  and  small  gravel,  with  considerable  percentage 

of  glacial  material    49 

Mannetto  or  Cretaceous: 

2-3.  Very  coarse  orange  sand  and  small  gravel:  quartz  with  a  small  percentage  of 

decayed  white  chert,  which  suggests  Cretaceous  or  Mannetto   50-57 

Cretaceous  ? : 

4.  Medium  white  quartz  sand,  with  much  muscovite   57-85 

Record  of  test  well  No.  2,  Fresh  Meadow  pumping  station,  south  of  Flushing. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  silty  mud   0.0-  2.6 

2.  Yellow  clay  with  stones   2.  6-  5 

3.  Sand  and  gravel   5  -10 

4.  Yellow  sand   10  -12 

5.  Medium  gray  sand   12  -24 

6.  Fine  yellow  sand   24  -26 

7.  Medium  yellow  sand,  water-bearing   ■   26  -55 

8.  Coarse  yellow  and  white  sand,  mixed   55  -57 

9.  White  sand  and  clay   57  -80 


»  Fire  and  Water  Engineering,  vol.  23,  1898,  p.  91. 


216 


UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  test  well  No.  3,  Fresh  Meadow  pumping  station,  south  of  Flushing. 

Feet. 

1.  Gray  sand  with  stones   4-  9 

2.  Hardpan:  clay  and  stones   9-20 

3.  Medium  sand  with  little  water   20-28 

4.  Medium  dark  sand   28-35 

5.  Medium  gray  sand  with  water.   35-40 

6.  Medium  sand,  darker   40-55 

232.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  mar  Flushing. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  3.  5 

3-7.  Yellow  silty  sand  and  bowlders   5-26 

8-9.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  dark,  multicolored   30-33 

233.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Broadway. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  sandy  loam   0-  6 

4.  Fine,  dark  yellowish,  clayey,  silty  sand   10-11 

5-6.  Dark  multicolored  sand  and  gravel:  large  percentage  of  erratics   14-20 

7-11.  Dark,  yellowish  brown,  fine  to  medium  sand  with  considerable  mica   21-40 

234.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Queens  avenue  and  Rocky  Hill  road. 
Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Dark  loamy  sand  and  gravel   0-1.5 

3-  8.  Glacial  sand  and  gravel  with  a  very  large  percentage  of  fresh  glacial  material. .  5-30 
Wisconsin  and  Tisburv: 

9.  Dark,  reddish  brown,  fine  to  coarse  micaceous  sand  (apparently  glacial)   33-34 

Tisbury: 

10-11.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand  (glacial)   37-41 

235.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Auburndale. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-  3.  Yellow  loamy  sand   0-  6 

4—  8.  Dark  yellowish  brown  sand  and  gravel  of  glacial  origin   10-27 

9.  Dark  silty  sand  formed  from  drilling  in  rock   28-28.  5 

10-11.  Multicolored,  glacial,  gravel  till   30-38 

See  Table  XII. 

236.  .         Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Bayside. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

I.  Yellowish  .brown  surface  loam   0.5-  1 

2-  3.  Reddish  loamy  sand   2-  6 

4.  Yellowish  brown  silt  to  fine  gravel  (glacial)   10-11 

5.  Yellowish  clayey  sand   15-16 

6.  Black  clayey  sand   17-18 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

7-14.  Dark  reddish  brown  sand  and  gravel  (pronouncedly  glacial)   19-55 

Tisbury: 

15.  Light,  reddish  yellow,  medium  sand   56-57 

16.  Grayish  white  sand  and  gravel  with  a  very  small  percentage  of  glacial  material. .  60-61 
Cretaceous? 

17.  Medium  grayish  yellow  sand  with  muscovite  (probably  not  glacial)   63-64 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


217 


2517.  Record  of  commission's  test  irell  near  Bayside. 


Wisconsin:  ¥oe\. 

1—2.  Yellow  sandy  clay   ()-  2 

3-4.  Yellow  clayey  sand  with  some  pebbles   3-  5.  5 

5-6.  Dark  clayey  sand   10-18 

7-10.  Mottled  sand  and  gravel  (pronouncedly  glacial)   20-29.5 

11.  Multicolored  sand  and  gravel  similar  to  that  found  below  the  blue  clay  on  the 

south  shore   35-36 


Fig.  64.— Sketch  map  showing  location  of  test  borings  at  Bayside  pumping  station. 


12-13.  Dark  yellowish  clayey  sand  (glacial)   40-46 

14-16.  Dark,  multicolored,  fine  to  coarse  sand  (glacial)   49-65 

Tisbury : 

17.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand  with  very  little  glacial  material   6.5-66 

Tisbury  \  ■ 

18.  Yellow  sand  and  small  gravel  with  many  fragments  of  ferruginous  concretions. .  70-71 
17116— No.  44— 06  15 


218       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


!£38.  The  21  wells  which  now  supply  the  Bayside  pumping  station  are  all  finished  in  glacial  sand  and 
gravel  of  Wisconsin  or  Tisburv  age.  The  engineer  at  the  station  reports  that  the  wells  will  begin  flowing 
about  five  hours  after  pumping  is  stopped.  Ten  test  wells  were  put  down  several  years  ago  around  the  edge 
of  Oakland  Lake  just  above  the  pumping  station:  the  material  penetrated  is  shown  in  the  following  table, 
which  was  prepared  from  the  samples  by  Mr.  Alexander  S.  Farmer.  The  location  of  the  wells  is  shown  on 
the  accompanying  sketch  map,  fig.  64. 

Description  of  samples  from  test  borings  at  Bayside  pumping  station. 
[By  Alexander  S.  Farmer.] 


Test 
boring 
No. 


Composition  of  soil  at  a  depth  of- 


5  feet. 


10  feet. 


15  feet. 


20  feet. 


)    Sand,  brown,  mixed  with 
black;  fine  quartz  grains. 


2  Sand,  brown,  mixed  with 

black;  coarse  and  fine 
quartz  grains. 

3  Sand,  brown:  coarse  grains 

j*g  to  i  inch  hi  diameter  in 
a  matrix  of  finer  quartz 
grains:  porphyritic  in 
ch.-  >eter.  Water  bear- 
ing? 

4  Sand,  brown:  coarse  grains 

in  finer  matrix. 

5  Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finpr  matrix: 
porphyritic  in  charactpr. 


Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains.    Water  l>earing? 


Sand,  brown:  coarse  grains 
containing  somp  mica: 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  A  to  ffc  inch  diam- 
eter,infinermatrix:  mica 
present :  porphyritic 
character.  \\  ater  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  buff  colored:  fine 
grains  approaching  clay 
in  composition. 


Sand,  brownish  white, 
mixed  with  black;  coarse 
and  fine  quartz  grains. 


Sand,  brown,  mixed  with 
black:  coarse  and  fine 
quartz  grains. 

•Sand,  brown:  coarse  quartz 
grains  ^  tc  J  inch  in  di- 
ameter in  a  matrix  of 
finer  grains:  porphyritic 
in  character.  Water 
bearing? 

Sand,  brown:  coarse  grains 
in  finer  matrix. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix; 
porphyritic  in  character. 


Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  ^  to  J  inch  diam- 
eter, mixed  with  finer 
ones:  porphyritic  charac- 
ter.   Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  con- 
tains some  black:  very 
fine  grains:  mica  present: 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  A  to  ?s  inch  diam- 
eter, in  finer  matrix:  mica 
present:  porphyritic 
character.  Water  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  buff  colored:  fine 
grains  approaching  clay 
in  composition. 


Sand,  brownish  white, 
mixed  with  a  little  black; 
coarse  grains,  homogene- 
ous in  character.  Water 
bearing? 

Sand,  white  with  brownish 
tinge:  very  fine  quartz 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
quartz  grains  mixed  with 
some  coarse  ones. 


Sand,  white  with  brown- 
ish tinge:  fine  quartz 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


Sand,  white  with  brown- 
ish tinge:  very  fine 
quartz  grains,  homoge- 
neous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
quartz  grains  mixed 
with  some  coarse  ones. 


Clay,  white   Clay,  white. 


Small  gravel  J  to  J  inch  in 
diameter,  cemented  in 
brownish-white  clay  ma- 
trix: porphyritic  struc- 
ture. 

Sand,  light  brown;  coarse 
grains,  to  }  inch  diam- 
eter, mixed  with  finer 
ones:  porphyritic  charac- 
ter. Waterbearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix: 
mica  present:  porphyritic 
in  character.  Water 
bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  fe  Jo  ft  inch  diam- 
eter, in  finer  matrix :  mica 
present:  porphyritic 
character.  V  ater  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


Saml,  cemented  in  slate- 
co'.ored  clav  matrix. 


Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains.  jV,  to  J  inch  diam- 
eter, mixed  with  finer 
ones;  porphyritic  char- 
acter.   Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains;  mica  present; 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


Do. 


Composition  of  soil  at  a  depth  of— 


2.1  feet. 


Sand,  white  with  ',/rownish 
tinge:  very  fine  quartz 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


Sand,  white  with  brownish 
tinge:  fine  quartz  grains, 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter. 


30  feet. 


35  feet. 


Sand,  almost  white:  very 
fine  quartz  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 


Sand,  brownish  white; 
coarse  quartz  grains, 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter.   Water  bearing? 


Sand,  almost  white:  very- 
fine  quartz  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 


Sand,  brownish  white; 
coarse  and  fine  quartz 
grains. 


40  feet. 


Sand,  white  with  brown- 
ish tinge:  coarse  quartz 
grains,  1  to  A  inch  in 
diameter,  mixed  with 
coarse  and  fine  grains; 
porphyritic  in  charac- 
ter.   Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  very 
fine  quartz  grains,  ho- 
mogeneous in  character. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


2  1  9 


Description  of  samples  from  test  borings  at  Bayside  pumping  station — Continued. 


25  foot. 


:i  Sand,  light  brown;  very 
One  quartz  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 

4  Sand,  light  brown:  very 
fine  grains,  homogeneous 
in  character. 


Sand,  cemented  in  slate- 
colored  clay  matrix. 


Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  ,V,  to  J  inch  diam- 
eter, mixed  with  finer 
ones;  porphyritic  charac- 
ter.   Water  bearing? 

Grams  averaging  ,'„  inch  in 
diameter,  cemented  to 
some  extent  in  grayish- 
white  clay  matrix. 

Sand,  light  brown;  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


Sand,  blackish  brown ; 
coarse  grains,  homogene- 
ous in  character.  Water 
bearing? 


Composition  of  soil  at  a  depth  of 
30  feet. 


Sand,  brown ;  coarse  quartz 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character.  Water  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  very  light  brown; 
very  fine  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 


Sand,  light  brown;  coarse 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character.  Water  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  T\  to  }  inch  diam- 
eter, mixed  with  finer 
ones;  porphyritic  in  char- 
acter. Waterbearing? 

Clay,  grayish  white  


Sand,  light  brown;  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains,  ^  inch  diameter, 
in  finer  matrix  .  Water 
bearing? 

Sand.,  white:  very  fine 
grains  containing  coarse 
ones:  resembles  sea  sand. 


35  feet. 

Gravel,  brown;  grains  aver- 
aging fi  inch  in  diameter, 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter.   Water  bearing? 

Gravel,  light  brown;  grains 
averaging  ^  inch  in  di- 
ameter, homogeneous  in 
character.  Water  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  brownish  white: 
very  fine  grains;  resem- 
bles sea  sand;  homogene- 
ous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown;  coarse 
grains,  to  J  inch  diam- 
eter, mixed  with  finer 
ones;  porphyritic  in  char- 
acter   Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 

Sand,  light  colored;  very 
fine  grains  approaching 
clay  in  composition. 

Sand,  gray;  large  grams,  \ 
inch  diameter,  in  finer 
matrix:  porphyritic  in 
character.  Water  bear- 
ing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 


40  feet.  ' 

Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  grains  mixed  with 
coarse  ones. 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains  mixed  with  coarse 
ones. 


Sand,  light  brown:  very 
fine  grains,  homogene- 
ous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains  mixed  with  coarse 
ones. 


Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 

Sand,  light  colored;  very 
fine  grains,  homogene- 
ous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing? 


Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


Composition  of  soil  at  a  depth  oi- 


45  feet. 


Sand,  brownish  while; 
coarse,  differentiating  to 
fine  quartz  grains.  Wa- 
ter bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown:  very 
fine  quartz  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown:  very 
fine  grains  mixed  with 
coarse  ones. 

Clay,  yellowish  white  


Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  grains,  homogeneous 
in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains  mixed  with  coarse 
ones. 

Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 

Sand,  almost  white:  resem- 
bles sea  sand:  much  mica 
present. 

Sand,  light  brown:  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 
Water  bearing'' 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains,  homogeneous  in 
character. 


.HI  feet. 


Sand,  brownish  white; 
coarse  quartz  grains, 
homogeneous  in  charac- 
ter.  Water  bearing? 

Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  quartz  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  grains  mixed  with 
coarse  ones. 

Clay,  yellowish  white  

Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  grains,  homogeneous 
in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown:  fine 
grains  mixed  with  coarse 
ones. 

Clay,  grayish  white  


 t, 


Clay,  yellowish  white. 


Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  quartz  grains,  homo- 
geneous in  character. 

Sand,  light  brown;  coarse 
grains  in  finer  matrix. 

Clay,  yellowish  white  


tit)  feet. 


Clay,  yellowish  white. 


Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains  mixed  with  coarse 
ones. 

....do  


Sand,  light  brown;  very 
fine  quartz  grams,  ho- 
mogeneous in  character. 

Sand,  very  light  brown; 
fine  grains  mixed  with 
coarse  ones. 

Clay,  yellowish  white. 

Sand,  light  brown;  fine 
grains  mixed  with 
coarse  ones. 

■Do. 


Sand,  grayish  white;  very 
fine  grains:  on  the  border 
line  between  clay  and 
sand. 

Sand,  light  colored;  fine 
grains  containing  some 
coarse  ones. 


Clay,  light  drab   Clay,  light  drab. 

do   Do. 


Sand,  grayish  white;  al- 
most clay;  impalpable 
character. 


Clay,  grayish  white   Clay,  grayish  white. 


Sand,  grayish  white;  al- 
most clay:  impalpable 
character. 

f  l  i%  gra>  ir.h  white. 


220       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


239.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Alexander  S.  Farmer: 

Record  oj  irell  at  pumping  station  Xo.  1,  Whitestone. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Water-bearing  sand  and  gravel  '.      0-25 

Sankaty: 

2.  Blue  clay   25-45 

Jameco: 

3.  Water-bearing  glacial  sand  and  gravel   4.5-95 

Cretaceous?: 

4.  Clay         95- 

2  IO.  This  well  was  driven  in  the  bay  KM)  feet  from  the  shore:  at  high  tide  it  is  covered  with  from  12 
to  14  feet  of  water. 

Record  oj  well  oj  McWilHarns  Coal  Company  near  Whitestone  Landing, 
Recent:  Feet. 

1.  River  mud   0-  6 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Blue,  white,  and  red  clay,  arranged  in  alternate  layers,  but  containing    no  sand 

or  gravel   6-175 

24  1.  Four  test  wells  were  put  down  to  depths  ranging  from  90  to  120  feet :  in  all  of  them  the  water  was 
found  to  be  brackish,  and  the  wells  were  abandoned.  The  tops  of  the  wells  are  about  15  feet  above  high  tide 
level,  and  the  water  in  them  fluctuates  with  the  tide,  to  an  amount  thought  by  the  driller  to  be  almost 
equal  to  that  in  the  bay:  they  are  situated  about  400  feet  from  the  water's  edge. 

Record  of  railroad  wells  near  Whitestone  Landing. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse,  sandy,  marsh  material  and  "muck"     0-  15 

Tisbury: 

2.  White  beach  sand    15-  60 

Sankaty: 

3.  Clay     60-  85 

Jameco: 

4.  Coarse  varicolored  gravel    85-120 

242.  This  was  formerly  a  private  plant  from  which  the  water  was  pumped  into  a  ground  reservoir  on 
the  hill  behind  it.    It  was  later  acquired  by  the  city,  and  is  now  used  only  as  a  reserve  station. 

243.  Stotthoff  Brothers  report  the  following  section  for  this  well: 

Record  oj  W.  W.  Cole's  well  near  Whitestone. 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-16 

Sankaty?: 

2.  Clay   16  56 

Sankaty '.  and  Jameco?: 

3.  Quicksand   56-70 

Jameco: 

4.  Medium,  coarse,  water-bearing  gravel   70-96 

244.  No  definite  information  has  been  obtained  regarding  the  deep  well  at  this  point,  other  than  that 
it  is  about  .500  feet  deep.  The  depth  to  bed  rock,  which  is  an  interesting  point,  because  this  well  is  in  the 
line  of  the  old  Sound  River  Valley,  is  likewise  not  obtainable.  It  was  reported  from  one  source  as  being 
about  10  feet  above  sea  level,  but  Maj.  Edward  Burr,  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  reports  that  the  excavations 
at  this  paint  have  not  shown  rock  at  such  a  height. 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  <>N    WELLS.  221 

2  4<i.  Record  of  II.  B.  Gilbert's  well  near  Greai  Neck,  Elm  Point. 

Wisconsin:  F 

1.  Yellow  clay  with  bowlders   0  ijj 

Tisburv : 

2.  Gray  sand   12_  24 

3.  Rusty  gravel   24-  56 

Tisburv  <: 

4.  Fine  canary-colored  sand   ,56_ 

a.  No  record  •   66-103 

6.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel,  water  bearing   [03  114 

A  near-by  dug  well  encountered  water  at  26  feet,  evidently  in  layer  No.  3.  This  dug  well  goes  dry 
in  dry  seasons. 

247.  Record  0}  J.  E.  Martin'?  mil  near  Great  Neck,  Elm  Point. 

Wisconsin :  peet 

1.  Yellow  clay  with  bowlders   0-22 

2.  Hardpan  clay  with  small  cobbles   22-30 

Tisburv: 

3.  Gray  sand,  passing  below  into  gravel  about  the  size  of  shelled  corn   30-67 

249.  Mr.  J.  H.  Herbert  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  0}  H.  B.  Gilbert's  well  near  Great  Neck,  Elm  Point. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Red  sandy  clay  (glacial)  __   6-11 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Fine  white  sand  with  lignite   13 

4.  Very  fine,  white,  sandy  clay   1" 

5.  Fine  gray  sand  and  lignite   13-24 

6.  Gray  laminated  clay  _   60 


The  well  was  abandoned  at  this  point  and  a  new  well  (24S)  sunk  at  a  distance  of  about  300  yards, 
where  a  good  supply  was  obtained  in  glacial  gravel. 

251.  The  driller  reports  a  dry  hole  at  6.5  feet,  and  water  at  66.  The  well  is  about  6  feet  above  high  tide 
near  the  beach,  and  it  is  stated  that  a  float  placed  in  this  well  did  not  fluctuate  with  the  tide. 

Record  of  H.  C.  Childs'.s  well  near  Hewlett  Point. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loamy  sand   0-3 

Wisconsin  and  Cretaceous '.: 

2.  Gray  sand   3-26 

Cretaceous  >.: 

^  3.  Blue  clay   26-29 

4.  Quicksand    . .  29-35 

5.  Coarse  gray  sand,  dry   35-65 

6.  Clay   65-65. 5 

7.  Gravel  with  water   65.  5-66 


252.  Mr.  Herbert  reports  having  sunk  a  6-inch  pipe  40  feet  in  the  bottom  of  a  52-foot  dug  well:  he  then 
encountered  hard  rock  (probably  a  bowlder)  and  discontinued  the  work.  The  material  penetrated  was 
all  quicksand  and  gray  beach  sand. 

254.  It  is  stated  that  Mr.  Griffin  had  17  wells  put  down  at  his  place  without  success:  one  on  the  edge 
of  the  beach,  about  200  yards  north  of  well  No.  251,  is  reported  to  have  been  90  feet  deep  and  to  have 
found  no  water.  The  well  completed  by  Mr.  Herbert  furnishes  a  good  supply  of  water.  The  material 
encountered  in  this  well  is  as  follows: 


222      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  C.  L.  Griffin's  well  near  Hewlett  Point. 

Feet 

1.  Top  soil   0-3 

2.  Blue  clay   3-26 

4.  Quicksand   26- 

5.  Light-gray  hardpan    

6.  Gray  gravel   -68 

255.  Record  of  W.  H.  Arnold's  well  near  Hewlett  Point. 

Feet. 

1.  Hard  dark-colored  earth   0-lb' 

2.  Yellow  sandy  clay   16-28 

3.  Blue  clay  with  sand   28- 

4.  Gray  sand   -132 

5.  Blue  clay  "   132-150 

6.  Gray  gravel   150-159 


256.  Stotthoff  Brothers,  in  letter  dated  April  30,  1903,  report  the  following:  "The  well  is  512  feet  deep, 
and  8  inches  in  diameter;  the  first  90  feet  light  gray  sand  with  coarse  seams,  5  to  20  feet  apart,  and  from 
6  inches  to  2  feet  thick;  there  being  enough  clay  to  hold  the  sand  so  that  it  would  hold  itself  while  driving 
the  pipe:  the  next  140  feet  fine  gray  sand  and  quicksand  very  fine  and  uniform  to  top  of  rock;  no  water. 
Rock  from  230  to  512  feet,  soft  gray  granite  and  mica  veins,  same  character  as  is  found  throughout 


Westchester  County,  X.  Y." 

•257.  Record  of  Mrs.  M.  E.  Scott's  well  at  Hewlett  Point. 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-38 

2.  Stony  clay   38-68 

3.  Blue  clay  and  quicksand   68-164 

The  well  was  abandoned  at  164  feet. 

25§.  Record  of  G.  B.  Wilson's  well  near  Hewlett  Point. 

Feet. 

L.  Dug  well  (fresh  water,  slightly  hard )   0-14 

2.  Beach  sand   14-20 

3.  Light-colored  clay  with  stone   20-30 

4.  Quicksand   30-32 

5.  Stony  clay   32-36 

6.  Coarse  gray  sand  containing  salt  water  at  46  feet,  and  brackish  water  at  59  feet.  . . .  36-59 

7.  Alternate  layers  of  sand  and  clay   59-63 

8.  Yellowish  sand   63-65 

9.  Blue  clay   65- 

10.  Fine  yellow  and  grayish  sand..   -103 

11.  Hardpan   103-105 

12.  Yellow  gravel  with  fresh  water   105-108 

259.  Record  of  well  of  Lawrence  Beach  Bathing  Association,  at  Lawrence  Beach. 

Recent  to  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand     0-25 

Sankaty: 

2.  Clay  -   25-55 

Jameco: 

3.  Gravel   55-62 

260.  Record  of  John  Lawrence's  well,  on  l*l<  of  Wigh',  New  York. 

Recent  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Fine  beach  sand  and  clay  mixed   0-20 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   20-40 

Sankaty: 

3.  Sand  and  clay   40-100 

The  well  was  completed  at  30  feet,  this  being  the  best  gravel  layer  encountered. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


228 


5461.  Mr.  Gilbert  Baldwin,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  sinking  of  this  well, gives  the  following  record: 


Feet. 

0-31 


Record  of  I).  I).  Lord's  well  near  Lawrence. 

Tisbury: 

1.  Fine  sand  

Sankaty: 

2.  Clay,  containing  few  small  stones   35-50 

3.  Sand,  containing  shells,  like  clam  and  oyster  shells   50-70 

Jaineco: 

4.  Coarse  sand  changing  to  gravel   70-100 

The  contractor,  Mr.  Jesse  Conklin,  under  date  of  April  25,  1895, 

gives  the  following  data:  "At  Lawrence  I  drove  a  6-inch  well  107 
feet :  I  struck  water  at  5  feet:  drove  25  feet  in  water  and  got  a  good 
supply:  struck  blue  clay  at  30  feet:  drove  25  feet  through  it  and 
struck  fine  sand  and  some  oyster  shells,  continuing  30  feet:  at  90 
feet  I  struck  white  gravel,  drove  17  feet  in  this  and  got  an  un- 
limited supply  of  water." 


veil  near  Lawrence. 


Feet. 
0-40 


•c 


Pumping  Station 
i  of  Queens  County 
Water  Company 


•  A 


•  B 


•  D 


Scale 
loo 


150  200feet 


262.  Record  of  A.  W.  Hart  s 

Tisbury: 

1.  Yellow"  sand  and  grave 
Sankaty  and  Jameco: 

2.  Grayish  clay,  no  pebbles    40-60 

3.  Coarse  white  sand  mixed  with  a  little  clay 

(some  oyster  shells  found  in  this  sand ).  60-70 

263.  Mr.  Edward  Man  gives  the  following  data  regarding  this 
well:  "At  a  depth  of  416  feet  I  struck  a  plentiful  supply  of  bright 
clear  water,  which,  however,  was  exceedingly  salt.  It  contained 
quite  a  large  amount  of  iron,  and  had  a  slight  odor  of  sulphureted 
hydrogen.  In  my  opinion  this  water  contained  considerably  more 
salt  than  the  ocean  itself.  The  water  rose  in  the  pipe  to  within 
about  15  feet  of  the  surface. 

"In  driving  the  well  I  encountered  a  water-bearing  layer  at 
about  40  feet  and  another  at  about  150  feet  :  these  I  should  judge 
to  have  been  about  3  feet  in  thickness.  The  first  layer  yielded  a 
hiight.  clear,  fresh  water,  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  apparently  free 
from  any  iron,  but  was  unfortunately  found,  after  being  used  for 
several  years,  to  be  'contaminated  with  sewage  to  a  marked 
degree,'  according  to  the  report  of  Mr.  Vulte,  Professor  Chandler's  assistant  at  Columbia  College. 

"At  150  feet  there  was  another  water-bearing  layer,  which  yielded  a  plentiful  supply  of  bright  clear 
water,  but  as  soon  as  the  water  was  exposed  to  the  air,  the  iron  in  it  seemed  to  be  chemically  changed  by 
the  light  and  air  and  the  water  became  quite  brown,  so  that  it  could  not  be  used  for  washing.  This  water 
when  filtered  through  a  Gate  City  stone  filter  was  entirely  free  from  any  appearance  or  taste  of  iron,  so 
that  I  think  the  iron  in  it  was  not  in  solution  but  in  suspension." 

This  is  the  well  reported  by  Darton  as  "Lawrence:  Depth  205  feet:  capacity  35  gallons:  water  layer 
at  40  feet."    It  has  since  been  deepened. 

265.  Mr.  Walsh  reports  that  in  the  vicinity  of  Cedarhurst  he  usually  encounters  streaks  of  hard  pan  6 
inches  thick  at  22  or  25  feet  below  the  surface.  The  hard  pan  is  described  as  a  mixture  of  brown  clay  and 
coarse  gravel,  packed  closely  together  and  cemented  with  iron. 


•  F 


Fig.  65— Sketch  map  giving  locations  of 
wells  of  the  Queens  County  Water  Com- 
pany shown  in  fig.  66. 


224       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  Judge  Diver's  well  near  Cedarhurst. 

Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-3 

2.  Sand  similar  to  that  elsewhere  on  the  Rockaway  Ridge   3-2.5 

3.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   25-35 

266.  Record  of  Dr.  Anderson's  v;ell  near  Cedarhurst. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  sand   0-42 

2.  Gravel   42- 

267.  Record  of  Louis  Touscker's  veil  near  Cedarhurst. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Fine  white  sand   0-37 

2.  Gravel   .  37- 

268.  Record  of  Samuel  Brower's  well  near  Brower  Point. 

Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-17 

2.  Quicksand;  very  fine   17-27 

3.  Sand  and  gravel:  coarseness  increasing  with  depth   27-35 

272.  Mr.  Jaegle  reports  that  the  marsh  deposits  in  this  well  were  about  10  feet  thick,  below  which  there 
was  15  feet  of  fine  dark-colored  sand,  the  remainder  of  the  well  being  through  an  alternation  of  lead-colored 
sand  and  clays.  A  small  flow  was  obtained  at  150  feet;  at  228  feet  a  coarse  gravel  was  encountered,  from 
which  a  good  supply  of  pure  water  was  obtained,  flowing  3  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  meadow.  A  sample 
of  the  water-bearing  sand  from  a  depth  of  228  feet,  presented  by  Mr.  Jaegle,  is  composed  of  small  white  quartz 
pebbles,  with  a  very  considerable  percentage  of  erratic  material. 

273.  Mr.  Charles  R.  Bettes,  chief  engineer,  reports  that  there  were  in  use  at  this  station  in  the  summer 
of  1903  thirty-two  4-  and  .5-  inch  wells  33  feet  deep  and  nineteen  6-inch  wells  1.50  to  190  feet  deep.  The 
average  daily  pumping  in  1902  was  1,634,000  gallons,  the  minimum  850,000  gallons,  and  the  maximum 
4,500,000  gallons.  One  of  the  new  6-inch  test  wells  completed  in  1903  tested  800.000  gallons  per  day.  The 
water  is  pumped  from  the  wells  to  a  filter  which  removes  the  excess  of  iron,  and  is  then  pumped  into  mains. 

Samples  obtained  from  one  of  the  6-inch  wells  drilled  during  the  summer  of  1903  show  the  following 
section: 

Record  of  well  at  Queens  County  purnpin//  station. 
Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Gray  silty  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  large  percentage  of  biotite   6-  10 

Tisbury: 

2-3.  White  to  light-yellow  quartz  sand  and  gravel,  with  only  a  small  percentage  of 

glacial  material   10-  32 

Sankaty  i: 

4.  Blue  gravelly  clay   33-  35 

5.  Dirty-gray  sand  and  gravel   35-  54 

Sankaty: 

6.  Blue  clay   54-  76 

7-10.  Fine,  gray,  pepper-and-salt  sand,  composed  of  a  mixture  of  white  quartz  and 

green  sand,  weathering  to  a  reddish  yellow   76-  95 

Sankaty  and  Jameco: 

11-12.  Light  yellowish  white  sand  and  gravel;  no  greensand   95-100 

13.  Lignite   110 

14.  Fine  pepper-and-salt  sand,  composed  of  mixture  of  white  quartz >and  greensand. 

containing  a  little  gray  clay   115 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  <>N   WKLLS.  225 


Wells- 


+  3.70 


Sand 
and 
gravel 


■56.30 


Blue 
clay 


-76.30 


Black 
sand 


-92.30 


Gravel 
and 
sand 


J  11.30 
Black 
sand 

-116.30' 
Reddish 

sand 
-124.30' 

Coarse 
sand 

-1  38.30' 
Gravel 

and 

sand 
148.30' 


-+2.90 


Red 
sand 


-28.10 
Sand 
and 
gravel 
-39.10 

Slack 
sand 

-51.10' 


Blue 
clay 


-84.10 

Black 
sand 

-97.10' 

Reddish 
sand 

-1 10.10' 

Coarse 
white 
sand 

-126.10' 


Sand 
and 
gravel 


-155.10 


4-4.90' 


Red 
sand 


•25.10 


White 
sand 


-59.10 


Blue 
clay 


■82.10 


Black 
sand 


-1  10.10 


White 
sand 
and 

gravel 


-156.10 


+3.70' 


Red  sand 

-6.30' 


White 
sand 
and 

gravel 


-32.30 


Black 
sand 


-47.30 


Blue 
clay 


84.30 


Biac< 

sand 


1 10.30 


Red 
sand 


-126.30 

Gravel 
and 
sand 


L2.40 


ReJ  sand 

 1-5.60' 


White 
sand 


■27.60 
■  Clay  and 
.  gravel 

-30.60' 

Sharp 
red 
sand 


-50.60 


Blue 
clay 


-90.60 

Tme 
dark 
sand 

-1 1 1.60' 


G'ave! 


-146.60 


Far  Rockaway 
S  '  ""^h  is  1  •„« 
-8  00'    n'gner  than 
averaje  at 
Valley  St-eaml 

Light 
sand 


J28.00 

Clay  and  gravel 

131.00' 
Clean  , 
sharp 
sand 
.47.00' 


2.00' 

Datum  M.H.T.  at 


Hard  corrpact 
gravel 

-64.00' 


Blue 
clay 


-95.00 


Black 
sand 


-1 1  2.00 


Sand 
and 
gravel 


138.00 


Peat 

-171.10' 
Sand  and  gravel 
-178.10' 

Fig.  to.— Sections  of  wells  of  the  yueens  County  Water  Company,  by  Charles  R  Bettes.  chief  engineer.    1  For  locations  of 

wells  see  fig.  ho. ; 


226       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OE  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Jameco:  Feet. 
15-19.  Light-colored,  coarse  sand  and  gravel  containing  a  considerable  percentage 

of  erratic  material   120-155 

Records  of  the  first  five  wells  are  shown  in  fig.  66;  for  general  relations  see  fig.  13. 

Analysis  of  water  from  Queens  County  pumping  station. 
[Analysis  by  C.  F.  Chandler,  September  17,  1902  ] 

Parts  per  million 

Chlorine  in  chlorides   4.  100 

Sodium  chloride  _   6.  766 

Phosphates  (as  P205)   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates   .010 

Free  ammonia   .  048 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .....  .018 

Total  nitrogen   10.064 

Hardness: 

Before  boiling   15.  780 

After  boiling   10.  520 

Organic  and  volatile  (loss  on  ignition )   12.  000 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile)  C0.2  restored  with  ammonium  carbonate   34.500 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation)  dried  at  110°  C   46.  500 

Appearance   Slightly  turbid. 

Color                                                                          Slightly  yellowish  on  account  of  sediment. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F)   None. 

Taste   None. 

The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  report  the  following  analysis  of  water  taken  from  the  mains  of  the 
Queens  County  Water  Company  at  Rockaway  Beach,  May,  1897: 

Analysis  of  water  of  Queens  County  Water  Company  at  Rockaway  Beach. 

Parts  per  million. 

Si02   14.71 

ALA  and  Fe203   3.42 

CaCO:)     Trace. 

MgCO,   4.10 

CaSO,      8.  04 

MgCl,  . .  4.  62 

NaCl   2.22 


Total   37.11 

274.  Mr.  Walsh  reports  that  at  a  depth  of  50  feet  layers  of  lignite  and  mud  were  encountered,  in  which 
were  found  "snail  shells,  skimmer  shells,  and  razor  shells."    (See  fig.  13.) 

Record  of  well  near  Hewlett. 

Tisbury :  Feet 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  similar  to  material  elsewhere  on  Rockaway  Ridge    0-13 

Sank  at  y : 

2.  Blue  clay   13-21 

Sankaty  and  Jameco: 

3.  Fine  sand  with  no  available  water   21-70 

4.  Good  water-bearing  sand   70-  0 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON    WELLS.  227 
275.                          Record  of  Mr.*.  Julia  Flower's  mil  nun  Lynbrnok. 

Tisbury :  Feet 

1.  Brown  to  red  sand  and  gravel   0-  13..*) 

Sankaty  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  Perfectly  dry  blue  clay:  no  stones   17-  80 

3.  White  clay,  which  became  creamy  under  the  action  of  the  wash  pipe   80-  82 

4.  White  sand  J   82-  90 

5.  Blue  clay  similar  to  that  in  section  2   90-130 

6.  Fine  sand,  somewhat  clayey  from  clay  above   130-135 

7.  Sand,  changing  gradually  to  white  gravel.    (This  layer  was  water  bearing,  but 

the  water  had  a  puckerish  taste,  like  alum.)   135-15.5 

8.  A  blue  dry  clay,  similar  to  that  in  sections  2  and  5   155-180 


277.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Franklin  B.  Lord,  president  of  the  Queens  County  Water  Company, 
and  Mr.  Chas.  R.  Bettes.  chief  engineer,  self-recording  gages  were  placed  on  three  wells  at  this  point :  One 
504  feet  deep,  another  74,  and  the  third  14  feet  deep.  A  portion  of  the  results  of  this  work  is  shown  in 
PI.  XVIII:  a  detailed  report  may  be  expected  later.  Mr.  Lord  reports  that  in  1903  the  deep  well  was  pumped 
at  the  rate  of  from  36,000  to  44.000  gallons  for  twenty-four  hours,  for  a  period  of  twenty-four  and  one-fourth 
hours,  with  three  stops  of  fifteen  minutes  each.  This  reduced  the  level  of  the  water  3.92  feet;  it 
returned  to  its  normal  level  in  seventy  minutes  after  the  pumping  was  stopped.  During  this  test  the  level 
of  the  water  in  the  74-foot  well  was  not  reduced,  and  the  504-foot  well  was  not  affected  by  the  pumping 
of  the  shallower  well.  On  February  13,  1903,  the  74-foot  well  was  given  a  five-hour  test,  and  the  level  of 
the  water  was  reduced  more  than  22  feet  ;  it  regained  its  normal  level  in  eighteen  minutes.  In  December, 
1903.  a  new  well  was  started  at  this  place  from  which  Mr.  Bettes  has  furnished  the  following  samples: 

Record  of  Queens  County  Wafer  Company's  well  at  Lynbrook. 


Tsbury:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  yellow  quartz  sand:  no  erratic  material   0-  29 

2.  Light-gray  sand    29-  31 

3.  Same  as  No.  1      31-  73 

Cretaceous? : 

4.  Light-gray  sflty  clay    -   73-  89 

5.  Light-yellow  medium  sand:  no  erratic  material   89-150 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Fine  to  medium  gray,  lignitic  sand   150-15S 

7.  Verv  fine  black,  micaceous,  lignitiferous  silt     158-200 

8-9.  Very  fine,  dark-colored,  lignitiferous  sand   200-22S 

10.  Medium  light-gray  sand  with  small  amount  of  lignite   228-340 

11.  Dark-colored,  lignitiferous,  silty  clay    340-363 

12.  Medium  dirty-yellow  sand,  lignitic    363-403 

13.  Medium  to  coarse  gray  sand.     403-536 


228       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Analysis  of  water  from,  wells  of  Queens  County  Water  Company  at  Lynbrook. 

[By  F.  C.  Chandler,  February  25.  1903.    Farts  per  million.] 


.504-foot 
well. 

72-foot  well. 

Clear. 

Faint  milkiness. 

Color  

None. 

None  when  filtered. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F.)  

None. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides  

3.000 

9.000 

Sodium  chloride  

4.950 

14.  851 

Phosphates  (as  P.,0.)  

None. 

None. 

\.  1 1  1'i~iCTt*  Tl     111     11 1 1  1*1 1  #."*"5 

\one 

None . 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates  

.  014 

.  562 

Free  ammonia   

.022 

.016 

Albuminoid  ammonia  

.026 

.006 

Total  nitrogen.  

.053 

..580 

Hardness: 

Before  boiling  

8.855 

13.  91.5 

After  boiling  

3.  795 

8.855 

Organic  and  volatile  (loss  on  ignition)  

2.000 

5.000 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile),  CO.,,  restored 

with  ammonium  carbonate  

13.  .500 

40.  .500 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation)  dried  at  110°  C  . 

15.  .500 

4.5.  .500 

'-J7S.  The  following  record  is  taken  from  a  blueprint  kindly  furnished  by  Chief  Engineer  I.  M.  De 
Varona : 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  Xo.  2Jf. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

L  Top  soil  1...  0-  4 

2.  Yellowish  sand,  water  bearing     4-  20 

3.  Gray  sand,  water  bearing   20-  28 

4.  Gray  sand  with  little  gravel,  water  bearing    28-  36 

5.  Fine  gray  sand   36-  40 

6.  Yellowish  sand  and  gravel   40-  44 

7.  Yellowish  sand  and  gravel;  traces  of  clay   44-  58 

8.  Sand,  clay,  and  large  gravel   58-  68 

Tisbury?  : 

9.  Sharp  yellow  sand  with  traces  of  clay   (is-  78 

Cretaceous  ? : 

10.  Gray  sand  and  clay   78-  88 

11.  Blue  clay.  sand,  and  wood   88-  92 

12.  Yellowish  sand  and  clay   92-  98 

13.  White  sand,  wood,  and  clay   98-108 

Cretaceous: 

14.  Gray  sand,  wood,  and  clay   108-128 

15.  Brown  sand,  wood,  and  clay   128-138 

16.  White  sand  with  traces  of  clay   13K-160 

17.  White  sand  with  wood  and  clay   KiO-200 

Elevation  of  surface.  16.0  feet. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  229 
279.  The  following  record  is  taken  from  a  blueprint  kindly  furnished  by  Chief  Engineer  I.  M.  De  Yiuona  : 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  23. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

1 .  Yellow  sand   0-  8 

2.  Gray  sand,  water  bearing   8-  30 

3.  Coarse  gray  sand,  water  bearing   36-  52 

4.  White  sand,  gravel,  and  clay   52-  74 

Transition: 

5.  Yellow  sand,  water  bearing   74-  78 

Cretaceous? : 

6.  Clay,  sand,  and  gravel   78-100 

7.  Clay,  sand,  gravel,  and  wood   100-106 

8.  White  sand,  clay,  and  wood   106-130 

Cretaceous: 

9.  Sand,  dark  clay,  and  wood   130-148 

10.  White  sand,  clay,  and  wood   148-168 

11.  Sand,  gravel,  wood,  and  blue  clay   168-172 

12.  Blue  clay   172-185 

13.  Sandstone,  iron  ore,  and  wood  embedded  in  black  clay   185-198 

14.  Wood  and  black  clay   198-202 

15.  Fine  white  sand,  wood,  and  clay   202-220 

16.  Sand,  wood,  and  blue  clay     220-247 

17.  Blue  clay  and  iron  ore   .........  247-260 

18.  Sand,  wood,  and  clay   . .    260-276 

19.  Sand,  wood,  clay,  and  iron  ore    276-282 

20.  Sand,  clay,  and  wood   282-296 

21.  Hard  pan;  iron   296-298 

22.  Blue  clay   298-312 

23.  Sand,  wood,  and  clay   312-367 

24.  Clay  with  a  little  sand   367-374 

25.  Sand,  wood,  and  clay   374-390 

Elevation  of  surface,  16.7  feet. 

2§0.  The  following  record  is  taken  from  a  blueprint  kindly  furnished  by  Chief  Engineer  I.  M.  De  Varona: 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  tcell  No.  22. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  sand   0-  15 

2.  Sharp  grayish  sand,  water  bearing   15-  24 

3.  Coarse,  grayish  sand,  with  gravel,  water  bearing   24-  36 

4.  Same  sand:  larger  gravel,  water  bearing   36-  44 

5.  Fine  grayish  sand,  water  bearing   44-  56 

6.  Gravel,  sand,  and  clay  -  :   56-  67 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury  \ 

7.  Sharp,  yellow  sand,  water  bearing   67-  82 

8.  Fine  grayish  sand.   82-  90 

9.  Fine  grayish  sand  with  gravel,  wood,  and  clay   90-100 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous  '. : 

10.  Fine  grayish  sand  with  larger  gravel,  wood,  and  clay   100-107 

Cretaceous: 

11.  Gray  sand  with  wood  and  clay   107-145 

12.  Gray  clay   145-169 

13.  Clay,  wood,  and  iron  pyrites   169-180 

14.  Sand,  gravel,  clay,  wood,  and  iron  pyrites   180-190 

15.  Fine  grayish  sand,  clay,  and  wood  -   190-220 


230       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous — Continued.  Feet. 

16.  Fine  sand,  clay,  wood,  and  iron  pyrites   220-276 

17.  Sharp  grayish  sand,  clay,  and  wood   276-310 

18.  Black  muck,  wood,  and  sand   310-324 

19.  Light-colored  gray  sand,  wood,  and  traces  of  clay  __  324-327 

20.  White  clay,  wood,  sand,  and  gravel   327-333 

21.  Hard  pan  with  white  clay,    333-343 

22.  Sharp  grayish  sand,  wood,  and  traces  of  clay     343-347 

23.  Same  sand ;  slightly  water  bearing   347-356 

24.  White  clay,  sand,  and  wood  1   356-370 

Elevation  of  surface,  17.4  feet. 


281.  As  no  samples  were  preserved  from  test  well  No.  21,  the  following  record  is  taken  from  the 


reports  of  the  inspector:  <* 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  21. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Yellow  sand  .'   0-  8 

2.  Fine  yellowish  sand   8-  28 

3.  Fine  yellowish  sand  with  a  large  quantity  of  mica  scales.    28-  36 

4.  Coarser  yellowish  sand.  ....    36-  50 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury  ? : 

5.  Finer  yellowish  sand  with  small  gravel   50-  65 

6.  Fine  white  sand  with  large  gravel   65-  69 

7.  Fine  white  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay   69-  80 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous  \ ; 

8.  Fine  brownish  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay   80-  85 

Cretaceous: 

9.  Gray  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay     85-116 

10.  Fine  gray  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay.   116-195 

11.  Black  clay  and  wood   19.5-202 

12.  Gray  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay   202-225 

13.  Gray  clay  with  wood  and  hardpan   225-236 

14.  Gray  sand  with  traces  of  wood  and  clay   236-240 

15.  Gray  quicksand  with  traces  of  wood  and  clay   240-248 

16.  Gray  clay...  •   248-262 

17.  Gray  sand  with  traces  of  wood  and  clay   262-276 

18.  Gray  sand  with  wood,  clay,  and  hardpan    276-282 

19.  Fine  gray  sand  and  clay   282-290 

20.  Sharp  grayish  sand  with  traces  of  wood  and  clay,  slightly  water  bearing   290-295 

21.  Sharp  grayish  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay  .-   295-345 

22.  Gray  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay   345-380 

23.  Fine  white  sand  with  traces  of  wood  and  clay   380-110 

Elevation  of  surface  17.8  feet. 


2§2.  As  no  samples  were  preserved  from  test  well  No.  20.  the  following  record  is  taken  from  the 
report  of  the  inspector:'' 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  20. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

L.  Yellow  sand   0-  6 

2.  Yellowish  sand   6-  20 

3.  Yellowish  sand  with  a  little  gravel   20-  26 

4.  Fine  yellowish  sand   26-  36 

5.  Small  light-colored  gravel  with  gray  sand   36-  7S 


a  Ann.  Kept.  Dept.  City  Works  of  Brooklyn  for  1896,  1897,  pp.  302  303. 
''Ibid.,  p.  301. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


231 


Cretaceous? :  Fwt 

6.  Fine  gray  sand  with  traces  of  clay   78-  85 

7.  Gray  clay  and  gravel   K5-  90 

Cretaceous: 

8.  Gray  sand  with  clay  and  wood   90-100 

9.  Gray  sand  with  clay,  wood,  and  gravel  ,   100-110 

10.  Fine  gray  sand  with  clay  and  wood   110-124 

11.  Fine  gray  sand  with  clay,  wood,  and  gravel   124-130 

12.  Gray  sand  with  clay  and  wood   130-148 

13.  Darker  gray  sharp  sand  with  a  little  wood-...   148-152 

14.  Dark-gray  clay  with  wood  and  gravel   152-154 

15.  Light-gray  sand  with  wood  and  traces  of  clay   154-172 

16.  Finer  light-gray  sand  with  wood  and  day   172-178 

17.  Fine  white  sand  with  wood  and  clay   178-212 

18.  Sharp  light-gray  sand  with  wood  and  clay  (contains  water,  but  not  enough  for 

pumping)   212-225 

19.  Hardpan  and  wood   225-228 

20.  Gray  sand  with  clay  and  wood  (contains  water  but  not  enough  for  pumping).  228-242 
Elevation  of  surface  14.6  feet. 

283.  Record  of  C.  Schreiber's  well  at  Valley  Stream. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-18 

Mr.  Baldwin  says  that  the  description  of  this  well  will  apply  to  all  the  wells  in  the  vicinity  of  Valley 
Stream.    In  some  places  it  is  2  or  3  feet  farther  to  the  water,  but  there  is  no  change  in  the  material. 

284.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  gives  the  following  part  analysis  of  its  shallow  dug  well 
at  this  point: 

Analysis  of  railroad  well  at  Valley  Stream. 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   56.  09 

285.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water  depart- 
ment (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  Xo.  19. 

Wisconsin:  Veet. 

1.  Reddish  yellow  loamy  sand.   0  4 

Transition: 

2.  Fine  to  coarse  light-yellow  sand   4-  18 

Tisbury: 

3.  Light-gray  and  grayish-yellow  sands  and  gravel,  probably  glacial   18-  72 

Sankaty ! : 

4.  Yellowish  gray  clay  —   72-  95 

Cretaceous: 

5.  Dark-gray  fine  to  medium  sand,  with  lignite   95-132 

6.  Black  clay  with  lignite   132-140 

7.  Grayish-white  clay     140-150 

8.  Medium  gray  sand  with  lignite   1.50-208 

"At  extreme  depth  was  found  to  be  slightly  water  bearing:  very  small  flow."    Elevation  of  surface,  9.4 

feet.  Brooklyn  base. 

286.  The  following  analysis  has  been  made  by  the  Brooklyn  health  department: 

Analysis  of  water  fro m  wells  at  Watt's  Pond  pumping  station. 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   63.25 

Loss  on  ignition   15. 15 

Free  ammonia     .06 

Albuminoid  ammonia  -   .04 


282       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Parts  per  million. 


Chlorine  as  chlorides .   8.  87 

Sodium  chloride   14-62 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   2.0o 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   16.  12 

Permanent  hardness  ,.   16.  12 


This  is  the  average  of  4  analyses. 

2§7.  The  following  section  has  been  taken  from  a  blueprint  kindly  furnished  by  Chief  Engineer  [.  M. 
De  Varona;  no  samples  were  preserved  from  this  well  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  Xo.  2o,  at  ^Yatt's  Pond  pumping  station. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Top  soil   0-  3 

2.  Brown  sand  and  gravel   3-  1.5 

Tisbury: 

3.  Yellowish  fine  sand   15-  62 

Transition: 

4.  Sand,  gravel,  and  clay   62-  70 

Sankaty '.  : 

5.  Clay  and  gravel   70-  95 

6.  Fine  gray  sand:  traces  of  clay  and  wood   95-118 

Jameco?: 

7.  Sand  and  small  gravel,  water  bearing..    118-130 

Cretaceous: 

8.  Black  clay,  gravel,  and  wood  _    130-148 

9.  Blue  clay,  gravel,  and  wood   148-157 

10.  Sand,  wood,  and  clay  _ .     157-160 

11.  Small  gravel,  wood,  and  clay   160-168 

12.  Sand,  wood,  and  clay   168-176 

13.  Sand,  wood,  and  clay,  water-bearing...   176-184 

14.  Sand,  traces  of  clay  and  wood   184-220 

15.  Sharp  sand,  clay  and  wood,  water-bearing   220-235 

16.  Fine  gray  sand.  wood,  and  traces  of  clay   235-245 

17.  Sharp,  gray  sand,  clay,  and  wood,  water-bearing   245-284 

18.  Sand,  small  gravel,  clay,  and  wood,  water-bearing   284-296 

19.  Whitish  clay,  sand,  and  wood   296-302 

20.  .Small  gravel,  wood,  and  clay,  water-bearing   302-331 

Elevation  of  surface,  8.2  feet. 


288.  See  under  No.  290.    The  following  analysis  has  been  made  by  the  Brooklyn  health  department: 

Analysis  of  water  from  Clear  Stream  pumping  station. 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   64.62 

Loss  on  ignition.   16.  62 

Free  ammonia   .01 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .02 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   7.  87 

Sodium  chloride   12.  98 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   2.  51 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   19.31 

Permanent  hardness   18.  12 


This  is  an  average  of  8  analyses. 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES   OX  WELLS. 


233 


2S9.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preatrred  by  the  Brooklyn  department  of 
rater  supply  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  well  at  Clear  Stream  puinpinq  station. 
Wisconsin:  tmt. 

1.  Dark-yellow  sandy  loam   0-  ti 

Transition: 

2.  Light-yellow  medium  sand   6-  35 

Tisbury : 

3.  Darker,  yellowish-brown,  fine  to  medium  sand   35-  44 

4.  Fine,  light,  yellowish-white  sand   44-  56 

Cretaceous: 

5.  Dark-gray  fine  to  coarse  sand,  with  lignite   56-  63 

6.  Very  dark -gray  clay  ,  unlike  clay  above  old  glacial  beds ;  resembles  clay  in  No.  197  | .    63-  87 

7.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sands   87-125 

S.  Gray  sand  and  lignite  or  peat   125-130 

9.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand   130-190 

Elevation  of  surface,  13.6  feet.    "No  water  was  found  in  this  well." 

29©.  W.  D.  Andrews  &  Brother,  under  date  of  May  8.  1895.  report:  "In  1894  we  completed  for  the 
city  of  Brooklyn  a  second  contract  for  two  tubular  gang-well  plants,  with  a  capacity  of  5.000.000  gallons 
each,  one  plant  In'ing  located  at  the  Forest  Stream  and  the  other  at  the  Clear  Stream  station.  *  *  *  We 
struck  veins  of  water  at  these  two  stations,  at  and  ln?yond  106  feet  in  depth,  that  Mowed  10  gallons  per 
minute  at  the  surface  from  a  2-inch  tube,  and  would  rise  in  a  pipe  3  feet  above,  while  the  water  levels  in  the 
auxiliary  tubes  of  the  gang  wells  were  several  feet  below  this  surface  (lowered  to  that  depth  by  continuous 
pumping  of  double  the  quantity  of  water  required  by  our  contract  obligations).  Within  (50  feet  of  water 
veins  that  would  flow  5  to  10  gallons  per  minute,  through  2-inch  tubes,  from  depths  of  60.  100.  and  300  feet, 
and  yield  by  hand  pumping  30  to  .50  gallons  from  any  one  of  the  depths  named,  we  sunk  a  4-inch  tube  400 
feet,  and  the  only  water  found  was  at  about  35  feet,  which  did  not  rise  above  the  level  at  which  it  was  first 
encountered,  nor  yield,  by  hand  pumping,  atwve  5  gallons  per  minute. 

Phillip*  ..t  Worthington  report  the  following  section  of  a  test  well  at  this  point  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  test  icell  at  Forest  Stream  pumping  station. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Stratified  clays  and  sands,  with  underlying  strata  containing  water   0-100 

Jameco!: 

2.  Water-bearing  iron  formation   105-115 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Hard  white  sticky  clay   115-260 

4.  Various  stratified  sands   260-435 

It  is  quite  probable  that  the  water-bearing  formation  from  105  to  115  is  Jameco.  The  "hard  white 
stickv  clav"  is  probably  the  same  as  the  fine  white  or  gray  lignitiferous  sands  found  in  the  Brooklyn  water- 
works test  wells. 

Mr.  De  Varona  reports  that  the  water  from  the  deep  test  well  at  Forest  Stream  station  is  so  impreg- 
nated with  sulphureted  hydrogen  as  to  be  unfit  for  use." 

The  following  analysis  has  been  made  by  the  Brooklyn  health  department: 

Analysis  of  icater  from  Forest  Stream  pumping  station. 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   52.  87 

Loss  on  ignition   12.00 

Free  ammonia   -02 

Albuminoid  ammonia   02 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   7.69 

a  History  and  Description  of  the  Brooklyn  Waterworks.  1S9*.  p.  16. 
1711 6— No.  44— 06  1 6 


234      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Parts  pei  million. 


Sodium  chloride   12.67 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   .66 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Total  hardness   21.94 

Permanent  hardness     19.  44 


This  is  the  average  of  8  analyses. 

5291.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department  (see  figs.  10,  13): 


Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  12. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Yellowish  surface  loam   0-5 

2.  Fine  to  coarse  light  yellowish  brown  speckled  sands   5    -  30 

Tisbury : 

3.  Medium  to  coarse  light  yellowish,  white  sand   30-46 

4.  Medium  yellow  sand  with  quartz  pebbles  below   46    -  63 

5.  Yellowish  gray  clay  with  quartz  pebbles  _   63    -  66 

6.  Medium  light-yellow  sand   66    -  73 

7.  Light,  reddish  yellow,  medium  sands   73    -  98 

Sankaty: 

8.  Fine  gray  silt   98   -  98.5 

Jameco: 

9.  Dark,  multicolored,  dirty  sands  (old  glacial)   98.  5-138 

Transition : 

10.  Transition   138  -145 

Cretaceous: 

11.  Fine  graj-  sands   145  -162 

12.  Fine,  dark-gray,  clayey  silt   162  -172 

13.  Gray  sand  with  occasional  quartz  pebbles  and  pieces  of  lignitized  wood.  Wood 

very  abundant  at  340  feet   172  -406 


Elevation  of  surface  18  feet.    "No  water  was  found  in  the  strata  below  the  clay  bed." 

292.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  in  the  municipal  building. 


Brooklyn  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  13. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  yellow  loam   0-  8 

2.  Fine  to  medium  reddish-yellow  sands   8-  32 

Transition: 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand,  speckled  with  black   32-  .58 

Tisbury: 

4.  Yellowish-white  sand  and  gravel.    No  glacial  pebbles   .58-  70 

Jameco: 

.5.  Fine,  reddish  yellow,  silty  sand  becoming  coarser  below,  and  containing  good 

sized  pebbles;  many  erratics   70-102 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Gray  clay     102-105 

7.  Very  dark  clay,  lignite,  and  pebbles   10.5-112 

8.  Fine  gray  sand  with  lignite   112-122 

9.  Gray  clay   122-130 

10.  Fine  dark-gray  sand   130-175 

11.  Very  coarse  gray  sand  and  small  pebbles   175-190 

12.  Fine  dark-gray  sand  with  occasional  quartz  pebbles  and  lignite   190-412 

Elevation  21.5  feet,  Brooklyn  base. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


235 


Thf  presence  of  reddish  yellow  silly  sand  containing  a  considerable  percentage  of  the  compound  peb- 
bles which  ordinarily  characterize  the  glacial  deposits,  and  which  is  here  not  separated  by  a  clay  bed  from 

the  overlying  yellow  sands  with  no  glacial  material,  is  unique  in  this  section  and  doubtless  represents  a 
Jameco  deposit,  which  has  cither  never  been  covered  by  Sankaty  clay  or  from  which  the  clay  has  been 
removed  by  erosion. 

293.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklvn  water 
department  (see  fig.  10): 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  14- 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  6 

Transition : 

2.  Medium  light-yellow  speckled  sand   6-  50 

Tisbury : 

3.  Fine  to  light-yellow  sand   .50-  55 

4.  Fine  to  coarse  grayish  white  sand   55-  58 

Cretaceous: 

5.  Very  light-yellow  silt,  looks  like  loess   58-  62 

6.  Fine  sand  to  coarse  gravel,  with  many  pieces  of  ferruginous  concretion   62—  72 

7.  Light-yellow  sand   72-  77 

8.  Yellowish  white  sand  and  gravel   77-  92 

9.  Fine  dark-gray  sand   92-125 

10.  Very  fine  dark-gray  sand   125-135 

11.  Grayish  white  fine  to  medium  sands,  with  lignite  at  181  and  at  244  feet   135-328 

12.  Very  fine  gray  silty  clay.-    328-342 

13.  Fine  gray  sand   342-350 

14.  Very  fine  gray  sand   350-365 

15.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand....   365-390 

Elevation  of  surface,  16.7  feet.    "No  water  found  in  this  well." 

•-£94.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Rosedale. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  1 

3-9.  Reddish-yellow  out  wash  gravel   .5-30.5 

See  Table  XII. 

295.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department : 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  10,  near  Springfield. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  2 

2.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sands  and  gravel  (glacial)   2-  40 

Tisbury: 

3.  Medium  bright -yellow  sands,  probably  glacial   40-  .54 

4.  Fine  and  coarse  yellowish  gray  sands  ,   54-  73 

5.  Orange  sand  and  gravel   '3-  80 

Transition : 

6.  Gray  sand  with  much  lignite   80-  89 

Sankaty  '.: 

7.  Blue-gray  clay   89-  94 

Cretaceous: 

8.  Fine  white  sand   94-102 

9.  Fine  gray  sands  with  lignitized  wood,  well  marked  at  110-112,  139,  177-180. 

199-200,  219,  229,  235,  241-242,  250-252,  295,  306  feet   102-357 

All  trace  of  glacial  material  ceases  at  54  feet  ,  and  in  the  examination  of  samples  this  point  was  selected 
for  the  line  between  the  Pleistocene  and  pre-Pleistocene  deposits.    The  yellow  gravels,  however,  suggest  the 

Far  Rockaway  material,  and  the  blue-gray  clay  the  Sankaty.  Elevation  of  surface,  27  feet.  "No  water 
was  found  in  the  strata  below  the  blue  clay  bed." 


236       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


296.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Fosters  Meadows. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv  i  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  1 

3-10.  Reddish-brown  outwash  sand,  with  very  little  gravel   5-35.  5 

See  Table  XII. 

297.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  1  mile  north  of  Valley  Stream. 

Recent  1  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam  0   -  1 

3-4.  Black  sand:  considerable  percentage  of  MnO._,  (swamp  deposit)   2.5-  5.5 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv: 

5-8.  Light  yellow  sand   9.  5-26 

There  is  very  little  glacial  material  in  the  two  lower  samples. 

29$.  Record  of  commission's  lest  well  2  miles  north  of  Valley  si  nun, 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  1 

3-6.  Outwash  sand,  reddish  brown   5-21 

Tisburv  i 

7.  Light-yellow  sand  (nothing  recognizably  glacial)   2.5-25.5 

299.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  between  Valley  Stream  and  Floral  Pari. 
Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0    -  7 

3-9.  Reddish  brown  silty  sand  and  gravel  (considerable  glacial  material)   6    -  36 

Tisburv : 

10-16.  Lighter,  brownish  yellow,  medium  sand,  doubtfully  glacial:  no  sharp  line 

can  be  drawn  between  this  material  and  that  either  above  or  below   42    -  73 

Cretaceous: 

17-18.  Fine  to  coarse  white  sand   76    -  82 

19-21.  White  sand  and  gravel  (not  recognizably  glacial)   84    -  96 

22-23.  Yellowish  white  sand  with  a  little  clay   96.  5-  98.  5 

24.  Light  gray  sand  and  gravel   99.  5-100.  5 

25.  Very  fine,  dark-yellow,  clayey  sand.   101.7-102 

26.  Very  fine,  light  grayish  white  sand,  with  much  silvery  white  muscovite. . . .  105.5-106.5 

28.  Very  light,  grayish  yellow,  clayey  sand   106.6-107.1 

29.  Very  fine  white  sand  with  muscovite  and  a  little  lignite   107.  5-108 

30.  Very  fine  clayey  sand  with  lignite  and  muscovite,  yellowish  brown   10cS  -109 

31.  Fine  grayish  sand  with  muscovite  and  lignite   110  -111 

32.  Very  fine  brownish  white  sand   112.5-113.5 

33.  Very  dark  grayishs  and,  with  muscovite   114.7-115.5 

34.  Black  sandy  clay  with  lignite   115.5-116.5 

35.  Very  black  sandy  clay,  with  FeS   120  -120.5 

300.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  2  miles  southeast  of  Queen*. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv  (:  Feet. 
1-12.  Reddish-yellow  glacial  sands  and  gravel,  with  much  biotite   0-41 

SOI.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  1  mile  south  of  Queens. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?: 

1.  Dark  sandy  loam. 

2.  Subsoil  sandy  loam.  Feet. 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand   5-  5.  5 

4.  Sand  with  fine  gravel;  considerable  erratic  material   10-11 

5.  Wash  sample  shows  fine  grayish  sand,  while  the  sand-bucket  sample  shows  a  large 

percentage  of  gravel   15-15.5 

6.  Grayish-yellow  sand  (sand-bucket  and  wash  samples  very  nearly  the  same)   20-21 

7.  Same,  except  that  sand-bucket  sample  shows  some  gravel   25-25.  5 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON    WELLS.  287 

302c  A  number  of  shallow  wells  were  put  down  at  this  point  by  the  commission  <>:i  additional  water 
supply  for  pollution  tests,  by  Mr.  George  Whipple,  of  the  Mount  Prospect  laboratory.  The  material  pene- 
trated was  entirely  glacial  outwasli  sand  and  gravel. 

303.  Record  of  com  mission's  test  well  near  Floral  I 'ark. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  iv,  i 

1.  Surface,  dark  sandy  loam   0- 

2.  Lighter  loamy  sand,  some  gravel   -  5 

3.  Coarse  yellow  sand. .    5-  5.  5 

4.  .Medium  grayish-yellow  sand  with  some  small  gravel   10-10.  5 

.5.  Same,  with  more  gravel.   15-16 

6-  7.  Fine  grayish  yellow  sand   20-26 

8.  Grayish  yellow  sand  with  considerable  gravel   30-30.  S 

9.  Reddish  yellow  sand   35-36 

10.  Same,  but  with  more  gravel   40-41 

The  whole  section  is  apparently  outwash  gravel.    See  Tables  XII  and  XIII. 

304.  Record  of  commission's  test  well,  2  miles  south  of  New  Hyde  Park. 
Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  loamy  sand   1-  3 

3.  Yellow  sand,  some  clay   6 

4.  Coarse  grayish  yellow  sand   10-1 1 

5-  6.  Reddish  yellow  sand   12-15 

7-  8.  Coarse  yellow  sand  to  fine  gravel,  with  some  erratics   19-25 

9-  10.  Grayish  yellow  sand,  with  much  biotite   29-36 

11.  Coarse  grayish  yellow  sand   38 

305.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  New  Hydt  Park. 

■Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1 .  Black  sandy  loam   0-  5 

2.  Reddish  yellow  clayey  sand   4 

3.  Reddish  yellow  sandy  clay   8-  9 

4.  Reddish  brown  very  fine  to  coarse  sand,  with  much  mica  and  erratics   14-15 

5.  Gravel  up  to  three-eighths  inch  in  diameter:  some  erratics   19.  5 

Tisbury : 

6-  7.  Reddish  yellow  fine  to  coarse  sand   21-26 

8-  9.  Fine  sand  '   28-32.  5 

!J06.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  New  Hyde  Park. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam  and  sand   0-  1 

3-9.  Reddish-brown  outwash  sand  and  gravel  —   .5-36 

Tisbury: 

10-  13.  Fine  to  coarse  grayish  sand,  clearly  glacial,  but  differing  in  appearance  from 

that  just  above  it  -  .-   36-56- 

SOT.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  New  Hyde  Park. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface,  loamy  sand    0-  1 

3-5.  Light  reddish  yellow  outwash  sand  and  gravel   .5-16 

52-  Dark-gray  outwash  sand  and  gravel  -  -  17-17.  3 

6-7.  Reddish  brown  silt  to  coarse  sand  (glacial  outwash)   20-26 

8-9.  Fine  to  coarse  grayish  sand  (glacial)   30-38 

10.  Very  fine  light-grayish  sand  said  clay    43-43.  5. 

Transition : 

11-  16.  Grayish  brown  outwash  sand  and  gravel   4.5-71 

Tisbury: 

17.  Coarse  light-yellow  sand,  with  a  much  smaller  percentage  of  glacial  material  than 

in  samples  above   73-74 


238       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


3©§.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  New.  Hyde  Park-. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  1 

3-17.  Dark-gray  out  wash  sand  and  gravel;  very  large  percentage  of  erratic  material. .  2.  5-66.  5 

See  Tables  XII.  XIII. 

310.  Record  of  commission's  test  v:ell  near  Floral  Pari. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Dark  gravelly  loam                                                                                     0  -  1.5 

3-8.  Grayish  brown  out  wash  sand  and  gravel                                                         4  -  81 

Tisbury : 

9-12.  Medium  to  fine  gray  sand                                                                            35  -  53 

13.  Medium  gray  sand,  with  small  gravel                                                             55  -56 

14-17.  Fine  gravish-brown  gravel,  with  some  sand:  contains  some  erratic  material .    60  -  77 

Cretaceous: 

18.  Very  fine  yellow  sand.   80.  5-  81.  5 

19-23.  Light  yellow,  medium,  quartz  sand  lacking  the  erratic  particles  in  the 

upper  samples                                                                                               84  -106 

24-26.  Very  fine,  yellow,  silty  sand                                                                 109  -117 

27.  Dark  sandy  clay                                                                                   120  -121 

28.  Very  fine  dark-gray  sand                                                                            130  -134 

29.  Very  fine,  dirty  yellow  sand                                                                        148  -149 

Sample  No.  25  was  obtained  when  the  small  hand  pump  was  changed  to  a  larger  force  pump.  It 
consists  of  coarse,  varigated  gravel  with  many  glacial  pebbles,  and  represents  the  accumulated  coarser 
material  from  the  upper  part  of  the  well.  It  does  not  represent  material  from  the  depth.  113  feet,  from 
which  it  was  obtained.    See  Tables  XII.  XIII. 

312.                          Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Creedmoor.  Feet. 

1-18.  Outwash  sands  and  gravel   0-73 

See  Table  XII. 

315.  See  fig.  35  and  PI.  XIV. 

316.  J.  H.  Herbert  reports  the  following  section  fortius  well: 

Record  of  Jagnow  Brothers'  well  near  Douglaston. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Yellow  clay  and  sand   0-  35 

2.  Yellow  sand  and  small  bowlders.   35-  47 

3.  Coarse  yellow  sand  and  gravel     47-  55 

4.  Coarse  brown  sand  and  iron  gravel   55-  67 

5.  Fine  brown  sand   67-  71 

6.  Fine  yellow  sand    71-77 

7.  White  beach  sand   77-  89 

8.  White  and  yellow  sandy  clay   89-107 

9.  Coarse  yellow  sand  and  gravel   107-127 

31  7.  The  well  at  this  place  was  started  by  Stotthoff  Brothers,  who  furnished  the  following  samples: 
Record  of  v:ell  of  W.  K.  Yanderhilt .  jr.,  near  Lake  Success. 

Feet 

1.  No  record   0-40 

Wisconsin,  Tisbury.  and  Mannetto: 

2.  Fine  sand  to  large  gravel,  with  a  large  percentage  of  erratic  material.   40-125 

3.  Reddish-yellow  medium  sand,  with  small  gravel  fcontains  glacial  material)   125-145 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Yellow  medium  sand  ( not  glacial)   145-191 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES   ON  WELLS. 


239 


The  water  in  this  well  stood  lib'  feet  from  the  surface  and  tested  21  gallons  per  minute  for  twenty- 
four  hours,  when  the  test  was  pushed  up  to  40  gallons  per  minute.    The  elevation  of  the  ground  is  171  feet 
as  determined  by  the  engineers  of  the  commission  on  additional  water  supply.    The  screen  was  placed  from 
166  to  186  feet.    Later  this  well  was  deepened  by  Thomas  B.  Harper,  of  Jenkinstown,  Pa.    The  following 
record  has  been  transmitted  to  the  Survey  by  Mr.  Alexander  S.  Farmer: 

Record  of  well  of  11'.  K.  Vanderbiti,  jr.,  near  Lake  Success. 


Pleistocene:  pMj 

1 .  Earth  and  clay   10-  80 

2.  Yellow  sand   80-100 

Transition : 

3.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel,  water  bearing   100-200 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Hard  crisp  sand  or  cemented  sand   200-42.") 

5.  Sand  and  clay  in  layers:  light-colored  clay  and  yellowish-white  sand   425-460 

6.  Organic  matter — wood:  becomes  black  after  exposure   460-538 

7.  Red  clay   560-660 

8.  Fine  yellowish-white  sand:  Lloyd  sand   660-700 

9.  White  and  coarse  gravel:  free  water-bearing  strata:  Lloyd  sand   700-7.50 

10.  Blue  clay:  becomes  light  colored  upon  exposure     750-755 

318.  Record  of  commission's  test  tvell  near  Lake  Success. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  sandy  loam   0-  3 

3-8.  Dark-grayish  glacial  sand.   8-35 

See  Table  XII. 


319.  According  to  Mr.  E.  Lewis,  oyster  and  clam  shells  were  taken  from  the  sands  beneath  the  bowlder 
drift  at  Lakeville  at  a  depth  of  140  feet/' 

320.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  between  New  Hyde  Park  and  Lake  Success. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Dark  sandy  loam   0-0.4 

2.  Yellow  loamy  sand   0.4-  1.5 

3.  Black  sandy  loam   1.5-  4.  4 

4-6.  Yellowish-brown  outwash  sand  and  gravel   4.  4-24 

7-9.  Very  fine,  yellow  to  gray,  silty  sand     24  -36 

10.  Yellow  sand  to  fine  gravel  containing  many  erratics   39.  5-40 

11.  Medium  gray  sand   41  —42 

12.  Fine  gravel  with  many  erratics   43  -45 

321.  Record  of  E.  C.  Willeits's  well  near  Plattsdale. 

Wisconsin:  Feet 

1.  Loam   0-  4 

2.  Red  clay  and  stones   4-36 

3.  Hardpan;  very  hard  substance  containing  many  angular  stones  cemented  together 

with  iron   36-37 

4.  Very  fine  white  sand  containing  dark-colored  mica:  water  bearing   37- 

In  spring  the  water  comes  up  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  surface:  in  the  dry  season  it  is  within  21  or  22 
feet  of  the  surface:  evidently  a  perched  water  table. 

322.  Record  of  A.  Kiefer's  well  near  Plattsdale. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Very  hard  marl  with  some  cobbles   0  -80 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Yellow  sand   80  -114 

3.  Clay  I  „   114  -114.5 

4.  Water-bearing  sand   114.5-116 


a  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  10,  1877,  p.  442 


240       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


323.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  1  mile  south  of  Manhaaset. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1-2.  Sandy  loam  ,.   0-  1.5 

3.  Dark-brown  silty  sand   4—  5 

4-9.  Sand  and  gravel  (glacial)   9-35 

10-11.  Brownish-yellow  silty  sand  (apparently  glacial    39-47 

See  Tables  XII,  XITI. 

324.  Record  of  W.  J.  Hamilton'*  well  near  Little  Xeck. 

Wisconsin  I  and  Tisbury :  Feet 

1 .  Fine  yellow  sand   0-  45 

2.  Coarse  yellow  sand    45-  55 

3.  White  beach  sand.   55-  63 

Cretaceous?: 

4.  White  coarse  sand  and  small  gravel    63—  71 

5.  White  fine  sand  and  yellow  fine  gravel   71-  83 

Cretaceous: 

6.  White,  fine,  beach  sand   83-  99 

7.  White,  coarse,  beach  sand   99-102 

8.  Blue  clay   102-125 

9.  White  coarse  sand   125-143 

10.  White  small  gravel   143-147 

325.  Same  section  as  324. 

326.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Thomaston. 

Wisconsin:  •  Feet. 

1-3.  Yellow  sandy  clay   0    -  4 

4- .5.  Dark,  multicolored,  fine  sand  to  coarse  gravel,  pronouncedly  glacial   8  -12 

6-8.  Yellowish-brown  clayey  silt  with  gravel   16  -27 

Tisbury : 

9-12.  Fine  to  coarse  glacial  sand  and  gravel   32    -41.  5 

Cretaceous: 

13.  Light-yellow,  highly  micaceous,  clayey  sand   42.  7-43.  5 

14-17.  White,  clayey,  highly  micaceous  sand   44.  5-60.  5 

18.  Fine,  pinkish  white,  micaceous  sand   64.  .5-65.  5 

19.  Fine,  light-yellow,  clayey  sand   69.  5-70.  5 

20.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand   75  -76 

21.  Medium  to  coarse  white  sand:  water  bearing    78  -79 

327.  Record  of  J.  R.  Hiron's  well  near  Thamastan. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  clay   0-26 

Transition: 

2.  Yellow  fine  sand   26-44 

Tisbury: 

3.  Coarse,  brown,  iron-stained  gravel   44-52 

4.  Brown  sand  and  clay   52-56 

Cretaceous: 

5.  White  and  pinkish  clay   56-61 

6.  White  fine  beach  sand   61-77 

7.  Yellow  fine  beach  sand   77-83 

8.  Yellow  clay  and  sand   83-85 

9.  Yellow  coarse  sand  :   85-93 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON   WELLS.  241 
329.  Phillips  &  Worthington  report  the  following  section: 

Record  of  railroad  well  at  Great  Neck  station,  Thomaston. 

Tisbuiy:  i ,., , 

1.  Sand   0_  go 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Blue  clay   90-  93 

3.  Water-bearing  strata  of  sand   93-100 

4.  Gravel   100-112 

33©.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Manhasset. 

Wisconsin:  peet. 

1-3.  Dark,  brownish-yellow,  clayey  sand   0-5 

Cretaceous  >. : 

4-7.  Fine,  dark-gray  or  bluish-gray  silty  sand   9-25 


332.  Water  rises  to  a  height  of  13  feet  above  the  surface,  which  is  perhaps  5  feet  above  extreme 
high  tide. 

Mr.  Hamilton  reports  that  the  only  change  ever  noticed  in  this  well  was  during  the  earthquake  that 
occurred  in  September,  1898.  Then  the  well  commenced  to  flow  very  strongly  and  continued  to  do  BO 
for  eight  or  ten  hours,  when  it  became  normal  and  has  remained  so  ever  since. 

Record  of  J.  F.  Hamilton's  well  at  Manhasset. 


Feet. 

1.  Gravel  and  ironstone   0-10 

2.  Quicksand   10-70 

3.  Iron  ore   70-70.6 

4.  Quicksand   70.  6-74 

5.  Iron  ore   74-75 

6.  Quicksand,  with  artesian  water    75-78 

7.  Iron  ore   78- 


335.  Fig.  33  illustrates  a  typical  case  of  a  flowing  well  having  many  of  the  aspects  of  a  spring.  In 
this  case  the  pipe  was  driven  to  a  depth  of  10  feet  and  flowing  water  obtained,  as  illustrated.  It  also  shows 
the  difference  in  flow  at  high  and  low  tide,  which  is  common  in  nearly  all  of  the  wells  along  the  shore 
and  the  mud  springs  or  mud  cones  on  the  bottom  of  the  bay:  these  latter  are  evidently  the  same  as  the 
cones  which  were  studied  near  Douglaston. 


337.  Record,  of  commission's  test  will  near  Manhasset  Hill. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1-3.  Dark,  bowldery.  surface  loam    0-5 

4-10.  Reddish  brown  glacial  sand  and  gravel,  with  large  percentage  of  erratic  material.  11-28 

33$.  Record  of  H.  Lustgarten's  well  near  Manhasset  Hill. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Loam  -   0-3 

2.  Hard  pan   3-4 

Transition : 

3.  Light-colored  sand  and  gravel   7-85 

Tisbury : 

4.  Quicksand  and  gravel   85-127 

340.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Manhasset  II ill. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-3.  Brownish  yellow  silty  sand. . .    0-5 

4-11.  Dark  fine  sand  and  small  gravel,  containing  much  glacial  debris   9-45 

Cretaceous: 

12-19.  Fine  white,  micaceous,  clayey  sand   48-87.  5 


242       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


341.  Record  of  Great  Neck  School  well  at  Great  Neck. 

Tisbury :  Feet. 

1 .  Surface  sand  and  gravel     0-26 

Cretaceous? 

2.  Clay     26-52 


Mr.  Kasteard  left  this  well  one  night  without  having  encountered  water;  when  he  came  back  the 
next  morning  there  was  9  feet  of  water  in  the  well,  and  the  water  gradually  rose  until  it  came  within 
30  feet  of  the  surface;  it  is  probable  that  he  had  gotten  down  very  near  the  bottom  of  the  clay  layer  and 
that  during  the  night  the  water  worked  its  way  through. 


342.  Record  of  Mrs.  M.  G.  King's  well  near  Great  Neck. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Red  clayey  loam     0-4 

2.  White  medium  sand  . .      4-6 

3.  Hard  pan  

Tisbury : 

4.  White  sand  with  occasional  streaks  of  iron   12-22 

5.  White  sand,  described  as  good  building  sand   22-45 

6.  Sand  with  cobbles   45-48 

7.  Ordinary  sand.       48-52 

344.  Record  of  H.  B.  Booth's  well,  Great  Neck. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel.     0-6 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Clay  of  various  colors:  some  dark,  some  light,  some  reddish...   6-240 

3.  Water-bearing  sand  (Lloyd  sand)   240- 

345.  The  following  section  should  probably  be  regarded  as  only  approximate: 

Record  of  H.  B.  Anderson's  well,  Great  Neck. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Hard  clay  and  gravel;  some  bowlders..   0-50 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Quicksand  and  very  fine  white  sand   50-237 

347.  Record  of  Wm.  R.  Grace's  well.  Great  Neck. 

Feet. 

1.  Various  sands.   0-103 

2.  Hard  pan     103-104 

348.  Record  of  V.  P.  Travis's  well,  Great  Neck. 

Feet. 

1 .  Sand  and  gravel   0- 

2.  Hard  yellow  clay. 

3.  Yellow  water-bearing  gravel   -119 


Surface  water  was  encountered  at  24  feet:  the  water  from  the  lower  horizon  stands  77  feet  from 
the  surface. 

3 SO.  Mr.  Herbert  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  Robert  Cox's  well,  Great  Neck. 


Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Clean  glacial  gravel   0-6 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Coarse  white  sand  and  small  gravel   8-9 

3.  White  sand   11 

4.  Fine  yellowish  white  sand   21 

5.  Fine  white  sand   35 

6.  Very  fine  white  sand   52 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


248 


351.  Mr.  Isaac  Kasteard.  who  dug  the  upper  part  of  this  well,  reports  the  following  aection: 

Record  <>}  Robt.  Seizer's  well  near  Plandome  Mills. 
Wisconsin:  Kw( 

1.  Water-bearing  sand   0-17 

2.  Fine  sand   17-21 

3.  Clay  and  quicksand  (containing  mica)   21- 

Mr.  (  ieorge  Schmidt,  who  completed  this  well,  gives  the  following  data: 

Record  of  Robt.  Seizer's  well  near  Plandomt  Mills. 
Wisconsin:  F(11.t 

1.  Dug  well   0_2i 

Tisbury?: 

2-  Sand   21  :.<> 

Sankaty !: 

3.  Bay  mud  and  sand   50-100 

Jameco?: 

4.  Coarse  sand  with  no  clay   100-113 

352.  Record  of  Charles  Vanderbilt's  well  near  Port  Washington. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  }.-,.,. t 

1.  Surface  loam   0-8 

2.  Gravel  and  cobbly  sand   8-SO 

3.  Coarse  sand   80- 

354.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Port  Washington. 

Wisconsin :  peet 

1-3.  Fine,  yellowish-brown,  silty  sand   0-5 

Transition: 

3-  6.  Dark  yellowish  brown  sand  and  gravel  of  glacial  origin   .  9  -25 

Tisbury: 

7.  Very  fine,  brown,  micaceous,  silty  sand   27  -28 

8.  Very  fine,  yellow-white,  silty  sand   31.5-32.5 

9-10.  Fine,  dark-brown,  micaceous  sand   36.5-40 

11.  Dark-gray  micaceous  sand  to  small  gravel:  looks  like  glacial  rock  debris....  45  -46 

12.  Very  fine,  brown,  silty  sand   49.  5-50.  5 

13.  Yellowish  brown  sand  with  small  gravel  (glacial  material)   54  -55 

Cretaceous  (: 

14-16.  Very  fine  reddish-brown  to  steel-gray,  silty.  micaceous  sand   59  -70 

17-18.  Dark,  steel-gray,  very  fine,  clayey  silt  (blue  clay)   74  -79 

19-20.  Dark,  grayish-brown,  micaceous,  silty  sand   82.  5-87 

357.  Record  of  T.  Valentine's  well  near  Port  Washington. 

Wisconsin:  Foot. 

1.  Hardpan  and  dark  iron  soil,  very  hard   0-  15 

Transition: 

2.  Cobbles   15-33 

Tisbury : 

3.  Yellow  sand   33-53 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed: 

4.  A  very  compact  layer  of  stones,  which  appeared  to  be  put  in  almost  artificially..  .  S3-  60 
Tisbury: 

5.  White  sand,  described  as  good  building  sand   60-  80 

Tisbury?: 

6.  Yellow  sand   80-123 

7.  White  gravel   123-129 


244       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


358.  Record  of  N .  H.  Jacobs's  well  near  Port  Washington. 


Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-24 

2.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel   24-32 

3.  Clay,  between  blue  and  white  in  color    32-35 

4.  Sand  and  gravel:  water-bearing    35- 

!J60.  Mr.  George  Schmidt  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  of  T.  E.  Webb's  well  near  Port.  Washington. 

Feet. 

1.  Loam,  gravel,  and  sand.   0-  68 

2.  (  lay  .     08-200 

3.  Sand  and  gravel,  water-bearing   200-20.5.6 


At  207  feet  carbonized  wood  was  found.    Top  of  well  is  73  feet  above  high  water. 

Mr.  John  Fischer,  who  drilled  the  first  145  feet  of  this  well,  reports  that  water  was  found  in  soft,  clayey 
sand,  and  that  the  greater  part  of  the  well  was  in  soft  da}*  or  clayey  sand:  at.  140  feet  a  lignitized  log  was 
struck. 

361.  Record  of  Isaac  Kasteard's  well  near  Port  Washington,  N.  Y. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam:  no  stones    0-10 

2.  Cobbles  and  iron  ore  (size  of  cobbles,  4  to  8  inches  in  diameter)   10-18 

3.  Varicolored  sands,  each  stratum  about  4  feet  thick  (described  as  good  building  sand)...  18-69 

362.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  have  furnished  the  following  partial  analysis  from  their  60 
to  70  foot  driven  well: 

Analysis  of  railroad  well  near  Port  Washington. 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  solids   74.72 

Chlorine   12.82 

363.  Record  of  F.  Vanoski's  well  near  Port  Washington. 

Feet. 

1.  Hardpan — clay  and  bowlders    0-  6 

2.  Varicolored  coarse  sand,  containing  occasional  streaks  of  iron   6-46 

364.  Record  of  Charh &  Tl .  Mason's  well  near  Port  Washington. 

Feet. 

1.  Fine  brown  sand   0-18 

2.  Black  marl  containing  oyster  shells   18-38 

3.  Clayey  loam   38-42 

4.  "Black  marl"  with  pebbles    42-52 

5.  Very  fine  sand  with  iron:  water-bearing     52-79 

6.  White  sand  and  gravel  mixed...   79-83 


A  shell  from  stratum  No.  2  has  been  identified  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall  ns  Ostrea  rirginica  and  is  regarded  as 
probably  Pleistocene. 

365.  Record  of  Catholic  Church  well  near  Port  Washington. 


Feet. 

1.  Loam  and  gravel   0-  4 

2.  Coarse  white  sand   4-52 

3.  Very  fine  sand   52-54 

366.  Record  of  well  of  Dodge  estate  near  Port  Washington. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  stony  loam   0-  6 

Tisbury : 

2.  Fine  dry  sand   6-16 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES   I  >N    WELLS.  2  4.") 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed*:  Yeet. 

3.  Rough  stratum  of  cobbles  with  scarcely  any  sand  l>etween   16-22 

Tisbury : 

4.  White  building  sand:  very  compact   22-40 

5.  White  loose  dry  sand   40-.50 

Sankaty  or  Cretaceous: 

6.  Yellow  dry  clay   50-71 

7.  Blue  clay,  containing  some  water   71-91 

The  pipe  broke  off  at  the  last  depth  given  and  the  clay  was  not  penetrated. 

3<»fc.                                 Record  of  G.  Zabriskie's  well  near  Sands  Point.  Feet 

1.  Fine  white  beach  sand   0-  80 

2.  Rlue  clay  (like  putty  when  wet.  impalpable  when  dry)   80-120 

3.  Pure  white  sand:  whiter  than  that  in  stratum  1   120-2.50 


In  the  sand  at  120  feet  lignite,  clam  shells,  and  oyster  shells  were  found.  At  2.50  feet  a  hard 
substance  was  encountered  upon  which  drilling  made  no  impression:  Mr.  Schmidt  then  abandoned  the  job, 
and  Mr.  A.  J.  Connolly  attempted  to  drill  farther:  after  working  three  weeks,  he  also  abandoned  the  well. 
Mr.  Schmidt  says  that  none  of  the  hard  material  was  brought  to  the  surface.  This  probably  represents 
bed  rock. 

369.  Record  of  u-ell  at  Castle  Gould,  near  Port  Washington. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

2.  Black  hardpan  (rough,  stony  material,  with  no  clay)   3-26 

Tisbury : 

3.  Coarse  gravel   26-30 

4.  Sand   30-40 

5.  Fine  sand  containing  mica   40-42 

6.  Coarse  sand  (described  as  good  building  sand)   42-88 


37©.  Mr.  C.  H.  Danis  reports  that  he  put  down  a  test  well  at  this  point  to  a  depth  of  about  300  feet: 
the  material  passed  through  was  successive  small  layers  of  sand  and  clay,  none  exceeding  4  to  6  inches 
in  depth.  At  last  a  thick  bed  of  gravel  was  reached,  when  the  pipe  broke:  the  water  in  the  well  rose  to 
a  point  12  feet  above  mean  high  tide:  it  would,  therefore,  have  been  a  flowing  well  on  the  beach. 

371.  Record  of  u-ell  at  Castle  Gould,  near  Port  Washington. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  gravel,  with  very  little  water   6-  51 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  White  sand   51-109 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Gray  clay   109-119 

4.  Fine  sand   119-127 

5.  Sandy  clay   127-152 

6.  Quicksand  '.   152-158 

7.  Blue  clay   158-161 

8.  Water-bearing  sand   161-166 

9.  Fine  sand   166-169 

10.  Quicksand   169- 


" We  placed  a  Cook  patent  strainer  between  161  and  166  feet,  and  although  at  the  first  test  the  well 
only  showed  2h  gallons  per  minute,  we  were  able,  after  developing  the  well,  to  get  over  30  gallons  per  minute. 
Lower  down  the  hill,  at  a  difference  in  elevation  of  about  40  feet,  where  we  had  10  feet  of  this  coarser  water- 
bearing sand,  we  obtained  102  gallons  per  minute." — ./.  D.  Kilpatrick. 

372.  Mr.  Danis  reports  the  material  penetrated  in  this  well  as  all  white  sand.  This  well  flows  at  times, 
and  would  flow  continually  if  the  sand  were  coarser,  the  stoppage  of  the  flow  apparently  being  due  to 
clogging  with  fine  sand.    The  elevation  is  about  15  feet  above  mean  high  tide. 


246       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG    ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


373.  The  following  section  to  a  depth  of  158  feet  has  been  prepared  from  samples  furnished  by  Mr.  Paul 
K.  Ames,  of  the  Long  Beach  Association:  the  remainder  is  from  the  record  of  the  driller.  Mr.  W.  C.  Jaegle: 

Record  of  well  of  Long  Beach  Association  at  Long  Beach. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  White  beach  sand,  with  water-worn  fragments  of  shells   0-  36 

2.  Dirt}T  gray  sand,  with  small  quartz  pebbles  and  particles  of  vegetable  matter. .  36-  40 

Tisbury: 

3.  Fine  to  coarse  gray  sand,  with  a  few  small  quartz  pebbles  (salt  water)   40-  50 

4.  Medium  gray  sand;  no  gravel   51-  55 

5.  Grayish  yellow  sand  and  small  gravel,  with  a  few  greensand  grains   55-  65 

6.  Yellowish  gray  sand   65-  70 

7.  Orange-yellow  sand  and  gravel,  similar  to  Rockaway  material   70-  73 

Sankaty : 

8.  Gray  sand  and  gravel,  similar  to  No.  7  in  texture,  but  not  iron-stained   73-  76 

9.  Large  quartz  gravel  and  pieces  of  blue  clay  containing  sand  and  gravel   76-  82 

Jameco: 

10.  Dark,  multicolored  coarse  sand  and  gravel:  considerable  percentage  of  flattened 

shale  pebbles:  only  50  to  60  per  cent  of  quartz:  some  biotite;  looks  as  if  it 

might  be  a  sample  taken  from  the  Wisconsin  moraine  in  the  center  of  island   82-  90 

Cretaceous: 

11.  Black  sand  composed  of  fine,  gray,  quartz  sand  with  a  large  percentage  of  lignite: 

some  FeS  and  S;  several  large  pieces  of  lignitized  wood  at  99  feet   90-  99 

12.  Grayish  sand  with  some  free  sulphur  and  a  few  particles  of  lignite   99-107 

13.  White  sand  with  occasional  patches  tinged  lemon  yellow,  perhaps  due  to  iron 

stains;  a  few  particles  of  free  sulphur   107-111 

14.  Dark-gray  silty  sand   111-119 

15.  White  sand  with  small  pieces  of  lignite:  note  on  bottle  says  "  120,  petrified  wood''.  119-121 

16.  Very  dark  colored  clay  (''blue  clay")   121-135 

17.  Coarse,  gray,  clayey  sand,  with  particles  of  sulphur   13.5-143 

18.  Medium  dark-gray  sand  (salt  water)   143-145 

19.  Very  coarse  dark-gray  sand   145-156 

20.  Olive-green  sand  and  small  quartz  gravel;  some  sulphur  salt  water)   156-158 

21.  Very  dark  lead-colored  clay   158-174 

22.  White  sand,  containing  at  190  a  log  of  lignitized  wood   174-192 

23.  White  gravel  and  salt  water   192-196 

24.  Clay   196-200 

25.  Fine  sand   200-220 

26.  Solid  blue  clay  ,   220-270 

(At  270  fresh  water,  sweet  and  chalybeate.) 

27.  White  sand  and  wood   270-276 

28.  Clay   276-282 

29.  White  sand  and  wood  ,   282-297 

30.  Blue  clay   297-305 

31.  White  sand,  wood,  and  water   305-308 

32.  Blue  clay   308-317 

33.  White  sand  containing  wood  and  artesian  water   317-325 

34.  Blue  clay   325-340 

35.  White  sand  and  mineral  water:  has  considerable  COz,  sparkling  and  effervescent.  .  340-356 

36.  Blue  clay   356-360 

37.  White  sand  and  pure  water   364-378 

38.  Blue  clay   378-380 

39.  White  sand   380-381 

40.  White  clay   381-383 

41.  Fine  sand  with  artesian  water   383-380 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS 


247 


On  May  6.  1903.  well  was  flowing  5  gallons  per  minute,  at  a  height  of  alwut  1  foot  above  the  surface  >>f 
the  ground:  it  was  from  this  well  that  the  tide  curve  shown  in  fig.  34.  was  obtained. 

The  water  from  a  depth  of  270  feet  has  been  analyzed  by  Endermann  and  Saarbach.  analytical  chemists 
of  New  York,  with  the  following  results: 

Analysis  of  water  from  depth  of  270  feet  in  Long  Beach  Association's  well  at  Long  Beach. 

Parts  per  million. 

Alkali   125.000 

Lime   3.  525 

Magnesia   4.276 

Oxide  of  iron   7.  057 

Chlorine   158.750 

Sulphuric  acid   14.760 

Silica   3. 577 


Total   317.545 

Analysis  of  water  from  3S3  to  386  feet  by  Doctors  Endermann  and  Saarbach: 

Analysis  of  water  from  depth  of  383-386  feet  in  well  of  Long  Beach  Association  at  Long  Beach. 

Parts  por  million 

Total  residue   157.  32 

Organic  and  volatile  matter   .54.  72 

Mineral  residue       102.  6 

Free  ammonia   .07 

Albuminoid  ammonia.      .13 

Nitrous  acid.  •.   None. 

Nitric  acid   1.  71 

Oxygen  required  for  organic  matter   4.  79 

Chlorine   29. 07 

374.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island 
Historical  Society: 

Record  of  well  at  Hempstead  poorhouse.  Barnum  Island,  Xew  York. 

Tisbuiy:  Feet. 

1.  Orange  sand  and  gravel   0-  4 

2.  Fine  yellowish  brown  sand   . .    5 

4.  Orange  sand  and  gravel   15 

5.  Very,  dark-gray,  clayey  sand,  with  a  few  quartz  pebbles  •   22 

6.  Small  and  medium  quartz  pebbles  orange  yellow   29 

7.  Fine  to  coarse  orange-yellow  sand   40 

8  Same.  -  -   60 

9.  Yellow  clay  and  gravel,  partly  cemented  with  iron   63 

10.  Fine  yellow-  sand   70 

Transition: 

11.  Fine  to  medium  dark-gray  sand   74 

Sankaty: 

12.  Very  fine  dark-gray  clay,  with  a  little  lignitized  wood   75 

13.  Dark-gray  clay  -   95 

14.  Same       113 

15.  Dark-gray  clayey  sand  and  gravel     126 

Jameco  * : 

16.  Gravel  of  quartz  and  chert :  has  no  recognizable  erratics,  but  colors  suggest  glacial 

material:  quite  different  from  the  orange  sand  at  the  top  of  the  section   129 


248       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous:  Feet. 

17.  Dark-gray  sand   135 

18.  White  micaceous  sand   147 

19.  White  sand  and  orange  gravel:  a  few  fragments  of  red  quartzite   168 

20.  Coarse  gray  sand   170 

21.  Fine  to  coarse  dirty  yellowish  gray  sand   175 

22.  Coarse  white  sand  with  lignite   180 

23.  lignite  '..  200 

24.  Very  fine  gray  clayey  sand   225 

25.  Coarse  grayish  white  sand   243 

26.  Much  lignite  in  gray  sand   245-270 

27.  Gray  sand  and  lignite   270-370 

28.  Gray  clay   380 

29.  Carbonaceous  clav   383 


These  samples  were  furnished  by  the  driller,  Mr.  Theodore  A.  Carmen,  who  gave  the  following  data 
regarding  this  well  in  a  letter  dated  April  24,  1895: 

''Some  years  ago  I  attempted  to  bore  a  well  near  the  shore:  at  123  feet  reached  fresh  water:  we  con- 
tinued boring  to  a  depth  of  380  feet:  the  soil  was  fine  beach  sand  and  clay,  but  the  water  was  not  good  and 
did  not  rise  to  the  surface." 

A  record  of  the  well  has  been  published  by  Lewis,"  who  adds  the  following  remarks  on  the  section: 

"  The  deposit  of  clay  between  70  and  126  feet  seems  closely  analogous  to  many  clays  now  found  upon, 
and  at  various  depths  beneath,  the  surface  of  the  island:  it  is  evidently  a  local  deposit,  such  as  might  occur 
in  the  depressions  of  the  surface.  Two  tube  wells  have  been  driven  at  no  great  distance  from  Barnums 
Island,  one  97  and  the  other  194  feet,  in  which  no  similar  layer  of  clay  was  detected."  Other  records  have 
been  published  by  Merrill,''  Darton,<  and  Woolman/' 

375.  As  the  artesian  water  obtained  from  the  deep  well  at  Long  Beach,  Xo.  373,  was  so  chalybeate  that 
it  was  undesirable  for  domestic  use.  a  pumping  plant  was  established  at  East  Rockaway  which  draws  its 
water  from  shallow  wells  in  the  surface  gravels. 

The  following  analysis  by  Doctors  Endermann  and  Saarbach  has  been  furnished  by  Mr.  Paul  K.  Ames: 

Analysis  of  water  from  pumping  plant  of  Long  Beach  Association  near  East  Rockaway. 

Parts  per  million. 


Total  residue   94.05 

Organic  and  volatile  matter   13.  68 

Mineral  residue   80.  37 

Free  ammonia   Trace. 

Albuminoid  ammonia   Trace. 

Nitrous  acid   None. 

Nitric  acid   2.82 

Oxygen  required  for  organic  matter   56.  94 

Chlorine   19. 32 

5J75A.  Record  of  J.  H.  Clark's  well  at  East  Rockaway. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-  6 

2.  Coarse  white  gravel   6-  8 

3.  Sand   8-21 

4.  Coarse  white  gravel   21-24 

Tisbury?: 

5.  Bright-yellow  clay  which  tasted  like  alum   24-27 


a  Pop.  Bel.  Monthly,  vol.  10,  1877,  p.  442. 

"  Annals  N.  V.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol  3,  1886,  p.  350. 

cBull.  N.  Y.  Geol.  Survey  No.  138,  18»i,  pp.  32-33. 

''Ann.  Rept.  Geol  Survey  New  Jersey  for  18<W,  1897,  p.  UK). 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  on  WELLS. 


249 


The  driller,  Mr.  Fass,  did  not  penetrate  the  clay  in  this  well,  but  pulled  up  the  pipe  and  obtained  the 
water  from  the  gravel  above  it. 

376.  Record  of  J.  M.  Smith's  well  near  BockmHU  Center. 

Tisbury:  F(,(,( 

1.  Stratified,  yellow  sand  and  quartz  gravel,  containing  a  small  percentage  of  erratic 

material   0-17 

2.  Cobble  bed:  large,  yellow,  iron-stained  quartz  bowlders   17  [g 

Mr.  -McCarten  says  that  eight  or  ten  attempts  have  been  made  to  drive  wells  on  the  property  of  Mr. 
Smith,  all  of  which  have  been  unsuccessful  on  account  of  the  pipe  bending  in  the  attempt  to  pass  through 
the  layer  of  stones,  which  is  water  bearing  and  26  inches  in  thickness.  The  sand  and  gravel  below  the  layer 
of  cobbles  is  said  to  be  relatively  dry. 

377.  The  following  record  has  been  copied  from  a  blueprint  kindly  furnished  by  Chief  Engineer  I.  M. 
De  Varona: 

Record  of  Brooklyn  test  well  No.  2C>,  near  Smith  Fowl. 

Recent  to  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Muck  and  sand   0-  15 

2.  Bluish  gray  clay  !   1 .5-  24 

3.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel   24-  56 

Cretaceous  ? : 

4.  Bluish  gray  clay  mixed  with  fine  sand   56-  64 

5.  Bluish  gray  and  yellow  clay  mixed  with  fine  sand   64-  71 

Cretaceous : 

6.  Yellow  sand  with  traces  of  clay   71-  76 

7.  Gray  sand,  gravel,  clay,  and  wood     .    76-  84 

8.  Yellow  sand,  clay,  and  wood     84-  96 

9.  Gray  sand,  bluish  clay,  and  wood   96-108 

10.  Yellow  clay,  sand,  and  wood     108-114 

11.  Gray  sand,  clay,  and  wood   114-118 

12.  Yellow  sand,  clay,  and  wood   118-128 

13.  Bright-yellow  sand,  clay,  and  wood   128-134 

14.  White  sand,  clay,  and  wood  (slightly  water-bearing  from  170.7)   134-184 

15.  White  sand,  brown  clay,  and  wood   184—202 

16.  Solid  gray  clay;  no  water   202-214 

17.  Gray  clay,  sand,  and  wood;  slightly  water-bearing   214-235 

18.  Gray  clay,  fine  sand,  and  wood;  slightly  water-bearing   235-279 

19.  White  sand,  clay,  and  wood;  slightly  water-bearing    279-510 

20.  Solid  clay  of  dark  bluish  gray  color    510-518 

21.  Clay,  sand,  and  wood;  slightly  water-bearing   518-522 

22.  Solid  clay;  no  water   522-527 

23.  Light-gray  clay,  sand,  and  wood;  slightly  water-bearing   527-554 

24.  Sand,  gravel,  clay,  and  wood;  water-bearing   554-578 

25.  Sharp  white  sand  and  white  clay;  no  wood:  flows  5  gallons  per  minute   578-579 

26.  Small  gravel,  white  sand,  and  white  clay;  flows  5  gallons  per  minute   579-587 

Elevation  of  surface,  8.3  feet.    "  First  water  at  25  feet;  rises  to  6  feet  below  at  the  surface:  the  best 

supply  of  water  is  from  42-45  feet." 

378.  Record  of  commission's  fist  well  mar  Rockville  ''enter. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury :  Feet 

1-2.  Dark-brown  loamy  sand    0.  5-1.5 

3.  Reddish  yellow  fine  sand...   4.5 

4.  Veiy  fine  white  sand  to  small  gravel   8-  9 

5.  Very  fine  grayish  yellow  sand;  some  fine  gravel   13-14 

6.  Yellow  silty  clay,  mottled  red   17-17.  5 

17116— No.  44—06  17 


250      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Feet. 

7.  Reddish  yellow  sand   17.  5-18 

8.  Red  sand,  fine  to  medium,  with  biotite   18.5-19 

9.  Light-yellow  sand   22-22.  5 

10.  Same,  with  considerable  yellow  clay   23-23.5 

11.  Red  and  yellow  sand...     26.  .5-27 

12.  Fine,  dark  gray-blue  clay,  with  quartz  sand  and  lignite   27    -27.  5 

13.  Grayish  sand  and  lignite   29  -30 

14.  Light  reddish  yellow  sand.no  erratics   33  -34 

15-16.  Medium  white  sand   36  -42 

17.  Medium  yellow  sand   43.  5-44 

19.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand   47  -48 

20.  Fine  to  coarse  grayish  yellow  sand     48  -49 

21.  Fine  to  very  coarse  brownish  yellow  sand  and  quartz  gravel  (bowlder  struck  in 

this)   49.5-51 

22.  Bowlder  .'.   51  -52 

23.  Medium  yellow  sand     52.5-53 

Cretaceous : 

24.  Medium  white  gray  sand  and  a  little  white  clay.   53.  5-54.  5 

25.  Very  fine  gray  sand  and  much  white  clay   55    -55.  5 

26.  Very  coarse  white  sand    55.5-56 

27.  Fine  to  coarse  quartz  sand  and  gravel   58  -60 

28.  Fine  quartz  sand  apparently  pulverized  rock   61  -62 

29.  Medium  grayish  yellow  sand   65  -66 

30.  Fine  to  medium  yellowish  gray  sand  and  yellow  clay   66.  5-67.  5 

31.  Medium  to  coarse  yellow  sand  and  clay   71.6-72 

32.  Dark-gray  clay   72.4-74 


379.  Two  of  the  wells  used  in  this  plant  were  completed  in  1895  and  the  other  two  in  1892.  The 
village  clerk  gives  the  following  data  regarding  the  daily  pumping  during  1902: 

Yield  in  1902  of  weds  of  Rockville  Center  waterworks,  Rockville  Center. 


Gallons 

Maximum  daily  yield   249,000 

Minimum  daily  yield   112,000 

Average  daily  yield   150,  466 

3§0.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Rockville  Center. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  surface  loam   0  -0.3 

2.  Yellow  clayey  sand   1.8 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand   5.  8-  6.  3 

4.  Medium  to  coarse  gray  sand   9  -10 

5-7.  Medium  to  coarse  reddish  brown  sand:  glacial   10  -19 

8.  Fine  gray  and  brown  sand :  same  as  No.  9,  well  378   23  -24 


391-392.  These  were  test  wells  put  down  by  the  commission  on  additional  water  supply  around  the 
Millburn  reservoir;  the  deepest  was  No.  382,  of  which  the  section  is  as  follows: 

Record  of  commission's  "deep"  test  well  near  Millburn  reservoir. 


Feet. 

1-8.  Reddish  out  wash  sand   0  -30 

9.  Fine  gray  beach  sand   31.  5 

10.  Yellow  quartz  gravel   34.5-35 

11.  Fine  yellowish  gray  sand   35.5-36 

12.  Reddish  yellow  sand   40  -41 

13.  Fine  brownish  yellow  sand   41  -42 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  251 

Feet. 

14-15.  Coarser  yellowish  white  sand   46  -51 

16.  Light  gray  highly  micaceous  sand   54  -55 

17.  Brownish  beach  sand   56  -57 

18-20.  Fine,  light-gray,  highly  micaceous  sand   58  -69 

21.  Coarser  white  sand   73  -74 

22.  Fine  yellowish  sand   78  -79 

23-25.  Fine  gray  sand  with  a  little  white  clay.   XI  92 

26.  Dark  gray  micaceous  sand  with  a  little  lignite   93  -94 

27-28.  Very  dark-colored  sandy  clay  .   95  -97 


The  materials  penetrated  in  the  other  wells  are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 
Records  of  commission's  wells  near  Millburn  reservoir. 


Well  number  

381. 

383. 

384. 

385. 

386. 

387. 

388. 

389. 

390. 

391. 

392. 

1.  Reddish  yellow  out  wash 

sand  and  gravel  

2.  Fine  gray  beach  sand  

0-29 
29-38 

0-31 

4-29 
29-32 

0-30 
30-31 

0-22.5 
22.5-22.5 

0-21  0-24 
21-25  24-25 

0-21 
21-22.5 

0-29 
29-30 

0-26. 5 
26.5-32 

0-26 
26-32 

See  Tables  XII,  and  XIII. 

393.  Mr.  Hancock  reports  that  all  shallow  wells  in  this  neighborhood  are  sunk  through  about  the 
same  material  and  that  one  description  will  fit  all.    They  vary  in  depth  from  8  to  20  feet,  according  to  the 


elevation  of  the  surface. 

Record  of  M .  S.  Thomas's  well  at  Baldwin. 

Feet. 

1.  Reddish  brown  clay;  no  bowlders   0-  5 

2.  Loose  sand,  gray  in  color   5-10 

3.  Hard  red  sand   10-12 

4.  Red  sand  with  white  pebbles   12-13 

5.  White  sand  with  an  abundance  of  mica   13-18 

394.  Record  of  C.  H.  Southard's  "-ell  at  Baldwin. 

Feet 

1.  Surface  loam   0-3 

2.  Fine  brown  sand   3-  8 

3.  Very  coarse  light-colored  gravel   8-11 

4.  Finer  gravel,  decreasing  in  size   11-30 

5.  Very  white  beach  sand  1   30-35 


395.  Mr.  Wortman  reports  that  at  50  feet  he  encountered  a  very  black  mud  which  choked  the  well 
point.  He  reports  that  the  clay  at  Lynbrook  is  about  12  feet  below  the  surface  and  is  of  great  thickness. 
Above  the  clay  is  a  very  coarse  stony  material.  He  also  reports  that  a  black  mud  was  encountered  in 
driving  a  well  at  the  railroad  station  at  Baldwin. 

396.  This  well  was  sounded  July  10  by  Francis  Whitney,  field  assistant,  and  found  to  be  288.6  feet 
deep  from  the  top  of  the  old  pipe.    Lignite  was  reported  from  300  to  370  feet. 

399.  Record  of  commission 's  test  well  near  Norwood. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-2.  Brown  loamy  sand   0  1.4 

3-4.  Medium  reddish  yellow  sand   5.2-  6.2 

5.  Fine  to  medium  brownish  yellow  sand  with  much  biotite   10.5-11.5 

Tisbury: 

6.  Medium  light-brown  sand   15  -16 

7.  Fine  to  medium  rusty  red  sand   18  -19 

8-11.  Fine  grayish  yellow  sand  (possibly  glacial)   20  -34 


I       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

400.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  between  RockvUle  and  Hempstead. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  gravelly  loam  v.   0-  2 

3-8.  Out  wash  sand  and  gravel  .    2-27 

Tisburv  : 

9.  Medium  light-yellow  sand   31-32 

See  Tables  XII,  XIII. 

401.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  south  oj  Hempstead. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  gravelly  loam   0    -  1.6 

3-4.  Reddish  yellow  silty  sand   2.  5-  6.  5 

5.  Fine  reddish  brown  sand...     9.5-10.5 

6-9.  Dark  reddish  yellow  sand  and  gravel  (glacial)   ...  14.5-22 

Tisburv  ! 

10-12.  Fine  yellowish  silt  to  coarse  gravel,  becoming  lighter  and  coarser  below, 

not  sharply  glacial  23  -32 

See  Tables  XII.  XIIL 

lOvi.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  near  Greenwich  Point. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1-  2.  Surface  dark  loamy  clay   1.5 

3-4.  Tough  sandy  clay  with  bowlders   2.  5-3.  4 

5-8.  Yellow  sand  to  fine  gravel   6  -17 

9-10.  Reddish  yellow  sand  and  small  gravel,  with  a  considerable  percentage  of 

finer  material   19  -26 

11.  Coarse  reddish  yellow  sand  (same  as  No.  7  in  well  411)   29  -30 

All  the  section,  with  the  exception  of  the  upper  3.5  feet,  appears  to  be  regular  outwash  material. 

403.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  near  Hempstead. 

Wisconsin :  .  Feet. 

I.  Dark  loamy  sand   0.4 

2-  3.  Reddish  dark-gray  sand  and  gravel    1.5-9 

4.  Medium  gray  sand  with  considerable  glacial  debris   10  -11 

5-6.  Pebbles  and  fine  sand  (glacial)    11  -13 

Tisbury  ?  : 

7.  Dark  reddish  sand   15  -16 

8.  Dark  reddish  sand  and  gravel   18  -19 

9-10.  Medium  reddish  yellow  sand   23  -29 

II.  Light  reddish  yellow  sand:  no  erratics  (not  clearly  glacial)   33  -33.5 

See  Tables  XII,  XIII." 

404.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  near  Hempstead. 

Wisconsin :  .  Feet. 

1.  Black  sandy  loam   0  -27 

2.  Dark  silt  to  cobbles   2. 8-  3. 2 

3-  5.  Fine  to  coarse  sand,  very  light  yellow   5.  5-16 

6.  Medium  reddish  sand   17  -18 

Tisbury: 

7.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel  with  some  erratics   18  -19 

Tisburv  and  Cretaceous: 

8-16.  Red  sand  (doubtfully  glacial)   20.5-61 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES   ON  WELLS. 


253 


Cretaceous:  Feet. 

17.  Pine  dark-colored  sand  with  lignite   64  -65.5 

18-23.  Fine,  light-colored,  silty,  micaceous  sand,  suggesting  material  of  Cretaceous 

age   117  Q4 

24.  Very  black,  micaceous,  sandy  clay   95.  5-97 

40C  I!/ ford  of  commission's  (est  well  near  Hempstead. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0    -  2 

3-11.  Glacial  sand  and  gravel    2  -52.7 

407.  Record  of  commission's  test,  well  near  East  Meadow  Brook. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Light-yellow  surface  loam   0    -  1.5 

3-5.  Coarse  sand,  with  some  erratic  material     5  -15 

6.  Considerable  gravel,  with  much  erratic  material   20 

Cretaceous: 

7-  14.  Fine,  white,  highly  micaceous,  clayey  sand   22    -  51 

15.  Dark-brown,  very  fine,  micaceous,  clayey  sand   55    -  55.5 

16.  Light-yellow  clayey  sand   58.  5-  60 

17.  Greenish  yellow  fine  silt  to  medium  sand,  highly  micaceous   65    -  66 

18.  Gray  silt  to  medium  sand,  highly  micaceous   70    -  71 

19.  Bright  red  sandy  silt   75.  1-  76 

20.  Light,  grayish  brown,  micaceous,  sandy  silt     80    -  81 

21-22.  Greenish  yellow,  micaceous,  sandy  silt   85    -  91 

23.  Grayish  brown,  micaceous,  silty  sand,  with  some  lignite   91.  7-  91.  8 

24.  Fine  light-yellow  sand   93.5-  94 

25.  Fine,  greenish  yellow,  micaceous,  silty  sand.   95    -  96 

26.  Dark-gray,  micaceous,  silty  sand.   100  -101 

27-28.  Medium  light  yellowish  white  sand   105-  -111 

29.  Brownish  white  silty  sand.   115  -116 

30.  Dark  yellowish  gray  silty  sand     120  -121 

31.  Laminated  black  and  white  sandy  clay   123.  5-125 

408.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  East  Meadow  Brook. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 
1-8.  Light-yellow  outwash  sand  and  gravel   0-35 

409.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Garden  City. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury  ?:  '  Fwt. 

1-9.  Light-yellow  outwash  sand  and  gravel   0-37 

See  Table  XII. 

410.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Garden  City. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-2.  Dark-colored  gravelly  loam     0    -  1.6 

3-7.  Brownish-yellow  outwash  sands  and  gravel,  with  much  glacial  material   2.  3-23 

Tisbury?: 

8-  10.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish  yellow  sand,  not  clearly  glacial   27  -36.8 

See  Tables  XII,  XIII. 


254       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


411.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Garden  City. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  sand   1 

2.  Yellow  sand  to  coarse  gravel  with  a  little  yellow  clay   3 

3-  6.  Bright  reddish  yellow  sand  and  fine  gravel   5-21 

7.  Fine  yellow  gravel  with  little,  if  any,  glacial  material  (same  as  11,  well  402)   25 

-113.  Record  o]  commission's  test  well  at  Garden  City. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Dark  sandy  loam  with  gravel   0.  5 

2.  Yellow  sandy  clay.   2 

3.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel   4 

4-  10.  Grayish  yellow  sand  to  fine  gravel   8.  5-38.  5 

All  samples  apparently  represent  outwash  material,  and  contain  much  biotite. 


414.  Mr.  George  L.  Hubbell,  general  manager,  states  that  the  water  level  in  the  well  owned  by  the 
Garden  City  Water  Supply  Company  can  be  reduced  12  feet  by  excessive  pumping,  and  that  when  the  water 
level  falls  after  several  months'  steady  pumping  the  hydrants  are  opened  and  the  pumps  are  run  at  their  full 
capacity  night  and  day  for  from  twenty-four  to  thirty-six  hours.  When  the  normal  rate  of  pumping  is 
resumed  the  water  level  rises  5  feet.  A  layer  of  clay  is  encountered  between  20  and  24  feet,  which 
is  overlain  and  underlain  by  sand  and  gravel. 


410.  Record  of  commission's  test  irrll  near  Mineola. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 
1.  Black  surface  silt  

2-  3.  Yellow  gravelly  loam   1.2-  3.  4 

4-  8.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel  (outwash  glacial  material)   6  -27 

9.  Very  fine,  reddish,  clayey  sand   30.  9-31 

10-12.  Fine  silt  to  small  gravel  (outwash  material )   31  -42.5 

See  Table  XII. 

41*.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Mineola. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Black  surface  loam   0.5 

2.  Yellow,  silty,  gravelly  sand   2    -  2.  4 

3-  10.  Fine  silt  to  small  gravel  (outwash  glacial  material)   6.  5-42 

Tisbury: 

11.  Very  fine,  light-yellow,  silty  sand   .  50  -51 

12.  Medium  yellow  sand  (doubtfully  glacial)   51  -53.8 

•  13.  Coarse  reddish  yellow  sand  (doubtfully  glacial)   53  -55.7 

See  Tables  XII,  XIII. 

419.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Mineola. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Black  sandy  loam   0.  5 

2.  Dark  loamy  sand  with  gravel   2 

3.  Grayish  yellow  sand  with  line  gravel   4  -6 

4.  Same,  but  with  more  gravel   10  -11.5 

5-  6.  Small  gravel  with  much  erratic  material   15    -20.  5 

Tisbury : 

7.  Yellow  sand  with  small  gravel   20.  5-21 

8.  Same,  with  a  little  clay   25.  5-26 

9-10.  Small  gravel   29.  5-36 

11.  Very  coarse  yellow  sand   38  -39 

12-13.  Fine  grayish  yellow  sand   43    -48.  5 

14.  Same,  but  with  a  little  coarse  gravel   53  -53.5 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON   WELLS.  255 
!•■><>.  Record  of  C.  Edison's  irell  near  East  W illistun. 

Feet. 

1.  Coarse  sand   0- 

2.  Medium  sand   -5() 

3.  Coarse  sand  to  gravel ;  water-bearing   {D-S6.fi 

421.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  near  East  Williston. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Very  dark-brown  surface  loam   0  -0.8 

2.  Reddish  brown  loam}' sand   2.7-  2.9 

3-4.  Yellow  clay  and  bowlders   7.  5-13.  2 

5.  Light  yellowish  white  sand  and  gravel   17.5-18.5 

6.  Reddish  yellow  silty  sand   22.  5-23.  5 

7.  Very  Ijlack  sand,  full  of  mica,  looks  like  ground-up  bowlder   25    -20.  5 

Tisbury: 

8-9.  Fine  to  medium  yellowish  white  sand   30  -36 

10.  Fine  yellowish  white  sand  to  medium  gravel   40  -41 

11.  Small  light-colored  gravel  (considerable  percentage  of  glacial  material)   41  -42 

12-13.  Fine  to  medium  yellowish  white  sand   45  -51 

14.  Small  light-colored  gravel  with  glacial  material   54  -55 

See  Tables  XII,  XIII. 

TivJ.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Albertson. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  clay..   1.7-2.3 

2.  Brownish  yellow  clay  with  a  few  pebbles  very  similar  to  the  clay  at  East  Williston..  .  3    -  3.  5 

3.  Brown  and  yellow  clay  with  reddish  brown  sand  and  gravel  (glacial)   8    -  9.  5 

4.  Dark  grayish  sand  with  much  fresh  biotite:  evidently  debris  from  a  glacial  bowlder.  10.5-11.5 
5-6.  Yellow  clay,  sand  and  gravel  ("  bowlder  clay  ")   15  -21 

7.  Sand  and  coarse  gravel  (glacial)   23  -24 

8-10.  Fine  yellow  sand  with  a  noticeable  percentage  of  glacial  material   27  -37 

See  Tables  XII,  XIII. 

423.  The  greater  portion  of  this  well  is  in  light  yellow  sand  and  gravel.  Near  the  bottom  fine  grav 
sandv  clay  was  encountered. 

424.  Record  of  W.  P.  Kelsei/'s  well  near  Old  Westburi/. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  gravel   0-  50 

Cretaceous  ? : 

2.  Alternate  layers  of  sand  and  clay   50-150 

425.  Record  of  J.  E.  Brady's  well  near  Old  Westbury. 

Feet. 

1.  Glacial  deposit   0-20 

2.  Clay  and  sand,  mixed  (white  beach  sand  and  greasy,  slippery  clay)   20-133 

3.  Coarse  gravel,  the  pebbles  of  which  were  highly  colored — black,  red.  and  all  grada- 

tions to  yellow   138-145 

426.  Record  of  R.  L.  Cottnet's  well  near  Old  WesOmry. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Gravel  and  large  stones   0-  50 

2.  Black  hardpan  containing  a  great  many  stones  and  a  great  deal  of  mica   50-  62 

Mannetto: 

3.  Very  coarse  gravel,  quite  hard  and  with  no  water   62-  75 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Sand  with  little  water,  quite  black,  and  with  a  bad  odor   75-  80 

5.  Very  fine  muddy  sand   80-  85 


256       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous — Continued                                                                        •  Feet. 

6.  Whitish  blue  clay,  lighter  than  other  clays   85-  88 

7.  White  beach  sand,  water-bearing   88-170 

8.  Quicksand   170-175 

9.  A  very  large  stone  was  encountered  at   175 

10.  Coarse  white  sand  ,   175-180 

427.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island 
Historical  Society.    The  location  given  is  only  approximate: 

Record  of  J.  F.  D.  Lanier's  well  near  Old  Westbury. 

Mannetto:  Feet 

1.  Yellow  surface  sand  and  gravel,  no  glacial  material   0-  10 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Pinkish  white  clay  interbedded  with  white  sand,  suggesting  the  upper  part  of  the 

Melville  section   10-  22 

3.  Fine  yellow  sand  with  supply  of  water   22-  37 

4.  Pinkish  white  clay,  marked  "clay  in  thin  layers"   37-  57 

5.  Fine  to  medium  yellow  sand,  marked  "quicksand"   .57-103 

6.  Ferruginous  crusts  in  clayey  sand   103- 


That  stratum  3  should  have  contained  an  abundant  supply  of  water,  is  rather  surprising,  considering  the 
height  of  the  well.  The  probable  explanation  is  that  the  well  was  put  down  in  the  wet  season  and  that  this 
represents  a  perched  water  table. 

428.  The  quicksand  in  the  section  below  rose  in  the  pipe  three  or  four  times.  It  was  at  last  kept  down 
by  putting  gravel  in  the  bottom  of  the  well.  The  water  was  obtained  from  quicksand.  It  was  tested  for 
twenty-four  hours  at  a  rate  of  25  gallons  per  minute. 

Record  of  J.  F.  D.  Lanier's  well  near  Old  Westbury. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Hardpan   0-20 

Transition: 

2.  Brown  or  gray  clay,  with  plenty  of  flinty  stones  at  the  top   20-100 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Fine  white  sand    100-146 

4.  Quicksand,  water-bearing   146-150 

429.  This  well  is  about  40  feet  higher  than  well  430. 


430.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  furnished  by  Mr.  John  Tart  rnd  the 
record  of  Mr.  F.  Wankel,  foremen  for  the  Hudson  Engineering  and  Contracting  Company: 

Record  of  H.  B.  Dunjea's  well  near  Old  Westbury. 


Wisconsin  and  Mannetto:  Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-  3 

2.  Hardpan   3-  27 

3.  Coarse  sand   27-30 

Cretaceous  ? : 

4.  Yellow  clay   30-  50 

5.  Hardpan   50-  76 

6.  Quicksand   76-  86 

Cretaceous: 

7.  Medium,  very  light  yellow  sand  "   86-  92 

8.  Sand  with  clay  layers   92-  97 

9.  Fine  white  sand   97-105 

10.  Medium  yellow  sand  with  some  clay   105-121 

11.  Yellow  sand  with  lumps  of  clay   121-140 


a  No  samples  above  90  feet. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  257 

( 'rot  aceous — Cont  inued.  Koci 

12.  Bright  reddish  brown  sand,  with  some  ferruginous  sandstone   140-152 

13.  Medium  yellow  sand,  with  lumps  of  white  clay   152-171 

14.  ''Quicksand;"  a  very  fine,  light  yellow,  micaceous,  clayey  sand   171-190 

15.  ''Sandy  white  clay:"  samples  show  only  very  fine,  light  yellow,  micaceous,  clayev 

sand   190-225 

16.  "Quicksand;"  fine  to  medium,  yellow,  clayey  sand   225-258 

17.  "Dark  clay."  samples  show  very  dark,  micaceous,  sandy  clay   25s  2<S0 

18.  Coarse  soapstone  sand   280-286 

19.  Medium  to  coarse  gray  sand   286-290 

20.  Medium  to  coarse  sand   290-308 

21.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand   308-314 

22.  White  clay   314-324 

23.  Coarse  white  sand   324-329 

24.  Coarse  pink  and  chocolate  sand   329-343 

25.  White  clay   343- 


Strainers  are  placed  from  300  to  308  feet  and  from  330  to  340  feet.    Elevation  of  ground.  197.5  feet. 

431.  The  Cretaceous  sand  which  underlies  the  Wheatley  Hills,  while  water-hearing,  is  so  fine  that  it 
is  difficult  to  finish  a  well  in  it.  Mr.  E.  D.  Morgan  has  been  particularly  persistent  in  his  search  for  a  coarser 
layer  that  would  yield  an  adequate  supply  of  water.  The  records  of  several  of  the  wells  drilled  at  this  place 
are  given  below. 

The  section  of  the  well  completed  by  Mr.  John  Fisher  is  reported  as  follows: 


Record  of  E.  D.  Morgan's  well  in  Wheatley  Hills. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Hardpan   0-  80 

Cretaceous?: 

2.  Reddish  clay   80-  92 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Fine  sand   92-295 

4.  Very  white  and  sticky  clay  *.   295- 

Water  found  at  the  top  of  the  clay. 

Five  other  parties  (among  whom  was  Gallienne)  made  failures  in  the  same  locality.    Fisher  ascribes 


their  failure  as  due  to  their  having  passed  through  the  clay.  Below  this  there  is  a  fine  sand  which  sometimes 
rises  in  the  pipe  to  a  distance  of  100  feet.  In  one  case,  where  Fisher  went  through  the  clay  for  an  experiment  , 
the  sand  rose  in  his  pipe  to  a  distance  of  60  feet.  Down  to  40  feet  in  this  well  the  material  passed  through 
was  so  hard  that  no  pipe  was  required. 

A  foreman  in  the  employ  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Connolly  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  of  E.  D.  Morgan's  well  in  Wheatley  Hills. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  clay  with  bowlders   0-  90 

Mannetto?: 

2.  Coarse  gravel,  white  and  yellow   90- 

Cret  aceous: 

3.  Yellow  clay  frith  fine  sand.  

4.  Whitish  clay  (60  feet  thick)  

5.  Fine  white  sand  with  mica  particles;  water-bearing   -280 


Mr.  Alfred  Wisson  reports  that  in  the  well  which  he  completed  the  section  is  almost  the  same  as  that 
which  he  reported  from  well  434.  Of  the  wells  drilled  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Gallienne,  Mr.  Ed.  Danis  reports  that 
the  material  penetrated  was  very  similar  to  that  encountered  in  the  Harriman  well  (No.  512),  on  which 
Mr.  Danis  was  working  at  the  same  time. 


258       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

In  the  summer  of  1903  a  new  well  was  drilled  at  this  place  by  Messrs.  Wankel  and  Tart,  of  the  Hudson 
Engineering  and  Contracting  Company,  who  have  furnished  the  Survey  with  the  following  record  and  samples: 

Record  of  E.  D.  Morgan's  well  in  Wheatleg  Hills. 
[Section  by  F  Wankel  ] 

Wisconsin: 

1 .  Hardpan  

Mannetto: 

2.  Beach  sand  

3.  Hardpan  

Mannetto  I  and  Cretaceous: 

4.  Beach  sand  

Cretaceous: 


5.  Yellow  clay   201-218 

6.  Beach  sand  (here  I  reached  the  surface  of  the  water)  218-236 

7.  Gravel   236-243 

8.  Medium  coarse  sand   243-252 

9.  Yellow  clay   252-277 

10.  White  clay   277-298 

11.  Grayish  clay   298-316 

12.  Yellow  clay   316-334 

13.  Gravel,  chunks  of  iron  ore,  hollow  sandstones  and  big  flow  of  water   334—336 

14.  Yellow  clay   336-344 

15.  Yellow  beach  sand,  very  fine  :  .  344-350 

16.  Coarser   350-360 

17.  Still  coarser   360-364 

18.  Quicksand  ,   364-368 

19.  Coarse,  yellow  sand   368-393 

20.  Pink  sand   393-398 

21.  White  sand,  growing  continually  coarser  to  almost  gravel   398-427 

22.  White  medium  coarse  sand  '   427-434 

23.  White  clay,  not  penetrated   434- 

From  samples  received  from  Wankel  and  Tart  the  following  record  has  been  compiled  (elevation  328.5 
feet,  Geological  Survey  base): 

Record  of  E.  D.  Morgan's  well  in  Wheatley  Hills. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet 

1.  Quartz,  sand,  and  gravel,  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  glacial  material....  0-106 
Mannetto: 

2.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel;  quartz,  with  fragments  of  red  ferruginous  sandstone  and 

white  chert,  and  a  few  compound  pebbles   106-115 

3.  Quartz,  sand,  and  gravel,  many  pebbles  of  ferruginous  sandstone,  and  a  few 

fragments  of  compound  pebbles  (mica  schist)   115-130 

Mannetto?: 

4.  Quartz,  sand,  and  gravel,  with  some  pebbles  of  ferruginous  sandstone  (no  com- 

pound pebbles)   130-148 

5.  Orange-yellow  quartz  gravel,  with  a  few  pebbles  of  very  much  decomposed  white 

chert  and  a  few  fragments  of  compound  pebbles   148-149 

Cretaceous : 

6.  Light-yellow  quartz,  sand,  and  gravel;  white  chert  (no  erratics)   149-170 

7.  Light-yellow  quartz,  sand,  and  gravel  (no  erratics)   170-201 

8.  Very  light-yellow  quartz,  sand,  and  gravel  (''water  sand")   201-218 

9.  Fine  to  medium  yellowish-white  sand,  with  a  few  small  pebbles  (no  erratics)...  218-236 

10.  Small  quartz  gravel:  many  pebbles  and  fragments  of  white  chert   236-243 

11.  Medium  light -yellow  sand   243-251 


Feet. 
0-106 

106-115 
115-130 

130-201 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  259 

Cretaceous — Continued.  Feat 

12.  Yellow  sandy  clay  (very  fine  yellow  sandy  silt)   251-277 

13.  Gray  sandy  clay  (very  fine,  gray,  sandy  silt)   277-334 

14.  Quartz,  sand,  and  gravel  with  a  large  percentage  of  rounded  pebbles  of  ferrugi- 

nous sandstone.  A  large  fragment  (3J  by  2  inches)  of  a  very  much  decayed, 
rounded,  granitic  bowlder  was  obtained  from  this  layer.  This  is  the  only  piece 
of  erratic  material  in  t he  sample   334-33(5 

15.  Yellow  sandy  silt  or  clay,  with  a  few  small  quartz  pebbles  and  fragments  of  ferru- 

ginous sandstone   33(5-344 

16.  Uniform,  fine  to  medium,  yellow  sand   344-350 

17.  Same   350-354 

18.  Same   354-368 

19.  Uniform,  fine  to  medium,  dirty,  white  sand   368-375 

20.  Medium  yellow  sand   375-393 

21.  Uniform,  coarse,  reddish-brown  sand..   393-398 

22.  Coarse  light-yellow  sand   398-418 

23.  Fine,  white  and  yellow,  quartz  gravel,  with  fragments  of  ferruginous  sandstone.  .  418-435 


A  few  specimens  are  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  marked  "Specimen- 
obtained  in  boring  a  well  at  Wheatley  Hills,  Long  Island,  summer  of  1890."  These  are  all  normal  Cretaceous 
material,  but  as  no  depths  are  given  have  no  definite  stratigraphic  value.  In  one  case  a  small  tray  marked 
"460  feet"  contained  a  medium  dirty  yellow  sand.    This  probably  belongs  to  another  section. 

432.  Mr.  Thomas  Griffin,  foreman  for  W.  C.  Whitney,  reports  that  the  material  penetrated  was  chiefly 
"hardpan  and  fine  white  sand." 

433.  Material  penetrated  very  similar  to  that  found  in  well  432,  but  the  sand  is  finer  and  contains  a  large 
amount  of  mica.  The  water  is  raised  by  steam  pump  and  if  a  greater  amount  than  4  or  5  gallons  per 
minute  is  pumped  the  water  becomes  cloudy. 

434.  Mr.  Alfred  Wisson  reports  the  following  section: 


Record  of  S.  Mortimer's  well  in  Wheatley  Hills. 

Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1.  Hardpan  (mixed  clay  and  gravel  with  occasional  streaks  of  clay)   30-100 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Soft  mush}7  clay  with  much  mica;  the  clay  was  black  and  had  a  very  bad  odor   100-105 

3.  Soft  reddish  clay,  loam-like  in  texture  with  some  pure  sand  intermingled;  some 

clear  water  was  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  clay  :  yield,  about  5  gallons  a  minute.  105-205 

4.  Good,  coarse,  white  sand  with  very  few  pebbles   205-225 

5.  Blue  clay  (no  stones)   225-226 

6.  Good  clear  gravel   226-300 

7.  Clay   300- 


This  well  was  tested  for  three  weeks  at  a  rate  of  25  gallons  a  minute  and  occasionally  50  gallons  a  minute 
No  effect  was  produced  on  the  water  level. 

The  following  section  is  reported  by  Mr.  John  Fisher: 

Record  of  S.  Mortimer's  well  in  Wheatley  Hills. 


Wisconsin  and  Mannetto:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  gravel  and  loamy  sand,  like  surface  material   0-150 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Light  bak}'  clay:  no  water  on  top  of  the  clay   150-160 

3.  Fine  sand   160-200 

4.  Coarse  gravel,  about  the  size  of  hickory  nuts   200-205 


Mr.  Fisher  states  that  this  is  the  only  well  in  this  neighborhood  in  which  water  was  found  in  gravel. 
He  regards  it  as  the  best  well  in  the  vicinity  of  Wheatley  Hills. 

435.  According  to  Mr.  John  Heerdegan  the  material  penetrated  in  this  well  is  as  follows: 


260       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  W.  Stowe's  well  in  Wheatley  Hills. 
Wisconsin :  Feet 

1.  Bowlders  and  clay  (till)   0-  40 

Cretaceous?: 

2.  Alternating  series  of  coarse  and  fine  white  sands   40-190 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Fine  sand  and  clay  mixed   190-228 

4.  Material  gradually  coarser  until  gravel  is  reached  at  240...   228-245 

5.  Clay  and  sand  mixed   245-295 

Water  was  found  in  the  sandy  layers  between  245  and  295  feet,  but  was  cloudy,  and  the  well  was  plugged 

at  240  feet  and  a  strainer  put  in  from  230  to  240.  No  water  was  encountered  until  a  depth  of  228  feet  was 
reached.  The  gravel  in  this  well  is  reported  as  coarser  than  in  any  of  the  wells  of  the  Nassau  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company,  No.  437. 

Mr.  I.  H.  Ford  reports  that  in  the  well  which  he  put  down  at  this  place  he  found  nothing  but  sand. 
The  first  water  was  found  at  a  depth  of  130  feet. 

436.  Record  of  Mrs.  I.  Vowman's  well  near  Roslyn. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbuiv:  Feet 

1.  Coarse  red  gravel,  very  hard,  and  with  no  stones   0-  20 

2.  Coarse  sand,  quite  red  in  streaks   20-  50 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed  ? : 

3.  Sand,  with  a  thin  layer  of  bowlders   50-53 

Tisbury  and  Mannetto: 

4.  Fine  sand   53-90 

5.  Coarse  red  gravel;  water-bearing   90-115 

437.  Record  of  well  of  Nassau  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,  Roslyn. 

Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel,  similar  to  that  at  surface  beneath  loam  (water-bearing  between 

80  and  82  feet)   0-100 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Ordinary,  white,  "beach"  sand  .   100-180 

3.  Lignite,  with  sand   180-182 

4.  Clay,  containing  a  very  small  percentage  of  sand  ("almost  solid  clay")   182-220 

5.  Water-bearing  gravel   220-238 

6.  Fine  sand  and  white  clay  mixed   238-250 

At  250  feet  a  shell  was  found  in  white  clay  which  was  identified  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall  as  Terebratula 
fdosa. 

According  to  tests  made  by  the  Nassau  Light  and  Power  Company  the  whole  series  of  4  wells  when 
pumped  together  yields  176,000  gallons  in  24  hours.    Individually  the  wells  yield  as  follows: 

Yield  of  wells  of  Nassau  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  at  Roslyn. 

Gallons. 

Well  No.  1   120,000 

Well  No.  2   70,000 

Well  No.  3   24, 000-25, 000 

Well  No.  4   60, 000 

The  strainers  in  these  wells  are  10  feet  long  and  are  between  228  and  238  feet  below  the  surface.  The 
wells  were  sunk  to  a  depth  of  250  feet,  12  feet  below  the  strainers,  in  order  that  material  passing  the  screens 
would  fall  below  the  screens  and  not  clog  up  the  wells. 

13V  Mr.  Schmidt  could  not  give  a  complete  log  of  this  well,  but  furnished  the  following  data:  Two 
bowlder  beds  were  encountered,  one  at  82  feet,  4  feet  thick,  and  another  at  124  feet,  2  feet  thick.  Many  of 
the  stones  were  the  size  of  a  double  list  and  not  a  few  were  as  large  as  one's  head  or  even  larger.  Occasional 
streaks  of  clay  were  encountered,  but  these  were  not  of  any  considerable  thickness.    There  were  some  layers 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


261 


of  coarse  sand  and  gravel  of  the  ordinary  color,  containing  many  quartz,  pebbles  the  size  of  hickory  nuts 
One  such  bed  was  found  at  126  feet,  from  which  the  supply  of  water  comes. 

Mr.  Schmidt  says  that  the  above  conditions  are  frequently  met  with  north  of  the  Jericho  turnpike,  and 
at  least  as  far  east  as  Westbury.  He  has  also  encountered  such  bowlder  beds  at  Kast  Williston  and  always 
found  water  in  them.  He  says  that  some  of  the  stones  are  so  large  that  it  is  all  two  men  can  do  to 
pull  one  out  with  the  windlass. 


440.  Record  of  coin  mission's  test  well  near  Roslyn. 

Foot. 

1-2.  Dark  sandy  loam   0    -  1.4 

3.  Yellow  sandy  clay   5    _  ,5.  5 

4-5.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish-brown  sand   7.  5—12 

6.  Fine,  reddish-brown,  clayey  sand  with  bowlders  and  cobbles   14  -14.6 

7-9.  Dark,  yellowish  gray,  fine  sand  and  small  gravel,  with  a  considerable  percentage 

of  erratics   18  -28.8 

10-11.  Very  fine,  light,  yellowish-brown,  micaceous  clayey  sand:  resembles  Cretaceous.  34  -40 
12-14.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish-brown  sand,  mostly  quartz  (glacial)   44  -52 

441.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Roslyn. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1 .  Black  surface  loam   0.  2-  0.  8 

2-6.  Dark,  yellowish-brown,  clayey  sand  and  gravel  containing  a  very  large  amount 

of  glacial  debris   2  -25 


444.  Mr.  Corcoran  reports  that  a  clay  bed  was  encountered  between  90  and  190  feet,  on  penetrating 
which,  water  rushed  up  with  considerable  force,  bringing  sand  with  it. 

Mr.  Jesse  Conklin  writes  (April  25,  1895),  regarding  a  well  at  Roslyn,  which  is  probably  this  well: 
''In  Roslyn,  near  the  Long  Island  Sound,  I  drove  a  6-inch  well  210  feet.  At  74  feet  I  struck  water,  drove 
10  feet  in  water  and  got  a  poor  supply.  I  drove  on  116  feet  through  fine  sand  and  some  clay:  all  through 
this  116  feet  I  found  clam  and  oyster  shells.  At  200  feet  I  struck  white  gravel  and  drove  10  feet  and  got  an 
unlimited  supply  of  water.  I  pumped  from  this  well  100  gallons  per  minute  and  could  not  lower  the  water 
a  particle." 

445.  Record  of  well  at  IF.  J.  Post's  brickyard,  Glenwood  Landing. 


Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-  31 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Solid  clay  -   31-61 

3.  Quicksand   61-69 

4.  Coarse  gravel   69- 


I  in.  Record  of  A.  A.  Knowles's  well  near  Glenhead. 

Wisconsin: 

1.  Brownish  loam  

Tisbury : 

2.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel 
Manhasset  bowlder  bed: 

3.  Sand  and  clay  

Tisbury: 

4.  Sand  

Cretaceous: 

5.  Very  dark  clay.  

6.  White  sand,  with  water 


Feet. 
0-  7 

7-  60 

60-  75 

7.5- 136 


136-  137 

137-  140 


262       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


450.  Record  of  Kersona  well  near  Sea  Cliff. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Brown  sand:  slight  flow  of  water  at  4.5  feet   0-45 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Fine  white  sand,  yielding  milky  water  45- 

3.  White  and  pink  clay   -106 


452.  This  plant  draws  its  water  from  six  0-inch  wells  sunk  between  1897  and  1903,  which  yield  250,000 
gallons  in  ten  hours.    The  original  supply  was  from  springs. 

453.  Mr.  Dubois  states  that  at  80  feet  he  struck  hardpan  with  some  stone.  This  probably  represents 
the  Manhasset  bowlder  bed. 


454.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  2  miles  south  of  Locust  Valley. 

Wisconsin:  Feet 

1-2.  Grayish-yellow  fine  sand  to  coarse  gravel   1.5-10 

Transition: 

3.  Medium  dark  brownish  gray  sand   21-25 

Tisbury: 

4.  Light  yellow,  very  coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel:  looks  like  Tisbury  material   37-40 

5.  Same,  rather  finer   47-52 

See  Table  XIII. 

455.  Record  of  well  of  Nassau  County  Water  Company,  near  Glen  Cove. 

Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Marsh  mud   0-  2 

2.  Brown  sand   2-  8 

Tisbury: 

3.  Sand  and  brown  gravel  :   8-35 

4.  Coarse  gravel   35-54 

5.  Fine  gravel   54- 


"The  gravel  [in  this  well]  is  as  large  as  a  man's  fist;  the  sand  is  white  and  coarse  from  8  to  54.  This  well 
flows  6  feet  in  the  air,  and  its  pumping  capacity  is  250  gallons  per  minute." 

Samples  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Oscar  Darling,  consulting  engineer,  show  the  following  section  for  the  first 
10-inch  well: 

Record  of  well  of  Nassau  County  Water  Company,  near  Glen  Cove. 


Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Light-yellow  sand  and  gravel  with  small  percentage  of  glacial  material   0-23 

2  Yellow  sandy  clay   27  • 

3.  Fine  yellow  sand  '.                  '  31 

4.  Pepper  and  salt  sand  (much  glacial  material)   37-41 

5.  Coarse  white  sand   46-66 

This  well  flowed  first  at  41  feet. 


The  2-inch  test  well  flowed  first  at  a  depth  of  34  feet :  it  flowed,  at  18  inches  above  the  surface,  20  gallons 
per  minute. 

Mr.  Darling  gives  the  elevation  of  the  ground  at  the  pumping  station  as  50  feet  above  mean  high  tide. 


456.  Record  of  Friends'  Academy  well  near  Locust  Valley. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  sand   0-  4 

2.  Light-colored  sand  and  gravel   4-  80 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed?: 

3.  Brown  clay   80-  87 

Tisbury: 

4.  Reddish  brown  sand,  with  some  water   87-  90 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


2<;:$ 


Cretaceous?: 

5.  Hard  sandy  clay  ("hardpan")   90-  93 

6.  Gray  sand  and  gravel   98-156 

7.  Hard  sandy  clay  ("hardpan")   156-160 

8.  White  sand  with  water   160-164 

9.  "Hardpan"   164-168 

Cretaceous: 

10.  Brownish  yellow  to  white  sand   168-197 

11.  White  clay,  becoming  pink  below   197-209 

12.  Greenish  white  sand,  without  water   209-212 

13.  White  sand  and  gravel;  water  bearing   212-222 

457.  Record  of  F.  E.  Willets's  well  near  Glen  Cove. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:                        •  Feet. 

1.  Brown  loam   0-  9 

2.  Brownish  gravel  and  sand   9-  29 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed: 

3.  "Hardpan;"  clay  with  bowlders   29-  44 

Tisbury: 

4.  Light-colored  sand   44-  70 

5.  Brownish  clay   70-  85 

6.  Sand,  growing  whiter  as  the  depth  increases   85-158 

Cretaceous  ? 

7.  Clay,  with  enough  grit  to  make  it  hard  ("hardpan")   158-164 

8.  White  gravel  (no  water)   164-182 

9.  White  coarse  sand,  with  an  abundant  supply  of  water   182-186 

458.  Record  of  S.  Seeman's  well  near  Glen  Cove. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Hard  brown  clay   0-  15 

Tisbury: 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   15- 

Transition : 

3.  White  sand  .-  

Cretaceous : 

4.  White  clay,  becoming  pink  below  

5.  White  sand;  water  bearing..   -140 

459.  Record  of  S.  Burke's  well  near  Glen  Cove. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  "Hardpan;"'  brown  clay  with  grit;  no  bowlders  :  0-  41 

Tisbury : 

2.  Brownish  sand  and  gravel   41-150 

Cretaceous : 

3.  Whitish  clay,  becoming  pink  in  its  lower  portion    150-165 

4.  White  sand,  containing  water   165-170 

Mr.  Dubois  states  that  this  bed  of  white  or  pink  clay  commonly  overlies  the  water-bearing  strata  in 

this  section. 

460.  Record  of  North  Country  Club  well  mar  Glen  Cove. 

Tisbury:  F«'et 

1.  Surface  gravel   0~  20 

2.  Clay   20-21 

3.  Dry  brownish-yellow  sand   21-  90 

Cretaceous : 

4.  White  clay  -   90-94 

5.  Sand   94-129 


264       UNDEKG ROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONO  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


462.  Record  of  John  Minniken's  well  near  Glen  Cove. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1 .  Filled  ground   0  -  5 

2.  Peat   5-10 

Tisbuiy : 

3.  Very  light-brown  sand   10-70 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Pink  clay   70-78 

5.  White  sand  and  gravel,  water  bearing:  similar  to  the  gravel  in  Baldwin "s  well 

(No.  476)   78-80 

This  well  flows  at  a  height  of  about  40  feet  above  sea  level. 

463.  Record  of  Crystal  Springs  Ice  Company's  wells  near  Glen  Cove. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  Marsh  deposit   0-20 

Tisbuiy: 

2.  Sand,  with  water  (small  flow  of  fresh  water  at  28  feet)...   20-28 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Bluish  clay,  becoming  white  below   28-70 

4.  White  gravel,  with  artesian  water   70-73 

5.  White  clay  (not  passed  through)   73- 


Two-inch  well  flowed  18  gallons  per  minute  when  first  drilled,  but  the  flow  seems  to  have  decreased 
slightly:  4-inch  well  flowed  30  gallons,  with  no  decrease  noticed.  Water  was  pipe  1  up  to  14^  feet  above 
ground  in  1S99.  Mr.  Oscar  Darling  reports  the  surface  at  the  4-inch  well  to  be  30  feet  above  mean  high 
tide. 

464.  Mr.  Ralph  D.  Carter  gives  the  following  section  of  this  well: 

Record  of  J.  P.  Tangeman's  well  near  Glen  Core  Landing. 


Feet. 

1.  White  sand   0-  87 

2.  Hardpan   87-90 

3.  Water-bearing  stratum  of  gravel,  sand,  and  clay,  containing  mica   90-100 

4.  Gray-colored  clay   100-105 

465.  Record  of  W.  M .  V alentine's  well  near  Dosoris. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbuiy:  Feet. 

1.  Brown  loam  ■_   0-  6 

2.  Gray  to  brown  sand  and  gravel   6-  76 

Manh asset  bowlder  bed: 

3.  "Hardpan"   76-  79 

Tisbuiy: 

4.  Brownish  sand  with  water   79-  83 

5.  Some  graver  at  about   125 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Very  white  clayey  sand    144-200 

7.  Blue  clay,  with  a  very  hard  layer  at  the  base   200-215 


466.  This  plant  was  originally  constructed  to  supply  the  Pratt  estate,  but  the  mains  were  ultimately 
extended  to  Lattingtown  and  Glen  Cove. 

Mr.  Frederick  Miller  put  in  the  first  two  wells  near  the  pumping  station,  after  he  had  made  the  two  tests 
mentioned  under  well  1(>7.  These  were  both  6-inch  wells,  one  38  and  the  other  48  feet  deep.  The  38-foot 
well  has  an  elevation  of  about  48  feet,  and  flowed  when  first  put  down.  Since  the  wells  have  been  pumped, 
this  well  has  ceased  flowing. 

In  1900  Mr.  Munger  put  in  two  additional  6-inch  wells,  one  38  feet  and  the  other  82  feet  deep.  The 
82-foot  well  is  on  the  lowest  ground  of  the  series,  being  only  about  30  feet  above  high  tide:  it  is  reported  to 
flow  4  to  5  gallons  per  minute.    Its  section  is  approximately  as  follows: 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


265 


Record  of  Pratt  estate  well  near  Dosoris. 

Feet 

h  Soil   0-2 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Blue  clay   2-17 

3.  Reddish  sand  and  gravel   17-19 

4.  Blue  clay   19-30 

5.  Fine  white  sand   30-3(5 

6.  Alternate  layers  of  gravel,  sand,  and  clay   36-82 

Water  was  first  struck  at  about  40  feet,  but  did  not  flow;  at  70  feet  water  was  again  encountered. 

which  filled  the  pipe  almost  to  the  top:  at  75  feet  the  water  flowed  over  the  top  of  the  pipe.  The  yield  of 
these  4  wells  is  given  as  about  100,(XX)  gallons  per  day. 

The  standpipe,  which  has  a  capacity  of  158.000  gallons,  is  situated  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  at  an  elevation 
of  160, feet.  About  250  feet  southwest  of  one  of  the  good  wells  at  the  pumping  station,  Mr.  Munger  put 
down  four  lj-inch  test  wells  to  a  depth  of  125  feet  without  getting  water.  He  reports  the  same  character 
of  soil,  but  no  water. 

4<iT.  Mr.  Munger  reports  two  wells  sunk  at  this  point  to  a  depth  of  125  feet,  through  sand  and  clay, 
without  any  results. 

4<»9.  Record  of  D.  F.  Bush's  well  near  Dosoris  Pond. 

Recent:  Feet. 

1.  Yellowish  brown  sand   0-4 

2.  Marsh  deposit   4  -7 

Wisconsin  ? : 

3.  Blue  clay  with  pebbles  ("hardpan")   7  -15 

Tisbury: 

4.  Quicksand   15  -85 

Sankaty : 

5.  Reddish  gravel  and  clay   85  -88 

6.  Very  red  sand   88  -88.5 

7.  Reddish  gravel  and  clay   88.  5-95 

Jameco : 

8.  Light-colored  gravel  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  glacial  material:  furnishes 

artesian  water   95  -97 

Mr.  Dubois  has  furnished  a  sample  from  stratum  8. 

470.  The  following  section  has  been  compiled  from  samples  furnished  through  the  kindness  of  Messrs. 
P.  H.  and  J.  Conlan: 

Record  of  C.  0.  Gates's  well  near  Peacock  Point. 
Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-  40 

2.  Greenish  gray  sandy  clay,  with  a  few  quartz  pebbles   45 

3-5.  Dark,  reddish  brown  sandy  clay,  with  some  biotite  60-80 

Transition : 

6.  Fine  gray  sand   90 

Cretaceous : 

1:  Laminated,  reddish  brown,  sandy  clay:  no  biotite   95 

8.  Very  fine,  pinkish  white,  micaceous  sand   100 

9-14.  Light-gray,  medium,  micaceous  sand   105-130 

15.  Dark,  grayish  brown,  sandy  clay   135 

16.  Pebbles  of  ferruginous  sandstone   140 

17-20.  Laminated  red  and  white  clay.    In  the  fragments  furnished,  the  laminations 

.  show  very  great  distortion;  whether  this  is  the  natural  condition  of  bed  or 

is  the  result  of  method  of  taking  samples  is  not  known.  Sample  17 
contains  a  few  fragments  of   a    lamellibranch,   but  the  sample  shows 

17116— No.  44—06'  18 


266       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


evidence  of  having  been  laid  out  on  the  ground  before  it  was  packed  in 


the  bottle,  and  the  shell  may  have  been  picked  up  there   145-160 

21-26.  Brick  red,  very  plastic  clay   16.5-190 

Lloyd  sand : 

27-30.  Fine  reddish  sand;  the  red  color  seems  to  be  due  in  a  great  measure  to  the 

red  clay  from  the  overlying  bed   195-210 

31-33.  Medium  light-yellow  sand   215-225 

34.  Fine  to  coarse,  light  yellow,  quartz  gravel,  with  a  few  fragments  of  white,  chalky 

looking  chert   230- 

Elevation  9.0  feet,  Geological  Survey  base. 


Mr.  Bowman  reports  that  the  well  flows  30  gallons  per  minute.  For  partial  analysis  by  Prof.  Charles 
S.  Slichter,  see  page  68. 

471.  Mr.  E.  K.  Hutchinson  reports  the  following  section  for  this  well: 
Record  o}  C.  0.  Gates's  well  near  Peacock  Point. 


Pleistocene :  •  Feet. 

1.  Fine  sand  and  gravel   0-  80 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Alternate  layers  of  red,  black,  gray,  and  milky-white  clay    80-200 

Lloyd  sand: 

3.  Fine  sand,  gradually  growing  coarser   200-225 


4712.  Water  brings  up  a  fine,  micaceous,  white  sand,  which  settles  with  difficulty.  It  is  claimed  that 
storms  from  the  north  do  not  affect  the  water,  but  that  storms  from  the  east  cause  it  to  be  very  turbid. 

Record  of  well  near  Peacock  Point 

Pleistocene: 

1.  Beach  sand  and  gravel  

Cretaceous: 

2.  Red  clay  

Lloyd  sand: 

3.  Sand  with  artesian  water  

473.  Mr.  Hutchinson  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  of  W.  D.  Gutherie's  well  near  Lattingtown 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  

Cretaceous: 

2.  Clay,  blue,  white,  and  red,  encountered  in  order  given  

Lloyd  sand: 

3.  Varicolored  sand  and  gravel,  becoming  coarser  

This  well  began  flowing  at  260  and  continued  to  340  feet. 
One  of  the  workmen  engaged  on  well  gives  the  following  record: 

Record  of  W.  D.  Gutherie's  well  near  Lattingtown. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-110 

Cretaceous: 

2.  White,  blue,  brown,  and  red  clay,  encountered  in  the  order  given   110-260 

Lloyd  sand: 


3.  White  and  yellow  sand,  in  layers  of  3  or  4  feet,  alternating  with  layers  of  white  clay.  260-342 
Elevation  13.0  feet,  Geological  Survey  base. 


Feet. 
0-138 

138-198 

198-210 


Feet. 
0-  80 

80-260 

260-340 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON    WELLS.  267 
47-1.                           Record  oj  W.  B.  Gutherie's  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Recent:  K(i.I 

1.  Swamp  muck   q_  5 

Wisconsin  unci  Tisbury: 

2.  Brownish  sand   5-00 

Cretaceous?: 

3.  Blue  clay  with  gravel,  not  passed  through   00-92 

At  13  feet  the  water  rose  in  a  pipe  2  feet  above  the  surface,  and  at  2.5  feet,  2.5  feet. 

475.  Record  oj  W.  Price's  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Wisconsin  ( :  Feet 

1.  Brown  clay   0-  15 

Transition: 

2.  White  sand  ,   15-  35 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Blue  clay  \   35-  37 

4.  Light-colored  clay   37_ 

5.  Pink  clay   -100 

6.  Light-yellow  gravel   160-162 

Elevation  of  surface  140  feet  above  mean  sea  level. 

476.  Mr.  W.  H.  Baldwin,  jr.,  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  record  of  this  well: 

Record  oj  well  oj  W.  H.  Baldwin,  jr..  near  Lattingtown. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Brown  loam   0-  3 

2.  Gravelly  loam  _  3-  7 

Transition: 

3.  Yellowish  sand  and  gravel   7-  12 

Tisbury: 

4.  Sand  and  gravel,  with  occasional  thin  streaks  of  clay   12-107 

5.  White  gravel,  hard  and  flinty   107-120 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Clay   120-130 

7.  Yellow  sticky  sand,  with  some  water   130-134 

8.  Gravel,  with  occasional  streaks  of  very  hard  hardpan   134-199 

9.  Very  hard  clay  bed   199-255 

10.  White  sand   255-257 

11.  Gray  sand   257-260 

12.  White  and  pink  gravel   260-265 

Elevation  of  surface  179.5  feet  above  sea  level,  Geological  Survey  base. 

Analysis  oj  water  jrom  well  oj  W.  II.  Baldwin,  jr.,  near  Lattingtown. 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   48. 00 

Chlorine   7. 60 

Nitrogen  as  free  ammonia   .  022 

Nitrogen  as  albuminoid  ammonia   .024 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   -  003 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   3.  300 

Odor  and  color   None. 


The  solid  matter  is  all  in  solution  and  is  practically  all  sulphates.  The  amount  (2.8  grains  per  gallon ) 
is  extremely  small.  This  is  an  unusually  soft  water  (almost  as  soft  as  rainwater)  and  bears  no  evidence 
of  contamination. — C.  N ■  Forrest,  chemist  and  inspector.  Long  Island  Railroad. 


268       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


479.  Record  of  L.  C.  V/ier's  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Same  as  No.  481   0-124 

Cretaceous: 

2.  White  clay   124-130 

3.  White  sand  ,   130-132 

4 WO.  Record  of  L.  C.  Wier's  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  with  an  occasional  stratum  of  impervious  clay   0  ^117.2 

2.  Beach  sand  and  gravel   117.2-123.0 

481.  Record  of  L.  C.  Wier's  well  near  Latlingtown. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0  -60 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed?: 

2.  Red  clay  with  gravel  (hardpan )   60  -63 

Tisbury  and  Mannctto?: 

3.  White  sand  and  gravel  63  -73 

4.  Orange  sand  with  water   73    -91.  9 

Oct  aceous: 

5.  White  clay   91.  9- 

482.  Record  is  reported  as  very  similar  to  that  of  481. 

4*:j.  Record  of  E.  Lotting' s  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 
L.  Sand  and  gravel   0-60 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed 

2.  Red  clay  and  gravel   60-63 

Tisbury: 

3.  White  sand  and  gravel   63-73 

Mannetto?: 

4.  Orange  sand  with  water.     73-126 

Cretaceous: 

5.  White  clay   126-132 

6.  White  sand  ,   132-138 

484.  Record  of  W.  D.  Gutherie'n  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  White  gravel   0-60 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed: 

2.  Red  clay  with  gravel  (hardpan)   60-64 

Tisbury  and  Mannetto?: 

3.  White  sand   64-83 

Mannetto?  and  Cretaceous: 

4.  Orange-colored  sand   83-108 

Cretaceous: 

5.  White  clay  I   108- 

!**;■).  Record  of  W.  D.  Gutherie's  well  near  Lattingtown. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Stratified  sand  and  gravel   0-  38 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed: 

2.  Large  bowlder   38- 

Tisbury: 

3.  Sand  and  gravel     -100 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  269 

CYetaceous:  feet. 

4.  White  clay   HXM10 

5.  Orange-colored  sand;  water  hearing   110-144 


487.  Mr.  Ward  reports  that  the  plant  at  this  station  consists  of  thirty-two  8-inch  wells,  33  to  91 
feet  deep.  Samples  from  a  number  of  these  are  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  Brooklyn  department 
of  water  supply,  and  while  the  sections  shown  are  quite  irregular,  the  following  selected  records  will 
indicate  something  of  their  general  nature: 


Record  oj  well  No.  2  E,  Agawam  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  No  samples   0-35 

2.  Fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand,  and  medium  to  coarse  yellow  sand   35-40 

3.  Fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand   40  45 

4.  Dark  yellowish-gray  silt  to  small  gravel   45-55 

5.  Very  white,  medium,  micaceous  sand   55-60 

6.  Yellowish-white,  medium,  micaceous  sand   80-65 

7.  Mixture  of  medium  yellow  and  fine  gray  sand  with  some  small  pebbles   65-90 

Nothing  recognizably  glacial. 

Record  of  well  No.  10  E,  Agawam  pumping  .station. 

Feet. 

1.  No  samples   0-30 

2.  Dark-gray  clay     30-35 

3.  Fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand   35-45 

4.  Fine  yellow  sand   45-50 

5.  Dirty  grayish  yellow  send  and  gravel   50-65 

6.  Blue  clay   65-70 

7.  Fine  grayish-yellow  sand    70-75 

8.  Fine  orange-yellow  sand   75-80 

9.  Medium  grayish-yellow  sand,  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  very  small  orange- 

colored  pebbles   80-94 

Record  of  well  Xo.  5  W,  Agawam  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  No  samples   0-54 

2.  Very  fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand   54-65 

3.  Light-yellow  to  orange,  small,  quartz  gravel   "  65-69 

4.  Fine  gray  sand,  with  lignite   69-79 

5.  Same  as  3  (.   79-84 

6.  Gray  and  yellow  fine  to  medium  sand,  with  lignite   84-89 

Record  oj  well  Xo.  10  W,  Agawam  pumping  station. 

Feet 

1.  No  samples  :   0-  30 

2.  Fine  grayish  yellow  sand  with  a  few  pebbles   30-  35 

3.  Very  fine  dark-gray  sand   35-  45 

4.  Gray  to  light  yellowish  gray  fine  sand   45-  80 

5.  Fine,  light,  yellow  or  grayish  yellow  sand   80-106 

Record  oj  well  Xo.  11  W,  Agawam  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  No  samples   0-24 

2.  Orange  sand  and  gravel   24-35 

3.  Fine,  dark,  gray  and  light  gray  sands  in  alternating  beds   35-80 


270       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  oj  well  No.  12  W  Agawam  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  No  samples   0-35 

2.  Fine  yellowish  gray  sand  _ .    35-  45 

3.  Fine  gray  sand   45-  60 

4.  Fine  dark-gra3T  sand,  with  considerable  lignite   60-110 

This  section  is  much  more  uniform  than  the  other  rapidly  alternating  sections  of  the  same  series. 

Record  of  well  .Vo.  6  B,  E,  Agawam  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  No  samples   0-24 

2.  Fine  gray  micaceous  sand,  with  a  little  yellow  sand     24-62 

3.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  and  orange  sand   62-90 


488.  This  was  the  site  of  the  original  Freeport  or  Agawam  station,  and  was  abandoned  because  of 
the  large  amount  of  chlorine  which  the  water  contained.  The  following  summarized  section  has  been 
prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  waterworks: 


Record  of  wells  at  old  Freeport  pumping  station. 


1  E. 

2  E. 

3  E. 

4  E. 

5  E. 

6  E. 

7  E. 

8  E. 

9  E. 

10  E. 

11  E. 

12  E 

13  E. 

1. 

Bleached  or  humus-stained  gravel  and 

sand  

0-  5 

0-  5 

0-  6 

0-  5 

0-  5 

0-  5 

0-  5 

- 

0-  5 

2. 

Light-yellow  to  orange-yellow  sand 

and  gravel;  apparently  all  quartz. 

no  erratics  

0-28 

0-28 

5-27 

5-27 

6-27 

5-24 

.5-30 

0-30 

5-28 

5-28 

5-29 

5-25 

0-27 

3. 

Bright-orange  sand  and  gravel  not 

always    sharply    separated  from 

bed  above,  but  generally  coarser; 

quartz,  no  erratics  

28-34 

28-34 

27-31 

27-31? 

27-30 

24-30' 

28-30 

28-30 

25-27 

27-30 

4. 

Fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand,  with  a 

little  yellow  gravel  (transition  ?)  . . . 

34-36 

34-36 

31-34 

31-33 

30-33 

30-33 

30-33 

SO-33 

30-33 

30-33 

29-31 

27-31 

30-32 

14  E. 

15  E. 

16  E. 

17  E. 

18  E. 

19  E. 

20  E. 

1  W. 

2  W. 

3  W. 

4  W. 

5  W. 

6  AV. 

1. 

Bleached  or  humus-stained  gravel  and 

sand  '.  

0-5 

0-  5 

0-  3 

0-?  5 

(?) 

0-  5 

0-?  5 

0-  4 

0-  5 

0-  4 

0-  5 

0-  5 

0-?  5 

2. 

Light-yellow  to  orange-yellow  sand 

and  gravel;  apparently  all  quartz, 

no  erratics  

5-25 

5-26 

3-23 

5-24 

0-26 

5-25 

'5-29 

4-33 

5-39 

o4-35 

a  5-35 

o5-34 

5-40 

3. 

Bright-orange  sand  and  gravel  not 

always    sharply    separated  from 

bed  above,  but  generally  coarser; 

quartz,  no  erratics  

2.5-27 

a26-30 

23?-30 

24-29 

26-29 

25-29 

035-38 

o35-39 

a34-39 

40-4-> 

4. 

Fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand,  with  a 

little  yellow  gravel  (transition?)  

27-31 

30-32 

30  -32 

29-32 

29-32 

29-31 

29-31 

33-36 

38-40 

39-42 

39-42 

7  W. 

8  W. 

9  W. 

10  W. 

11  W. 

12  W. 

13  W. 

14  W. 

15 
W. 

16 
AV. 

17 

w. 

18 
W. 

19  20 

w.  w. 

I.  Bleached  or  humus-stained  gravel  and 

sand  

0-  9 

f>0-  9 

60-  9 

0-  5 

0-  5 

0-  4 

0-  4 

6  0-  9 

60-  8 

6  0-10 

60-  8 

60-10 

60-10  60-  5 

2.  Light-yellow  to  orange-yellow  sand 

and  gravel;  apparently  all  quartz. 

no  erratics  

9-37 

9-31 

9-32 

5-39 

5-36 

4-38 

4-35 

9-30 

8-30 

10-30 

8-35 

10-34 

10-38  .5-40 

3.  T5right-orange  sand  and  gravel  not 

always    sharply    separated  from 

lied  above,  but  generally  coarser; 

quartz,  no  erratics  

31-39 

i32-37 

35-39 

30-39 

130-38 

i30-3fi 

35-40 

34-38 

38-4o' 

4.  Fine.  gray,  micaceous  sand,  with  a 

little  yellow  gravel  (transition  1)  ... 

i  Medium  sand. 

6  Weathering  shows  sharply  to  .5  feet  and  less  markedly  to  depth  indicated. 
c  37  to  40  feet  white  quartz  gravel  tinged  with  yellow. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  271 

Analysis  of  water  from  wells  of  old  Freeport  pumping  station. 
[By  Brooklyn  health  department.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   253.941 

Loss  on  ignition  (organic  and  volatile  matter).   46.  7G.5 

Mineral  matter   207.  176 

Free  ammonia   .017 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .  019 

Chlorine  as  chlorides   1 10. 206 

Sodium  chloride   181.528 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   .  798 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites    None. 

Total  hardness     39.  382 

Permanent  hardness   36.  647 


4S9.  The  plant  at  this  station  consists  of  sixty-two  44-inch  wells.  The  following  summarized  record 
has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  waterworks: 


Record  oj  wells  at  Merrick  pumping  station. 


Test  wells. 

Service  wells,  east. 

1  E. 

2  E. 

3  E. 

4  E. 

Cen 
ter. 

1  W. 

2  W. 

3  W. 

4  W. 

No.  6 

1  E. 

2  E. 

3  E. 

4  E. 

1.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  com- 
monly quite  coarse  and  con- 
taining a  very  small  percent- 
age of  material  of  probably 
glacial  origin  (outwash)  

0-  9 
9-43 

0-  9 
9-40 

0-  9 
9-40 

O-10 
1(H1 

0-  5 
5-49 

0-  5 
5-46 

0-12 
12-36 

0-10 
10-35 

(«) 

(«> 
(«) 

36-105 

0-10 
10-45 

0-10 
10-40 

0-10 
10-40 

0-  9 

9-»0 
40-45 

2.  Light-yellow  to  orange,  fine  to 
medium,    sand    with  some 
gravel  gradually  passing  into 
bed  below  

0-45 

4.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand  with 
some  lignite  in  deeper  wells  

43-48 

40-47 

40-45 

4H5 

49-50 

46-48 

36-47 

35-41 

— 

Service  wells,  east. 

5  E. 

6  E. 

7  E. 

8  E. 

9  E. 

10  E. 

11  E. 

12  E. 

13  E. 

14  E. 

15  E. 

16  E. 

17  E. 

18  E. 

1.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  com- 

monly quite  coarse  and  con- 
*  taining  a  very  small  percent- 
age of  material  of  probably 
glacial  origin  (outwash)  

2.  Light-yellow  to  orange,  fine  to 

medium,    sand   with  some 
gravel  gradually  passing  into 

0-10 
10-45 

0-10 
10-45 

0-10 
1(M5 

0-15 
15-43 

0-  8 
8-40 

0-  9 
9-10 

0-  9 
9-40 

0-15 
15-41 

0-11 
11-40 

0-U 
11-40 

0-10 
10-40 

0-?  12 
12-39 

0-10 
1(W0 

(<-) 
10-40 

4.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand  with 
some  lignite  in  deeper  wells  — 

43-45 

4(M5 

40-45 

40-44 

41-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

39-45 

40-45 

40-45 

a  Missing. 


272       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  wells  at  Merrick  pumping  station — Continued. 


Service  wells,  east. 

Serv- 
ice 
wells, 
west. 

19  E. 

20  E. 

21  E. 

22  E. 

23  E. 

24  E. 

25  E. 

26  E. 

27  E. 

28  E. 

29  E. 

30  E. 

31  E. 

1  \V. 

1.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  com- 

monly quite  coarse  and  con- 
taining a  very  small  percent- 
age of  material  of  probably 

2.  Light-yellow  to  orange,  fine  to 

medium,    sand    with  some 
gravel  gradually  passing  into 
bed  below  

0-10 
10-10 

0-11 
11-10 

0-?  10 
10-40 

0-11 
11-40 

(«) 
10-40 

0-11 
11-40 

0-  9 
9-40 

0-10 
10-40 

0-?  10 
10-40 

0-?  10 
10-10 

0-10 
1040 

0-10 
10-40 

0-10 
10-40 

0-9 
45 

4 .  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand  with 
some  lignite  in  deeper  wells  

40-15 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-15 

40-45 

40-15 

40-45 

45 

45 

45 

45 

Service  wells,  west. 

2  W. 

3  W. 

4  W. 

5W. 

6  W. 

7W.< 

8  W. 

9  W.  10W. 

11  W. 

12  W. 

13  W. 

14  W. 

15  W.  16  W. 

1.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel, 

commonly  quite  coarse 
and  containing  a  very 
small  percentage  of  ma- 
terial of  probably  glacial 
origin  (outwash)  

2.  Light-yellow  to  orange, 

fine  to  medium,  sand 
with  some  gravel  gradu- 
ally passing  into  bed  be- 
low   

3.  Gray  clay  

0-15 
40 

0-10 
10-40 

(?) 
0-40 

0-  9 
9-40 

0-10 
10-40 

0-  10 
10-  40 

(?) 
0-40 

0-  5 
5-40 

0-  9 
9-45 

0-10 
10-15 

(?) 
0-45 

0-10 
10-45 

0-  8 
7-45 

0-10 

10-40 
40-45 

45-110 

0-  8 
8-45 

4.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand 
with   some   lignite  in 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-107 

40-45 

40-45 

1 

Service  wells,  west. 

17  W. 

18  W. 

19  W. 

20W. 

21  W. 

22  W. 

23W. 

24W. 

25W. 

26  W. 

27  W. 

28  W. 

29  W. 

30  W.  31  \V. 

1.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel, 
commonly  quite  coarse 
and  containing  a  very 
small  percentage  of  ma- 
terial of  probably  glacial 
origin  (outwash)  

0-  b 
6-45 

0-lfi 
16-45 

0-10 
10-43 

(?) 
0-40 

0-10 
10-15 

0-?  10 
10-15 

(?) 
0-40 

0-10 
10-40 

0-10 
10-10 

0-13 
13-40 

(?) 
0-37 

(?) 
0-10 

0-10 
10-41 

(?) 
0-41 

2.  Light-yellow  to  orange, 
fine   to  medium,  sand 
with  some  gravel  gradu- 
ally passing  into  bed  be- 
low   

0-40 

4.  Fine  to  medium  gray  sand 
with    some   lignite  in 
deeper  wells  

43-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-45 

40-15 

37-45 

40-45 

4145 

41-45 

a  Very  fine  white  silt  with  gravel  of  very  doubtful  origin. 


♦ 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  2  7.'! 
The  elevation  of  a  number  of  the  wells  is  given  below: 

Elevation  oj  wells  at  Merrick  pumping  station 

Ecet. 

7E  ,   135 

15  E   15. 5 

7W   14.2 

15  W   [4.8 

During  the  month  of  June,  1900,  when  the  station  was  not  in  use,  the  average  height  of  the  water  in 
the  deep  wells  was  9.01  feet  above  the  Brooklyn  base;  in  the  shallow  wells,  7.11  feet.  In  August,  1900. 
after  pumping  had  begun,  the  average  height  of  the  water  in  the  deep  wells  was  3.98  feet  above,  and  in  the 
shallow  wells  2.32  feet  below,  the  Brooklyn  base. 

49©.  The  plant  of  the  Merrick  Water  Company  consists  of  8  or  10  shallow  wells  pumped  by  a  16-foot 
windmill;  the  water  is  discharged  into  a  number  of  tanks  and  is  distributed  by  a  3-inch  pipe  to  the  adjacent 
cottages. 

491.  According  to  Ward,  the  plant  at  this  station  consists  of  forty-six  4J-inch  wells,  38  to  97  feet  deep. 
When  not  pumped  all  of  the  deep  wells  will  flow  at  a  height  of  11.11  feet  above  the  Brooklyn  base.  The 
following  summarized  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the  Brooklyn  water 
department: 

Record  of  wells  at  Matowa  pumping  station. 


1  S. 

2S. 

3  S. 

4  S. 

5  8. 

6S. 

7  S. 

8S. 

9  S. 

10  S. 
0-35 

11  S. 

0-35 

12  S. 

1  W. 

1.  Orange  sand  and  quartz  gravel  

2.  Transition  

0-35 
35-40 
40-50 

50-100 

0-35 
35-45 
45-50 

50-98 

0-35 

0-35 
3.5-44 
44-55 

55-100 

0-35 
35-44 

|44-99 

0-35 

0-35 
35-44 
44-50 

50-97 

0-35 
J35-55 

55-104 

0-31 
|31-38 

0-30 

0-35 

3.  Very  dark-gray  sand  

35-38 

35-38 

30-38 

35-36 

4  Medium  gray  sand,  with  occasional 
particles  of  lignite  

1 

2-3  W. 

5-6 
W. 

11  W. 

14  W 

18  W. 

1  E. 

2  E. 

3  E. 

4E. 

5-7 
E. 

8  E. 

9  E. 
0-35 

II)  19 

E. 

1.  Orange  sand  and  quartz  gravel  

0-30 
30-35 

I  35-98 

0-30 
30-35 

0-30 

0-30 

0-35 
35-38 

0-36 
36-39 

0-35 
35-40 

0-40 

0-40 

0-30 
30-40 

0-35 

2.  Transition  

3.  Very  dark-gray  sand  

30-50 
50-73 

4.  Medium  gray  sand,  with  occasional 
particles  of  lignite  

I35-98 

30-104 

35-40 

35-40 

492. 


Record  0}  commission's  test  well  at  Matowa  pumping  station. 


Feet. 


1-2.  Sandy  peat   0-5 

3-4.  Light  yellow  sand  and  gravel   6-10.  5 

5-8.  Reddish-yellow  sand  and  gravel   11-24 

The  whole  section  is  probably  of  glacial  origin,  although  the  lower  samples  show  a  very  smal 
percentage  of  glacial  material. 


274       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


493.  According  to  Ward,  the  plant  at  this  station  consists  of  forty-three  4^-inch  wells,  24  to  89  feet 
deep,  and  six  6-inch  wells  92  feet  deep.  The  shallow  wells  do  not  flow,  but  the  deeper  wells  do  when  the 
station  is  not  in  operation.  The  following  section  has  been  prepared  from  the  samples  preserved  by  the 
Brooklyn  water  department: 


Record  of  wells  at  Wantagh  pumping  station,  New  York. 


12  E. 

14  E. 

16  E. 

18  E. 

20  E. 

14  W. 

16  W. 

1.  Grayish  yellow  sands  and  gravels,  in  part  glacial. 

a  0-25 

a  0-25 

oO-30 

a  0-25 

a  0-25 

0-20 

0-25 

2.  Fine  dark-gray  sands,  occasionally  showing  yel- 

low sands,  possibly  from  the  bed  above  

2.5-19 

25-40 

30-40 

25-40 

25-40 

20-40 

25-46 

3.  Dark-gray  clay  or  silty  clay;  containing  a  few 

quartz  pebbles  in  S  series  of  wells  

6  49-5 

0 

40-50 

l>  40-50 

b 40-50 

40-50 

40-50 

46-50 

4.  Fine  gray  sands,  occasionally  yellow  or  reddish 

yellow  

50-91 

50-100 

50-70 

50-65 

50-65 

50-66 

50-75 

5.  Sandy  clav  

66-70 

70-90 

18  W. 

20  W. 

22  W. 

1  S. 

2  S. 

3S. 

4S. 

5  S. 

1.  Grayish  yellow  sands  and  gravels,  in  part  glacial. 

0-20 

0-20 

0-20 

0-20 

0-20 

0-20 

0-25 

0-20 

2.  Fine  dark-gray  sands,  occasionally  showing  yel- 

low sands,  possiblv  from  the  bed  above  

20-40 

20-41 

20-50 

20-40 

20-40 

20-40 

25-55 

20-45 

3.  Dark-gray  clay  or  silty  clay;  containing  a  few 

40-44 

'-41-15 

e  50-55 

d 40-56 

d  40-56 

d 40-56 

55-60 

45-55 

4.  Fine  gray  sands,  occasionally  yellow  or  reddish 

yellow  

44-85 

45-85 

5.5-90 

56-90 

56-91 

55-90 

c 60-70 

55-85 

5.  Sandy  clay  

70-75 

75-90 

a  No  samples.  c  Very  fine  dark  silt. 

t  Quite  sandy.  d  Quite  sandy;  central  portions  with  pebbles. 


The  deep  test  well  No.  2  at  this  station  has  an  elevation  of  7.69  feet,  and  furnishes  flowing  water  when 
the  station  is  not  in  operation.  In  September,  1900,  when  the  station  was  actively  pumping,  the  average 
height  of  the  water  in  the  deep  wells  was  1.8  feet  above  the  Brooklyn  base,  while  in  the  shallow  wells  it  was 
2.8  feet  below  the  Brooklyn  base. 


494.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Wantagh  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1-3.  Sand  and  gravel  with  some  peat   3-  5 

4-6.  Reddish-brown  fine  to  coarse  sand   9.5-20 

495.  According  to  the  report  of  the  commission's  inspector  this  well  began  to  flow  at  62  to  63  feet. 

Record  of  commission's  test  well  at  Wantagh  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

I-  5.  Dark,  reddish  brown,  swamp-stained  sand  and  gravel,  for  the  most  part  quartz.  0-16 
6-8.  Very  light-yellow  quartz  gravel,  with  very  few,  if  any,  erratics   16-30 

9.  Very  One,  dark-gray,  micaceous  sand   30-31 

10.  Yellowish  gray  sand  and  fine  gravel   32-33 

II-  13.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  micaceous  sand   34-46 

14.  Blue  clay,  with  quartz  pebbles.   48-60 

15-18.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  micaceous  sand,  with  lignite   63-71 

See  Table  XIII. 


496.  From  the.  upper  part  of  this  well  no  samples  were  received,  but  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter  has  furnished 
the  following  data:  "Clay  was  encountered  at  a  depth  of  44  feet.  At  62  feet  an  artesian  head  of  about 
32  inches  was  developed." 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  275 
Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Wantagh  pumping  station. 

Feet 

No  samples   0-64 

1.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  micaceous  sand  (54-64.5 

2.  Grayish  yellow  fine  sand  to  small  gravel  (glacial?)   67-67.5 

3.  Light-gray  silty  sand   72-73 

4.  Medium,  white,  micaceous  sand   77-78 

5.  Medium,  yellowish  white,  micaceous  sand   82-83 

497.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  near  Wantagh  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  loamy  sand   ()-  0.25 

2.  Gravelly  loam   2-  3 

4-5.  Brownish  yellow  outwash  sand  and  gravel   5.  5-13 

498.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Camp  Meeting  grounds. 

Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  loamy  sand   0-  5 

2.  Yellow  sandy  loam  _   1-  1.5 

3-5.  Grayish  yellow  outwash  sand  and  gravel    4—17 

499.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Smithville  South. 

Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  loam   0    -  4 

2.  Yellow  clayey  loam   1.4-  2.  4 

3.  Grayish  yellow  sand  and  gravel  (outwash)   5  -14.25 

500.  This  was  one  of  the  wells  put  down  at  Camp  Black  during  the  Spanish-American  war;  its  exact 
ocation  was  not  learned. 

Record  of  United  States  Army  well  on  Hempstead  Plains. 

Feet. 

1.  Top  soil  0-3 

2.  White  coarse  sand  and  gravel   3-15 

3.  Slate-colored  clay   15-17 

4.  White  sand  and  gravel   17-22 

501.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Hicks  villi 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet 

I.  Surface  loam   0    -  5 

2-10.  Outwash  sand  and  gravel   2.  5-41 

II.  Fine  to  coarse  yellowish  sand  with  small  particles  of  glacial  material   45  -46 

Cretaceous  ? : 

12-13.  Fine  light-yellow  sand  with  considerable  mica  (probably  not  glacial) ;  suggests 

the  older  sands  exposed  in  the  Melville  section   50  -56 

See  Table  XII. 

502.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1-3.  Sandy  loam   0    -  3 

4-6.  Light-yellow  outwash  sand  and  gravel   4.5-  11 

Tisbury : 

7-8.  Sand  and  gravel  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  black  silt  :  looks  very 

much  like  an  old  land  surface  (no  glacial  pebbles)   15    -  22 

9-15.  Very  light,  yellowish  white,  fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  containing  a  very 

small  percentage  of  glacial  pebbles   25    -  57 


276      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous?:  Feet. 

16.  Very  fine  yellowish  white  sand,  with  a  little  lignite   -59    -  61 

17-25.  Light,  yellowish  white,  speckled,  fine  sand  and  small  gravel;  gravel  is 
white  quartz,  with  occasional  particles  of  ferruginous  sandstone;  no 
pebbles  of  recognizable  glacial  material   64.  5-100 

Cretaceous : 

26-32.  Uniform,  light-yellow  to  white,  micaceous  sand   101  -131.0 

33.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  containing  a  considerable  number  of  small,  ferru- 
ginous, sandstone  fragments,  which  give  sample  a  speckled  appearance.  132.  5-135.  5 
See  Table  XII. 

503.  Samples  preserved  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Oscar  Darling,  consulting  engineer,  show  the  following 
section : 

Record  oj  Nassau  County  Water  Company's  vxll  near  HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  /  n  t 

1.  Glacial  sand  and  gravel   0-85 

The  well  plant  consists  of  two  8-inch  wells  placed  in  the  bottom  of  a  pit  50  feet  deep,  in  which  the 
direct  suction  pump  is  also  placed.    An  Acme  system  is  used  having  a  storage  capacity  of  25,000  gallons. 

505.  Record  oj  well  oj  H.  J.  Heinz  Company  near  HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-90 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Sand  and  clay   90- 

506.  Record  oj  commission's  test  well  near  HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Light-yellow  surface  loam   0.5-1 

2.  Dark,  humus-stained,  loamy  sand   1.8-  2.2 

3-13.  Light-colored  outwash  sand  and  gravel   3  -53 

Cretaceous: 

14  16*.  While,  micaceous,  clayey  sand,  pronouncedly  Cretaceous  in  character  59  -75 

17-18.  Fine,  micaceous,  reddish-brown,  clayey  sand   75    -80.  5 

See  Table  XII. 

507.  Record  oj  Jos.  Steinart's  well  near  HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Gravel   0-  75 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Gravel  with  lignite  and  white  clay,  water  bearing;  water  would  not  clear   75-120 

3.  Very  black  clay   120-130 

4.  Gray  sand  with  abundant  supply  of  water   130-150 

SOS.  Mr.  F.  K.  Waish  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  oj  St.  John's  Protectory  well  near  HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  A  very  compact  sand  with  no  gravel  and  no  clay   0-75 

2.  Water-bearing  gravel   75-80 

509.  Record  oj  well  oj  Colored  Children's  Home  near  Westbury. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Sharp  dirty-white  sand   0-20 

Cretaceous  ? : 

2.  Mixture  of  gray  quicksand  and  clay   20-60 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS,  _'7  7 

511.  The  fallowing  section  lias  been  prepared  from  the  record  and  samples  furnished  by  Mr.  George  H. 
Pease,  foreman: 

Record  of  W.  P.  Thompson's  »;//  mar  Old  \\  , sthun/. 

Wisconsin:                    .  Feet 

1.  Bowlder  clay   q_  93 

Mannetto: 

2.  Yellow  quartz  sand  and  gravel  (no  glacial  material )   23-  56 

Cretaceous? : 

3.  Yellow  silty  clay,  resembling  loess   ,5g_  Q£ 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand   98-108 

5.  Very  coarse  light-yellow  sand,  with  some  gravel:  slightly  water  bearing   108-128 

6.  Fine  sand   128-131 

7.  Fine  light-yellow  sand:  slightly  water  bearing   131-144 

8.  Coarse  sand:  waterbearing   144-190 

9.  Coarse  light-yellow  sand  and  gravel,  becoming  finer  below   190-209 

Strainer  was  placed  between  195  and  205  feet.    The  well  tested  about  GO  gallons  per  minute.  Test 

was  made  on  two  consecutive  days,  and  each  test  was  continued  ten  hours. 

512.  Record  0}  J  H.  Harriman's  tosQ  fa  Wheadey  Hills. 

Wisconsin  and  Mannetto:  Yeet. 

1.  Loam  and  bowlders  (some  yellow  gravel )   0-  70 

Cretaceous? : 

2.  Clay,  with  very  little  grit  and  no  gravel  (yellow,  almost  a  loam,  resembling  loess 

in  color  but  not  in  texture)   70-130 

Cretaceous: 

3.  White  gravel,  witu  layers  of  white  clay...   130-200 

4.  White  sand  with  water   200-220 

513.  Record  0}  commission's  test  well  near  Jericho. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Dark  sandy  loam   0-  1 

2.  Yellow  clayey  sand   4    -  5 

3-6.  Yellowish-brown  fine  to  coarse  glacial  sand   8  -18 

7.  Yellowish-white  coarse  to  fine  gravel  (doubtfully  glacial )   18  5-19.  5 

8.  Fine  to  medium  yellowish-brown  sand   23  -23.5 

9-10.  Yellowish-white  medium  to  coarse  sand   28.  5-35.  5 

11.  Fine  reddish-brown  sand  with  considerable  muscovite   39  —10 

12-13.  Medium  to  coarse  yellowish-white  sand  with  some  biotite   44  -50 

Cretaceous?: 

14  15.  Fine  to  medium  yellowish-white  sand   54  -56 

16.  Yer\-  fine  reddish-white  sand  -.  59  -60 

514.  Record  oj  H.  R.  Winthrop's  mil  mar  Jericho. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  -   1-  6 

Pleistocene  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   6-183 

Xo  change  in  the  material  from  6  to  1S3  feet.  It  was  all  of  the  same  degree  of  fineness.  Water 
was  first  encountered  at  1.50  feet:  down  to  that  depth  the  material  was  almost  perfectly  dry.  Four  sample.- 
from  the  well,  ranging  from  171  feet  9  inches  to  182  feet  10  inches,  show  very  light-yellow  sand  and  gravel, 
with  no  erratic  material.  It  is  therefore  impossible  to  tell  how  much  of  this  section  is  to  be  considered 
Pleistocene  and  how  much  pre-Pleistocene. 


278      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

515.  Record  oj  T.  Willis's  well  near  Jericho. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Ordinary  sand  with  an  occasional  bowlder  (several  blasts  were  necessary)   0-50 

Mannetto?  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  Quicksand  '.   50-  53 

3.  Red  sand,  with  alternate  layers  of  yellow  and  reddish-yellow  gravels   53-175.  5 

See  record  and  sample  from  well  No.  514,  which'  indicate  that  part  of  this  gravel  should  be  con- 
sidered pre-Pleistocene. 

510.  The  following  record  has  been  compiled  from  information  furnished  by  Mr.  John  J.  Hicks  and 
Mr.  William  C.  Jaegle: 

Record  oj  Jacob  Jackson's  well  near  Jericho. 
Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  sand  and  gravel   0-  40 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Black  sticky  clay,  containing  lignitized  wood   40-  80 

3.  Sand,  clay,  and  gravel   80-165 

4.  Sand  (3-inch  pipe)   165-168 

Mr.  Hicks  reports  that  this  well  was  drilled  from  165  to  210  feet  by  A.  W.  Gallienne.  Mr.  Jaegle,  how- 
ever, drove  a  new  pipe  in  the  same  well  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  and  found  good  water,  so  the  Gallienne  well  is 
to  be  discounted. 

517.  Samples  from  this  well,  together  with  a  section  drawn  by  W.  Goold  Levison  December  28,  1881, 
are  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society. 

In  the  following  section  the  record  given  on  the  left  is  from  Mr.  Levison 's  drawing,  and  that  on  the  right 
is  from  the  samples: 

Records  oj  Jules  Kunz's  well  near  Jericho.  " 


Wisconsin. 
Mannetto  L 


Cretaceous. 


Drawing. 


Feet. 


fl.  Clay  and  gravelloam   0 

12.  Compact,  tough,  unmodified  drift.  15 
3 .  Gravel  and  sand ;"  glacial  rubble  " .  51 


4.  Sharp,  yellow,  friable  sand  

5.  Sandy  clay;  laminated;  piece  of 

tree  (probably  chestnut). 

6.  Blue  and  gray,  compact,  sandy, 

rather  tough  clay,  abounding 
in  nodules  and  crusts  of  iron 
pyrites. 

7.  Micaceous  sand ;  water;  gray  sand: 

fine  dune  sand. 

8.  Medium,  white,  micaceous  sand.._ 


15 
51 
81 


81-96 
96  -103 

103  -133 


133  -143 
143.  5-147.  5 


Samples. 


Yellow  quartz  sand  and  gravel. 
No  sample. 

Fine  sand  to  medium  yellow 
gravel  (all  quartz). 

Yellow  silty  sand  (Cretaceous?). 

Finely  laminated  yellow  and  white 
clay. 

Very  dark,  laminated,  micaceous 
sandy  clay,  showing  ripple  marks 
("blue  clay"). 

Fine,  pink,  clayey  sand. 

Do. 


Merrill'''  and  Darton  6  have  both  published  records  of  this  well  in  which  an  error  has  evidently  been 
made  in  copying  in  the  thickness  of  the  yellow  gravel,  which  extends  from  51  to  81  feet. 

518.  This  is  a  dug  well  from  which  the  supply  is  now  obtained  from  four  3-inch  strainers  12  feet  long, 
placed  horizontally  in  the  water-bearing  gravel  just  above  the  clay,  and  connected  directly  with  the  suction 
pipe  from  the  pump. 


a  Annals  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  188fi,  p.  353. 


Bull.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  No.  138,  p.  35. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  279 

Record  of  AUard  <{•  McGuire's  well  near  Syosset. 

Pleistocene:  i,.,., 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-47 

2.  Gravel   47-50 

*  Cretaceous: 

3.  Lead-colored  clay   '.   50-53 

519.  Mr.  Jaegle  states  that  in  sinking  this  well  he  encountered,  at  a  depth  of  150  feet,  a  stratum  of  fine 
gravel,  overlaid  by  gravelly  clay,  from  which  the  air  rushed  with  considerable  force.  This  is  probably  a 
blowing  well  similar  to  those  which  have  been  described  in  many  parts  of  the  West  (see  p.  74). 

520.  Record  of  county  poor  farm  well  near  BrookvUle. 

Feet. 

1.  White  sand  and  gravel   0-105 

2.  Quicksand;  fine  dark-colored  sand  with  coarse  material  at  bottom   105-278 

521.  Record  of  H.  Rushmore's  well  near  BrookvUle. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  then  ordinary  sand   0-  75 

2.  Quicksand   75-375 

3.  Blue  clay   375-377 

4.  Hardpan  (gravel  and  sand  packed  very  hard )   377-396 

This  record  was  reported  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Bogart,  who  lives  on  the  adjoining  property  and  who  was  much 
interested  in  the  well  at  the  time  it  was  sunk. 

5*2*2.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  East  Norwich. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1 .  Dark  surface  loam  and  gravel   1    -  5 

2-3.  Reddish-yellow  medium  sand   4.  5-  7 

4.  Yellowish-gray  clayey  sand   12.  5-13.  8 

5-6.  Grayish  sand  and  gravel  (glacial)   14.2-20 

Wisconsin?: 

7.  Light  yellowish-white  silt  to  coarse  sand   20  -23 

523.  Record  of  Quinan  well  near  East  Norwich. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Very  stony  sand  and  gravel   0-100 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  Yellowish-red  sand   100-120 

Cretaceous : 

3.  Black  clay,  becoming  white   120-124 

4.  Clay  and  fine  sand,  dark  colored   124-127 

5.  Coarse  sand  (water  bearing)   127-149 

6.  Clay  -   149- 

524.  Record  of  Ladlum  well  near  East  Norwich. 

Feet. 

1.  Gravel   0-212 

2.  Sand  ?  212-224 

3.  Clay  ?   •  -•  224- 

525.  The  first  test  well  at  this  place,  which  was  put  down  about  25  feet  from  the  engine  house,  was 
unsuccessful.  The  samples  preserved  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Oscar  Darling,  consulting  engineer,  show  the 
following  section: 

Record  of  Nassau  County  Water  Company's  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 
Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  White  sand  and  gravel   0-  5 

2.  Coarse  gravel   5-15 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand   15-  GO 

-i.  Gray  sand  with  much  biotite   60-160 


280       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Water  was  found  in  abundance  in  the  coarse  gravel  from  5  to  15  feet,  but  the  sand  below  this  point 
while  water  bearing,  was  regarded  as  too  fine  to  furnish  water  for  waterworks  purposes.  An  attempt  was 
then  made  to  develop  the  stratum  at  10  feet  by  a  series  of  gang  wells,  but  it  was  found  to  be  only  a  small 
pocket.  About  300  feet  north  of  the  pumping  station,  and  down  the  valley,  coarse  water-bearing  gravel 
was  found  at  a  depth  of  10  feet  which  had  a  thickness  of  from  10  to  30  feet.  It  is  expected  that  a  gang 
of  twelve  4-inch  wells  of  an  average  depth  of  35  feet  will  be  put  down  at  this  point.  The  water  from  these 
wells  stands  just  level  with  the  surface,  which  is  23.5  feet  above  mean  high  tide. 

526.  This  well  was  driven  in  1900.  At  a  depth  of  3  or  4  feet  from  the  surface  clay  was  encountered, 
below  which  there  was  gravel,  and  then  clay  to  a  depth  of  50  feet,  where  water  was  encountered  which 
flowed  8  to  9  gallons  p^r  minute.  Below  this  was  sand  and  gravel,  which  furnished  a  small  flow  of  artesian 
water,  to  a  depth  of  160  feet,  where  a  layer  of  clay  2  feet  thick  was  encountered.  At  62  feet  a  strong  artesian 
head  was  encountered  which  forced  the  water  11  inches  above  the  3-inch  pipe,  and  furnished  over  100  gallons 
per  minute.  As  the  water  did  not  clear,  it  was  driven  through  clay  and  sand  to  165  feet,  where  it  was 
stopped  in  sand  and  gravel.  At  this  point  it  furnished  about  80  gallons  per  minute  of  clear  water.  At  17 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  the  well  delivers  5  gallons  per  minute. 

The  following  partial  analysis  was  made  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter: 

Analysis  of  water  from  Tovmsend  Underbill's  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   31. 2 

Chlorine      7.08 

Alkalinity   27.  5 

Temperature,  59°  F. 

527.  This  well  was  driven  in  1900  and  now  furnishes  15  gallons  per  minute  at  a  height  of  3  feet  above 
the  ground.    The  well  is  about  20  feet  above  mean  sea  level. 

Record  of  Charles  Weeks' s  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 

W  isconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-  15 

Sankaty  > : 

2.  Clay     15-90 

Jameco?: 

3.  Micaceous  sand,  gradually  growing  coarser   90-110 

528.  Record  of  J.  M.  Sammis's  well  near  Oyster  Buy. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  with  poor  water   0-  30 

Sankaty  ? : 

2.  Clay   30-35 

Cretaceous?: 

3.  Fine  white  sand  with  little  water  _   35-140 

See  fig.  16. 

529.  Mr.  E.  K.  Hutchinson,  under  date  of  April  29,  1896,  gives  the  following  data  regarding  this  well: 

Record  of  well  of  Van  Sise  &  Co.  near  Oyster  Bay. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Poet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-30 

Sankaty  ? : 

2.  Clay   30-35 

3.  Clay  and  sand  no  water   35-53 

Jameco?: 

4.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel   53-57 

Flows  9  gallons  per  minute. 


DKSCRIPTIYK   NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


281 


The  flow  of  this  well  was  measured  by  W.  H.  C.  Pynehon,  April  11,  1903,  and  found  to  be  3  gallon*  per 
minute,  at  a  height  of  18  inches  above  the  surface,  or  10  to  12  feet  above  mean  sea  level  (see  lig.  16). 

53©.  On  April  27,  1903,  Mr.  Pynehon  found  the  flow  to  be  5  gallons  pr  minute  from  a  reduced 
nozzle  at  18  inches  above  the  surface.    He  reports  that  the  water  will  rise  2J  feet  above  the  surface. 

Record  of  D.  W.  Smith's  icell  at  Oyster  Bay.  . 

Wisconsin  iind  Tisburv:  ..  . 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-35 

Sankaty  ?: 

-  day   35-50 

Jamcco?: 

3.  Fine  yellow  sand,  growing  coarser   .50-65 

531.  Mr.  Hutchinson  states  that  the  original  flow  was  15  gallons  per  minute.  On  May  27,  1903 
Mr.  Pynehon  found  it  to  be  8.5  gallons.    The  water  will  rise  about  6  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground- 


Pig.  67.—  Sketch  map  showing  locations  of  wells  described  at  Oyster  Bay 

•532.  The  water-bearing  gravel  is  reported  to  be  unusually  coarse  in  this  well.  When  first  completed, 
it  flowed  21  gallons  per  minute. 

Record  of  E.  K.  Hutchinson's  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel    0-35 

Sankaty  ?: 

2.  Clay...;.v."   35-50 

Jarneco I : 

3.  Sand,  growing  coarser  .   50-83 

533.  The  clay  layer  usually  encountered  in  this  vicinity  is  report  >d  as  very  thin  in  this  well. 

534.  The  original  flow  is  reported  as  10  gallons  per  minute.  When  measured  by  Mr.  Pynehon  April 
27,  1903,  it  was  4  gallons  per  minute  at  a  height  of  2  feet  above  the  surface. 

535.  The  original  flow  was  9  to  10  gallons  per  minute.  The  flow  April  27,  1903,  was  2  gallons  per 
minute  at  a  height  of  2  feet  and  4  inches  above  the  surface. 

17116— No.  44—06  19 


282       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


539.  The  following  section  of  this  well  was  furnished  by  Mr.  E.  K.  Hutchinson  in  a  letter  dated  April 
29,  1895: 

Record  of  A.  J.  <&  A.  S.  Hutchinson  well  at  Oyster  Baij. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel,  with  plenty  of  water  of  poor  quality   0-30 

2.  Clay  .'   30-35 

3.  Sand  and  gravel:  plenty  of  water  raised  6  feet  above  level  of  first  water   35-120 

Sankaty '(: 

4.  Clay;  no  water   120-185 

Jameco  ? : 

5.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel  with  artesian  water   185-190 


The  original  flow  from  stratum  5  was  about  70  gallons  per  minute  at  3  feet  above  the  ground.  The 
water  will  rise  to  a  point  17  feet  above  the  surface  at  low  tide  and  will  overflow  at  high  tide.  The  surface 
is  2  to  3  feet  above  mean  high  tide. 

542.  Mr.  W.  H.  C.  Pynchon  reports  the  following  history  of  this  well: 

"First  position:  Driven  to  a  depth  of  106  feet  through  sand  and  gravel  with  water  all  the  way  for  80 
feet,  then  clay  to  105  feet.  It  was  left  on  Saturday  night  with  water  just  dripping  from  the  well  pipe  which 
stood  2  feet  above  ground.  The  flow  kept  on  increasing  until  at  the  end  of  eight  days  it  was  flowing  50 
gallons  a  minute  from  2-inch  pipe,  about  as  much  sand  as  water.  It  ran  so  for  one  week  and  then  began 
to  fall  off,  until  at  the  end  of  one  week  more  it  was  not  running  at  all.  Second  position:  It  was  then  driven 
to  130  feet,  but  no  flow  Pipe  was  pulled  up  and  its  lower  6  feet  perforated  and  covered  with  40-mesh 
wire  gauze.  Third  position:  The  pipe  was  then  reinserted  in  the  hole  to  a  depth  of  about  125  feet,  with  the 
result  that  the  water  came  up  on  the  outside  of  the  pipe  instead  of  the  inside  so  that  earth  had  to  be  rammed 
in  all  around  the  pipe.  It  then  flowed  18  gallons  per  minute  at  3  feet  above  the  surface,  though  the  water 
will  rise  to  a  level  of  about  9  feet.  The  wellhead  is  now  3.50  feet  above  high  tide."  (For  general  relations 
see  fig.  16.) 

543.  The  flow  at  low  tide,  June  30,  1903,  was  26.5  gallons  per  minute. 


Record  of  Dr.  0.  L.  Jones's  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Gravel   0-  60 

Sankaty?: 

2.  Clay   60-135 

Jameco  ? : 

3.  Little  flow  at   135-140 

4.  Coarse  sand   140- 

Cretaceous : 

5.  Clay  

6.  Very  heavy  gravel  mixed  with  white  sticky  clay   -220 

Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter  has  made  the  following  partial  analysis  of  this  water: 

Analysis  of  water  from  Dr.  0.  L.  Jones's  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   20. 0 

Chlorine   4.  25 

Alkalinity   17.0 

Temperature   57°  F. 


544.  "Driven  in  July,  1896.  It  is  located  on  the  beach  at  the  edge  of  the  salt  marsh,  and  the  tide 
rises  ordinarily  about  1  foot  over  the  wellhead,  i.  e.,  well  is  about  6  feet  above  low-tide  mark.  At  low  tide  the 
flow  is  not  over  20  gallons  per  minute,  but  just  before  the  tide  goes  over  the  wellhead  it  flows  100  gallons 
a  minute.    Water  comes  from  gray  and  black  sand,  but  is  free  from  iron." 

This  well  was  sounded  in  connection  with  observations  on  the  effect  of  the  tide  on  the  rate  of  flow  and 
found  to  be  93.1  feet  deep.    (For  general  relations  see  fig.  16.) 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  J^"> 

The  sample  of  water,  marked  Moliannes  Spring,  Oyster  Bay,  Ixmg  Island,  submitted  to  me  For  exami- 
nation contains: 

Analysis  of  irater  from  Mohannes  Casino  irell  at  Oyster  Bay. 

Parts  per  million. 


Appearance   Clear. 

Sediment   None. 

Color   None. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F)   None. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides   7.92 

Sodium  chloride   13.  08 

Phosphates   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates  (reduced  by  sodium  amalgam)   .495 

Free  ammonia   Trace. 

Albuminoid  ammonia   Trace. 

Total  nitrogen   .  495 

Total  hardness   28.3 

Permanent  hardness   28.  3 

Organic  and  volatile  (loss  on  ignition)     8.00 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile)   46.  00 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation)   54.00 


This  sample  of  water  is  of  great  organic  purity:  it  is  very  soft  and  is  admirably  adapted  for  use  as 
a  drinking  water  as  well  as  for  domestic  purposes. — Ernst  J.  Lederle,  Ph.  D. 

The  "Mohannes  Spring"  is  the  99-foot  artesian  well  described  in  the  table  of  wells. 

545.  The  water  is  so  strongly  impregnated  with  iron  that  it  is  unlit  to  drink.  Yield  2  feet  above  the 
ground,  18  gallons  per  minute,  at  high  tide. 

Record  of  T.  Underhill's  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 


Recent  to  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel     0-25 

Sankaty : 

2.  Clay....   25-80 

Jameco : 

3.  Fine  gray  and  black  sand,  growing  coarser   80-107 

Total  depth  according  to  sounding,  114  feet. 


Analysis  of  irater  from  T.  UnderhiE's  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 
[By  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Hardness   46.  9 

Chlorine   6.  18 

Alkalinity  :   37.5 

Temperature   57°  F. 

546.  Record  of  Lee  well  at  Oyster  Ba<i. 

Feet. 

1.  Heavy  sand  and  gravel   0-  50 

2.  Gray  and  blue  clay       50-125 

3.  Beach  sand,  growing  coarser,  well  commenced  to  flow  at  160  feet   130-200 

Depth  by  sounding.  188.3  feet. 


Analysis  of  water  from  Lee  well  at  Oyster  Bay. 
[By  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter.] 


Parts  per  million. 

Hardness  '-   37. 0 

Chlorine   3. 9 

Alkalinity   43.  7 


Temperature 


284       UNDERGROUND  WATEK  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  fSLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


[By  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   28. 7 

Chlorine   4. 77 

Temperature   58°  F. 

See  PI.  XIII.  -4. 

54§.  Record  of  Hamilton  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Gravel   0-  30 

Sankaty?: 

2.  Clay   30-  80. 

Jameco  ? : 

3.  Sand  with  water,  not  artesian   80-130 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Clay   130-227 

A  second  well  was  drilled  near  this  one  and  a  good  flow  obtained  at  105  feet. 

549.  Record  of  William  Trotter's  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Gravel  ........  0-10 

Sankaty  1 : 

2.  Clay  '.    10-70 

Jameco?: 

3.  Gravel,  with  artesian  water   70-90 

Analysis  of  water  from  William  Trotter's  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 
[By  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   21. 9 

Chlorine   6.2 

Alkalinity   21. 0 

Temperature   56°  F. 

551.  Water  is  reported  for  the  whole  depth  of  the  well,  but  did  not  flow  until  a  depth  of  259  feet  was 

reached. 

Record  of  H.  Dollard's  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  sandc  and  gravel  with  some  water   0-  45 

2.  Fine  dark-colored  brown  sand,  becoming  coarser  at  the  bottom  and  passing  into  a  lead- 

colored  gravel   45-259 

Analysis  of  water  from  H.  Dollard's  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 
[By  Prof.  C  S.  Slichter.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   33. 7 

Chlorine   6.02 

Alkalinity   19.95 

Temperature   62°  F. 

552.  The  following  section  is  from  Mr.  Ed.  Schmidt  : 

Record  of  Edward  Swan's  well  near  Oyster  Bay. 

Feet. 

1.  Coarse  sand,  slightly  yellow  in  color,  with  occasional  layer  of  gravel   0-60 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTE8  <>N  WELLS. 


553.  This  well  was  very  easily  drilled.  The  material  became  coarser  and  coarser  until  at  105  feel  an 
excellent  flow  was  obtained.  There  was  no  red  clay  here  and  no  hard  red  stratum.  A  little  blue  clav  was 
found  at  150  feet. 

Record  of  E.  Roosevelt' a  well  near  Oyster  Boy. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  p< ., , 

1.  Sand  and  gravel,  water  bearing   (MIX) 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Brown  sandy  clay,  grading  into  gray  sandy  clay   100-4(1.") 

554.  For  partial  analysis  see  page  08.    (See  fig.  16  for  general  relations.) 

555.  _  Record  of  G.  M .  Fletchers  well  on  Center  Island,  New  York. 

Pleistocene  and  Cretaceous?:  •  F,rt 

1.  Sand,  with  an  occasional  stratum  of  clay   0-160 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Alternate  layers  of  yellow,  black,  red,  blue  (hard  like  flint),  and  milky-while 


1G0 

-316 

316 

-330 

330 

-330.  4 

330, 

-1-360 

-360.  2 

360. 

2-370.  10 

Elevation  above  tide  12  feet. 

At  the  last  depth  given  the  particles  ranged  from  one-eighth  to  one-half  inch  in  diameter.  A 
concretion  was  encountered  at  280  feet,  and  lignite  at  330,  350,  and  370  feet. 

Mr.  Frank  Nichols,  foreman  in  charge  of  the  drilling  of  this  well,  reports  that  salt  water  was  encountered 
at  18-  feet  and  again  at  100  feet.    Fresh  water  was  first  encountered  at  360  feet. 

556.  For  partial  analysis  see  page  68. 

557.  Nichols  states  that  the  natural  pressure  is  "lower"  in  this  well  than  in  the  others,  and  this, 
together  with  the  fact  that  salt  water  was  used  in  drilling  the  well,  necessitated  long  pumping  before  the 
water  became  fresh.    The  clay  contains  a  great  deal  of  sand  and  is  very  micaceous. 

The  low  pressure  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  main  artesian  gravel  was  not  reached.  It  will 
be  noticed  on  PI.  II  that  this  well  lacks  50  feet  of  reaching  the  coarse  Lloyd  gravel,  in  which  the  other 
wells  are  finished. 

Record  of  S.  T.  Shaw's  well  on  Center  Island,  New  York. 
Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  yellow  gravel   0-  .50 

Pleistocene  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  Fine  beach  sand  and  clay     50-150 

Cretaceous: 

3.  White,  blue,  and  gray  clay:  red  clay  and  sand  and  gray  clay;  encountered  in  the 

order  named  -   150-295 

4.  Coarse  sand   295-298 

55§.  Mr.  R.  F.  Nichols,  foreman  in  charge  of  the  drilling  of  this  well,  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  of  C.  Hoyt's  well  on  Center  Island,  New  York. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Very  coarse  gravel,  coarse  as  black  walnuts   0-  60 

Cretaceous : 

2.  White  and  very  sticky  clay   60-  72 

3.  White  beach  sand   72-  90 

4.  "Very  pretty  blue"  clay    90-130 

5.  Gray  sandy  clay   130-275 


286       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous:  Feet. 

6.  Very  hard  stratum,  brownish  red  in  color,  were  two  days  in  drilling  8  inches; 

described  as  very  similar  to  hard  stratum  reported  in  Fletcher  well  (No.  555).  .  275- 

7.  Gray  sandy  clay  

8.  A  second  hard  stratum   -300 

9.  Sand,  becoming  coarser  and  passing  into  white  gravel-like  peas   300-321 

Well  began  to  flow  at  300  feet.    Elevation  above  mean  high  tide,  4  feet. 


559.  Mr.  R.  F.  Nichols,  foreman,  reports  that  this  well  began  to  flow  at  night.  The  screen  was  put 
in  and  the  well  was  left  at  the  depth  to  which  it  had  been  sunk. 

Record  of  C .  W.  Wetmore's  well  on  Center  Island,  New  Yort, 

Pleistocene : 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  

Cretaceous: 

2.  Clay,  no  bowlders. . .   

3.  Very  white  sand  (Lloyd  sand). . 
Elevation  above  mean  high  tide,  3  feet. 
For  partial  analysis,  see  page  68. 

560.  The  material  encountered  in  this  well  is  very  similar  to  that  found  in  No.  558.  Below  150  feet 
considerable  lignite  was  found. 

502.  Mr.  A.  Neilson,  superintendent  of  the  Pierce  estate,  reports  the  following:  "The  writer  was  not 
managing  the  property  when  the  well  was  put  down,  and  so  can  not  give  record  of  strata.  There  was  originally 
an  old  open  well  30  feet  deep,  which  was  a  good  one,  but  to  get  more  water  a  6-inch  pipe  was  put  down 
10  feet  below  the  bottom  of  the  open  well.  This  well  is  about  600  feet  back  from  the  shore  of  the  sound,  and 
the  top  is  about  30  feet  above  high  water.  The  tides  do  not  change  the  water  in  anv  way.  About  150  feet 
from  the  one  described  there  is  another  well  about  80  feet  deep,  all  6-inch  pipe,  which  I  believe  is  a  better 
well,  though  it  has  never  been  tested  to  its  full  capacity." 

Mr.  Frank  Wankel,  now  foreman  of  the  Hudson  Engineering  and  Contracting  Company,  reports  that 
a  number  of  years  ago  he  sunk  a  6-inch  well  for  Colonel  Kruger,  and  it  may  be  that  this  is  the  well  referred 
to  in  the  above  letter.    Mr.  Wankel  gives  the  following  data  regarding  it: 


Record  of  Colonel  Krvger's  well  near  Bayville. 
Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Beach  sand  '   0-160 

2.  Coarse  gravel   160-170 

At  this  depth  a  fine  material  was  encountered  and  the  driving  was  discontinued.        No  clay  was 


encountered.  The  well  is  200  feet  from  the  water's  edge,  and  50  or  60  feet  above  sea  level,  and  tests  15 
gallons  a  minute  at  full  capacity. 

564.  Mr.  Danis  stated  that  early  in  July,  1903,  the  pipe,  which  originally  extended  9  feet  above  the 
surface,  was  cut  off  even  with  the  ground,  and  the  flow  increased  very  rapidly  from  75  to  120  gallons  per 
minute,  weir  measurement.    Sand  then  followed  and  the  water  finally  became  very  red.    After  a  time  it 


cleared  and  continued  to  flow  at  the  increased  rate. 

Record  of  I.  Cox's  well  near  Mill  Neck. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  White  sand  with  fresh  water   0-  12 

2.  White  sand  with  very  salty  water   12-100 

Sankaty?: 

3.  "Black  muck"   100-150 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Thin  layers  of  clay  and  quicksand   150-200 

5.  Red  clay,  with  occasional  layers  of  gray  clay  containing  lignitized  wood   200-300 

6.  Sand,  becoming  coarser  and  filled  with  water  (Lloyd  sand)   300-330 


Feet. 
0-  60 

60-300 
300-318 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES   OX    WELLS.  •_> s  7 

566.  Record  of  commission's  test  veil  nl  Masxa jxqua  pun, piny  station. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Peat  with  sand  and  gravel   q_  •> 

3-4.  Dark-brown  vegetable  stained  sand  and  gravel   2-  5 

5-9.  Yellow-brown  sand  and  gravel  (probably  glacial  out  wash  )   .5-24 


567.  According  to  Mr.  Ward  this  plant  consists  of  fifty-three  4J-inch  wells,  37  to  KMi  feel  deep.  All 
the  deeper  wells  furnish  artesian  water.  Samples  of  the  shallower  wells,  preserved  in  the  municipal  building. 
Brooklyn,  show  the  following  generalized  section: 

Generalized  section  of  Brooklyn  waterworks  wells  at  Massapequa  pumping  station. 


Feet. 

1.  Light  yellowish  gray  sand  and  gravel:  nothing  readily  recognizable  as  of  glacial  origin.  0-25 

2.  Fine  reddish  brown  to  yellowish  gray  sand   25-40 

3.  Fine  gray  sand   40- 


The  elevation  of  deep  test  well  No.  1 ,  which  is  a  flowing  well,  is  10.1  feet  Brooklyn  base. 

568.  Mr.  Solomon  Ketchem,  secretary,  reports  that  the  supply  of  the  Amityville  Water  Company  is 
derived  front  6-inch  wells,  40  feet  deep,  sunk  in  1893;  the  water  level  is  12  feet  below  the  surface  and  is 
lowered  4  feet  by  pumping.    The  yield  in  1900  was  as  follows: 


Yield  of  Amityville  Water  Company's  wells  in  1900. 

Gallons. 

Maximum  daily   1.56,000 

Minimum  daily   .53,  (XJ0 

Average  daily  ,  104,000 

569.  The  whole  section  given  below  is  glacial  outwash. 

Record  of  commission's  well  near  Massapequa  pumping  station.  Feet. 

1-  2.  Yellow  sandy  loam   0-2.  4 

3-  9.  Fine  reddish-yellow  sand  to  small  gravel   4.  5-31 

See  Table  XII. 

570.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Massapequa  pumping  station. 

Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  loamy  sand  and  gravel   0.0-  0.4 

2-  3.  Reddish-yellow  loamy  sand  and  gravel     1.0-  3.  5 

4-  6.  Light  yellowish-white  outwash  sand  and  gravel   6.  0-17.  75 

571.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Massapequa  /lumping  station. 

Feet. 

1-3.  Surface  loam   0-  2 

3-  9.  Light-colored  sand  and  quartz  gravel  only  a  very  small  percentage  of  erratic  material.  5-31 

572.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Massapequa  pumping  station.  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-1.2 

3—9.  Light  grayish  sand  and  small  gravel,  with  a  smaller  percentage  of  erratics  than  in  the 

wells  farther  west   5-35.5 

573.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Massapequa  pumping  station.  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  sandy  loam   0-  1.5 

3-7.  Reddish  yellow  fine  to  coarse  sand  (glacial  outwash  )   4—25 

574.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Massaj>equa  pumping  station. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0   -  2. 3 

3.  Yellow  loamy  sand  and  gravel.   2.  7-  3.  3 

4-9.  Coarse  outwash  sand  and  gravel    5  -32 


288       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Tisbuiy:  Feet. 

10.  Fine  yellowish  gray  sand   ,   36    -36.  5 

11.  Very  fine  yellowish  gray  sand     37.  .5-38 

12.  Medium  sand  '.   40  -41 

13.  Fine  to  coarse  sand   45  -46 

14—1.5.  Coarse  sand  to  fine  gravel,  with  small  layer  of  silt  _  _  .50.  5-53 

16-18.  Fine  silty  sand   55  -61.5 

19.  Fine  to  medium  sand   63  -64 

20.  Coarse  sand   65.  5-66.  5 

21.  Fine  silty  sand   70    -72.  5 

Cretaceous: 

22.  Very  fine,  greenish  yellow,  micaceous  sand...   74.  5-75.  5 

23-24.  Medium,  white,  coarse  sand.   80  -85 

This  series  of  samples  shows  apparently  four  stages  of  deposition  above  a  depth  of  70  feet.  See 
Table  XII. 

575.  Record  of  comrnission's  veil  near  Massajiequa  pumping  station. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv  ! :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0    -  1 

2-3.  Yellow  sand  and  small  gravel   1.5-  4 

4-5.  Yellowish  white  sand  and  small  gravel   6-11 

6.  Small  gravel,  with  considerable  percentage  of  erratics   15  -16 

•7.  Fine  to  coarse  sand   29  -21 

Cretaceous?: 

8-12.  Fine  white  sand  with  tendency  toward  a  yellow  color  in  the  upper  samples, 

possibly  due  to  an  old  land  surface   24    —11.  5 

See  Table  XII. 

576.  Record  of  Dry  fuss  d'  Xibbe's  trill  mar  Central  Park. 

Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  gravel  _   0  -15 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Black  clay   15  -35 

3.  Iron  rock   35    -35.  5 

4.  Fine  dark  sand,  becoming  coarser  and  containing  water   35.  5-55 


Mr.  J.  Elliott  reports  having  dug  a  well  at  this  place  in  which  he  struck  clay  very  near  the  surface  and 
passed  through  3  feet  of  iron  rock. 

Analysis  of  water  from  Dry  fuss  dc  Nibbe's  irell  near  Central  Park. 

[By  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter.] 


Parts  per  million 

Hardness  •   185 

Chlorine   55. 6 

Alkalinity   26. 2 

Temperature   56-F. 


The  high  hardness  and  chlorine  indicates  that  this  well  has  become  contaminated  with  the  brines  from 
the  pickle  factory. 

577.  Mr.  Elliott  reports  that  in  some  of  these  wells  thin  layers  of  clay  were  found  at  4  feet  and  20  feet. 
He  adds  that  similar  layers  of  clay  are  often  found  in  wells  at  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  from  the  foot  of 
the  hills,  at  which  point  the  silty  or  clayey  layers  disappear. 

578.  The  high  chlorine  in  the  analysis  below  is  doubtless  due  to  brine  from  the  pickle  factory. 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTK-   OM  WELLS. 


Analysis  of  water  from  well  of  J.  Keller  <(■  Son*  mar  Farmiriydale 
|lty  Prof  C.  S  Slichtor  ] 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   30.  (; 

Chlorine  _   32.  (j 

Alkalinity  j   21.5 

Temperature   03- F. 

58©.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Farmingdah 

Feet 

1.  Surface  loam   o_  i 

2-6.  Light  sands,  passing  into  small  gravel,  with  a  very  small  percentage  of  erratics   1-21 

582.  Mr.  J.  II.  Gutheil  gives  the  following  data:  "  Diameter,  3  feet  from  0  to  SI ;  1 1  inches  from  81  to 
111  feet.  The  surface  of  the  ground  is  black  soil  mixed  with  coarse  gravel;  yellow  clay  is  underneath; 
then  pure  sand  in  depths  of  10  to  15  feet,  separated  by  iron  ore  and  hardpan.  About  the  middle  of  the  dis- 
tance in  depth  I  found  a  coarse  yellow  sand,  very  sticky,  as  if  mixed  with  mud." 

583.  Record  of  Harms  estate  well  near  Plainview. 

Pleistocene:  Kni 

1.  Gravel   0-50 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Alternate  layers  of  light  gray  and  black  clay   50-70 

3.  Dark,  rather  coarse  sand,  with  water   70-75 

584.  Mr.  Elliott  furnished  four  samples  representing  material  between  58  and  70  feet;  all  are  line  yellow 
Cretaceous  (?)sand. 

Analysis  of  water  from  John  Titus's  well  near  Plainview. 
(By  Prof.  C  S.  Slichter  ] 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   20 

Chlorine  *>'h7f-   2.76 

Alkalinity   9 

Temperature   59°  F. 

585.  Record  of  Oscar  Jackson's  well  in  West  Hills. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Dark  surface  soil  mixed  with  large  field  stones   0-  2 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Clay  '   2-  6 

3.  Fine  white  sand   6-  10 

4.  Coarse  gravel  mixed  with  clay,  parted  by  veins  of  iron  ore  and  hardpan   16-  56 

5.  Sand  with  veins  of  black  and  blue  clay  2  to  3  feet  thick   56-119 

6.  Driven;  material  not  known   119-141.5 

586.  Mr.  Dubois  has  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  H.  L.  Stimpson's  well  in  the  West  Hills. 
Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1-3.  Clayey  sand  and  gravel  with  many  compound  pebbles   8-20 

Mannetto : 

4.  Orange-yellow  quartz  pebbles,  with  a  very  few  fragments  of  compound  rocks, 

the  latter  probably  derived  from  the  overlying  beds   28 

5.  Orange-yellow  quartz  pebbles,  with  considerable  sand  and  yellow  clay,  and  many 

fragments  of  decayed  white  chert   40 

6.  White  quartz  sand,  with  much  fine-grained  red  ironstone  and  decayed  chert  ...  52 


V 


290       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous  ?:  Feet. 
7-17.  White  to  light-yellow  quartz  sand  and  gravel  containing  fragments  of  decayed 

white  chert   60-120 

18.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish  yellow  sand   125 

19.  Fine  to  coarse  white  sand   130 

20.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand   135 

21-22.  Medium,  yellow,  silty  sand,  with  many  small,  brown,  ferruginous  nodules 

and  a  few  pellets  of  clay   140-145 

23-24.  Medium  to  coarse  light-yellow  sand  with  many  fragments  of  dark-brown  fer- 
ruginous sandstone    150-155 

587.  Record  of  Richard  Collier's  well  near  Woodbury. 

Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam;  no  gravel   0-15 

2.  Sand  with  considerable  gravel   15-  35 

3.  Gravel   35-98 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Black  clay   98-138 

5.  Hard  iron  rock     138-138.5 

6.  White  sand   138.5-144 

Analysis  of  water  from  Richard  Collier's  well  near  Woodbury. 
[By  Prof.  C.  S.  Slichter  ] 

Parts  per  million. 

Hardness   52.5 

Chlorine  •  16. 6 

Alkalinity  ,   12.5 

Temperature   60°  F. 


588.  Mr.  William  Jaegle,  who  drilled  this  well,  reports  that  between  120  and  150  feet  he  encountered 
a  dry  gravel  from  which  the  air  rushed  with  considerable  force,  and  that  it  blows  intermittently  between  the 
4-inch  and  6-inch  casing.  The  6-inch  casing  extends  to  a  depth  of  120  feet  and  the  4-inch  to  a  depth  of 
185  feet. 

589.  Mr.  William  Jaegle  reports  that  a  blowing  well  formerly  existed  at  this  place,  but  that  it  was 
destroyed  in  an  attempt  to  find  the  hidden  treasure  which  this  blowing  was  thought  to  indicate. 

590.  It  is  stated  that  this  well  blows  before  a  storm,  and  that  it  makes  enough  noise  to  be  heard  in  the 
house. 

59  1.  These  samples  were  taken  from  the  dump  by  one  of  the  men  who  had  been  with  the  well  from  the 
start.  The  surface  about  the  well  is  distinctly  morainal  in  character,  but  the  samples  indicate  that  the  Pleis- 
tocene material  is  of  no  very  great  thickness.  The  sands  are  apparently  the  same  as  the  sands  shown  in 
the  Melville  section. 

Record  of  Cold  Spring  Creamery  well  near  Cold  Spring  station,. 


Cretaceous:  Feet. 

1.  Dark  clayey  sands   0-20 

2.  Medium  yellow  sand   20-60 

3.  Medium  reddish  yellow  sand,  containing  water   60-96 

592.  Record  of  H.  A.  Monfort's  well  near  Cold  Spring  station. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Loam  and  gravel   0-  4 

Wisconsin  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  White  sand  (dry)   4-  90 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Dark  clay   90-130 

4.  Orange  elavev  sand   130-173 

5.  Blue  clay...."   173-181 

6.  White  sand   181-195 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  1 

593.  Analysis  of  water  from  Mountain  M ist  Springs,  West  Hills. 

[By  G.  J.  Volckanlng,  E.  M..  Fcl>.  21,  1898.] 

I'arls  per  million. 

Sodium  chloride   13  95 

Lime...........:   6  m 

Magnesia   2  1.5 

Iron  and  alumina  '.   )] 

Sulph  .ric  anhydride  '.   2.  53 

Carbonic  anhydride   5.  15 

SMc*:--- :   8.17 

Alkalies  (approximate)   1  (X) 

Total  ,   40. 16 

594.  The  section  in  this  well  is  reported  as  very  similar  to  that  of  well  No.  595. 

595.  Record  of  Columbia  farm  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

1.  Sands  and  gravel. 

Cretaceous :  pcet 

2.  Water-bearing  sand,  yielding  milky  water  at   186 

3.  Alternate  layers  of  fine  white  or  lead-colored  clay  and  sands,  the  sands  containing 

water   186-195 

59tt.  At  160  feet  the  well  is  reported  to  have  furnished  quite  a  little  gas,  which  has  very  much  the  odol 
of  marsh  gas. 

Record  of  W.  R.  Jones's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel    0-190 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Black  clay,  becoming  whiter  below   190  2(X) 

3.  White  sand  with  water     200-228 

598.  Record  of  Mrs.  W.  Wood's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Tisbury:  Peet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  with  an  abundant  supply  of  clear  water,  which  turned  dark  on 

boiling    ',   0-  40 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Alternate  layers  of  white  or  lead-colored  sands  and  clays   40-163 

599.  Record  of  well  of  Van  Wyke  heirs  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  sand  and  gravel   0-  35 

2.  Sand  and  gravel,  with  a  little  water   35-  40 

Cretaceous : 

3.  Sand  and  clay   40-150 

4.  Water-bearing  sand   150- 

601.  Record  of  IF.  E.  Jones's  ivell  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Pleistocene:  '  Feet. 

1.  Sand  ?>  pt.   0-160 

2.  Clayey  sand   160-179 

3.  Gravel  with  glacial  pebbles   179-195 


602.  This  is  stated  to  be  the  well  which  in  Darton's  report  is  given  as ''Cold  Spring  Harbor,  125  feet 
deep:  flow  18  gallons  per  minute." 


292       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


603.  Record  of  G.  E..Brightson's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Feet. 

1.  Gravelly  clay,  quite  hard  — :   0-  30 

2.  Fine  gravel  and  coarse  sand   30-105 

3.  Blue  clay!   105-135 

4.  Bluish  sand   135-170 

5.  Very  coarse  sand,  water  bearing   170-177 

604.  Record  qfL.C.  Tifani/s  weU  nun  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Gravel   0-125 

Cretaceous  ? : 

2.  Clay,  with  some  grit   125-135 

3.  Fine  sand   135-225 

4.  Blue  clay   225-235 

5.  Coarse  sand,  with  abundant  supply  of  water   235-243 

607.  Record  of  Wm.  White's  well  near  Cold  Spruit/  Harbor. 

Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-  40 

Cretaceous  ? : 

2.  Black  clay   40-41 

3.  Sand  and  gravel   41-  95 

4.  Brown  clay,  passing  below  into  white  clay   95-118 

5.  Red  sand   118-120 

6.  Fine  white  sand  ,   120-179 

The  well  began  to  flow  at  120  feet,  but  choked  with  sand,  and  a  free  flow  was  not  obtained  until  a 

depth  of  179  feet  was  reached.    This  well  flowed  12  feet  above  high  tide. 

<»©§.  Record  of  J.  T.  Jones's  well  mar  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Top  soil  and  gravel,  with  highly  mineral  water   0-12 

Tisbury?: 

2.  Black  muck   12-20 

3.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   20-60 

Cretaceous : 

4.  White  clay   60-65 

5.  Red  sand   65-66 

6.  Coarse  w-hite  sand,  with  artesian  water     66-70 

609.  Record  of  L.  C.  Tiffany's  weU  near  CM  Spring  Harbor. 

Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Marly  mud   0-  5 

2.  Beach  gravel,  with  large  stones   5-50 

Cretaceous ! : 

3.  Clay,  black  on  top,  becoming  white  b;low   .^0-58 

4.  Fine  sand,  becoming  coarser  below   58-76.8 


When  the  artesian  sand  was  first  struck,  it  is  estimated  that  the  well  flowed  120  gallons  per  minute, 
but  the  water  contained  a  large  amount  of  line,  whit:1,  micaceous  sand.  To  cut  off  this,  the  well  was  driven 
deeper  and  the  flow  reduced  to  75  gallons  per  minute  (measured).  This  is  the  maximum  yield,  the  flow 
being  less  at  low  tide. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WKI.IS.  298 

610.  Record  of  H.  De  Forest's  well  near  CoUi  Sprint)  Harbor. 

Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Upper  gravel  and  sand  :   ()_  80 

Cretaceous: 

2.  White  clay   80      80.  5 

3.  Orange  sand   80.  g_  95 

4.  Sand,  brigliter  yellow  than  Xo.  3   95  -138 

5.  White  clay  "   133  -143 

6.  Fine  sand  becoming  coarser   148  -165 


612.  The  following  record  has  been  prepared  from  samples  preserved  from  this  well: 


Record  of  R.  De  Forest's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor, 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Glacial  sand  and  clay   5 

2.  Large  quartz  and  granite  pebbles   [5 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Medium  light-yellow  sand   17-  25 

4.  Pink  sand,  medium   28.  8 

5.  Medium,  white,  quartz  sand  with  much  mica   32 

6.  Fine  pink  sand   60 

7.  Medium,  coarse,  white,  quartz  sand   70 

8.  Coarse  quartz  with  large  pieces  of  FeS   120 

9.  White  laminated  clay  100-167 

10.  Fine  gravel:  water  bearing   177-183.8 

613.  Record  of  Eagle  dock  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Filled  ground   0-  10 

2.  Muck  '   10-  14 

Tisbury : 

3.  Beach  gravel  with  salty  water    14-100 

Sankatv: 

4.  Clay  ,  ;   100-158 

Jameco: 

5.  Fine  sand,  passing  into  coarse  gravel  containing  artesian  water. ..  _   158-176 


The  samples  of  the  water-bearing  gravel  preserved  by  Capt.  W.  R.  Bingham  show  a  very  large  per- 
centage of  erratic  material. 

614.  Mr.  Webster  reports  that  the  measured  flow  of  this  well  at  12.10  p.  m.,  December  31,  1902,  was  39 
gallons  per  minute.  Mr.  J.  G.  Hannah,  the  former  owner  of  the  well,  reports  that  on  November  5,  1902. 
the  flow  at  low  tide  was  16  gallons  per  minute  and  at  high  tide  50  gallons  per  minute.  Mr.  Webster  has 
kindly  furnished  the  following  analysis,  and  notes  by  Prof.  Herbert  E.  Smith,  State  chemist  of  Connecticut: 

Analysis  of  toater  from  James  Bowen's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 


Residue  on  evaporation:  Parts  per  million. 

Total   39.  0 

Volatile   13.5 

Chlorine,  combined   4.  00 

Nitrogen  of  free  ammonia   .032 

Nitrogen  of  albuminoid  ammonia. . .    .  012 

Nitrogen  of  nitrites   .001 

Nitrogen  of  nitrates  55 

Oxygen  consumed  from  permanganate  in  one-half  hour  at  100°  C   .2 

Hardness  as  carbonate  of  calcium   10.  00 

Color   0.0 


294       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Professor  Smith  says:  "The  sample  was  clear,  free  from  sediment,  colorless,  and  odorless.  These 

results  show  that  the  water  contains  a  very  small  amount  of  mineral  matter,  that  it  is  soft,  and  that  it  is 

of  high  organic  purity.    The  figure  for  chlorine  is  subnormal  for  the  locality  of  the  well,  and  the  nitrogen 

of  nitrates  is  not  much,  if  any,  above  the  normal.    These  results  indicate,  in  my  opinion,  that  the  water 

is  free  from  sewage  or  drainage  contamination  and  excellent  for  drinking  and  other  domestic  uses. 
*  *  *  *  *  *  * 

"The  figures  for  organic  matter  are  very  satisfactory  indeed.  The  figure  for  chlorine  (4)  is  the  chlorine 
that  is  normal  to  a  narrow  strip  in  the  central  portion  of  Long  Island.  According  to  the  chlorine  map.  this 
area  is  about  35  miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  not  over  2  miles,  and  runs  through  Suffolk  County, 
back  of  Cold  Spring  Harbor.  As  the  normal  on  the  coast  is  6  or  above,  the  result  in  this  sample  would 
indicate  that  the  water  comes  from  the  interior  portion  of  the  island. 

"  I  of  course  do  not  wish  to  make  too  strict  an  interpretation  of  a  single  analysis,  but  where  the  differ- 
ence between  the  local  chlorine  and  that  found  is  so  distinct  as  in  this  case,  I  think  it  pretty  safe  to  conclude 
that  the  water  sent  me  comes  from  the  interior." 

In  this  connection  see  the  analysis  from  the  deep  wells  given  on  page  68  and  analyses  of  wells  Xos.  526. 
543,  545,  546,  547  ,  549,  554,  556,  and  559. 


615.  Record  of  L.  V.  Bell's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Feet. ' 

1.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel,  with  one  or  two  layers  of  cobbles;  no  clay   0-65 

616.  This  well  is  in  the  basement  and  begins  in  pink  Cretaceous  sand. 

617.  Mr.  Matthew  King,  foreman  for  P.  H.  &  J.  Conlan,  reports  that  this  well  is  325  feet  deep,  but 
Mr.  J.  Conlan  states  that  it  was  finished  at  140  feet. 

620.  Record  oj  T.  S.  Williams's  well  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Gravel  _   0-30 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Red  and  white  sand  ,                                                            30  -80 

3.  White  clay                                                                                           80  -  86 

4.  Fine  white  sand;  fresh  water                                                                      86  -136 

5.  White  clay  and  sand                                                                                 136  -146 

6.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel  (looks  like  brown  sugar)                                        146  -160 

7.  Red  and  white  clay                                                                              160  -162 

8.  Fine  white  sand                                                                                   162  -178 

9.  Coarse  quartz  gravel;  no  sand;  gravel  about  1  inch  diameter                       178  -200 

10.  Fine  white  sand  becoming  pinkish                                                             200  -230 

11.  Small  gravel                                                                                        230  -230.5 

12.  White  sand   230.  5-256 

13.  Yellow  clay                                                                                         256  -257 

14.  Reddish  sand                                                                                      257  -262 

15.  Gray  clay                                                                                           262  -394 

16.  Coarse  yellow  gravel                                                                             394  -398 

This  well  flows  10  gallons  per  minute  at  a  height  of  8.5  feet  above  mean  high  tide. 

621.  Mr.  Danis  reports  the  following  section  for  this  well: 

Record  of  Walter  Jennings's  veil  near  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Stony  soil   0-10 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Clay   10-12 

3.  Sand   12-40 

4.  Clay  \   40-42 

5.  Red  sand   42-65 

6.  White  sand   65-92 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  2\)f> 

622.  This  well  was  first  driven  42  feet  and  water  obtained  which  was  used  for  a  time,  hut  proved 
unsatisfactory.  It  was  then  deepened  and  two  more  water- bearing  sands  encountered.  The  present 
supply  from  the  lower  layer  is  reported  to  be  very  good. 

623.  Record  of  R.  De  Forest's  well,  West  Neck. 


Cretaceous:  ,.<(M.t 

1.  Brownish-red  sandy  clay   0-117 

2.  White  sand   117-137 

3  Clay   137-157 

4.  Coarse  white  sand;  water  bearing   1.57-108 


624.  Record  of  Alex.  Denton's  well  near  Huntington. 

Wisconsin: 

1.  Ilardpan  

Tisbury?: 

2.  Fine  white  sand. . . 
Cretaceous: 

3.  Light-colored  clay . 

4.  Water-bearing  sand 

625.  Record  of  H.  J.  Dubois's  well  near  Huntington. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

L  Gravel  and  sand   0-  80 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous: 

2.  Very  fine  brown  clayey  sand   80-2.55 

Cretaceous: 

3.  Fine  to  coarse  light-yellow  sand   255-2(14 


626.  On  May  11,  1903,  gage  readings  were  begun  on  this  well.  Observations  for  six  hours  showed  no 
fluctuations  in  the  level  of  the  water,  which  rose  about  10  inches  above  the  top  of  the  pipe  out  of  which  it 
was  flowing  before  being  piped  up.  Mr.  Sammis  says  that  when  first  driven  the  water  did  not  reach  the 
top  of  the  pipe  but  stood  several  inches  below  it  .    After  one  or  two  weeks' pumping  the  well  began  to  flow. 

627.  This  well  was  all  in  sandy  gravel,  with  the  exception  of  a  thin  layer  of  clay  just  above  the  white 
water-bearing  gravel. 

62*.  This  well  was  abandoned  in  the  summer  of  1903,  but  Mr.  Dubois  states  that  they  intend  to  sink 
it  deeper.  It  will  be  seen  from  PI.  XVI  that  the  Lloyd  gravel  should  be  encountered  at  this  place  at  about 
.500  feet  below  sea  level,  or  about  125  feet  below  the  present  bottom  of  the  well.  The  chances  of  getting  a 
good  supply  of  water  by  deepening  the  well  150  feet  are,  therefore,  regarded  as  extremely  good. 

Record  of  B.  Ward's  well,  West  Neck. 


Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Loam  *   0-  10 

Tisbury: 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   10-  88 

Sankat  v ' : 

3.  Blue  clay   88-116 

.Tameco?: 

4.  Dark-brown  gravel  mixed  w;th  clay   116-149 

Transition: 

5.  Dark-brown  sand   148-164 

Cretaceous : 

6.  Blue  hardpan   164-173 

7.  Blue  clay   173-193 

8.  Pink  clay   193-273 

9.  Brown  sand,  very  fine   278-280 


Feet. 
0-  80 

80-165 

165-175 
17.5-181 


296       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Cretaceous — Continued.  Feet. 

10.  Pink  clay   280-335 

11.  Pebbles  '   335-336 

12.  Dark-brown  sandy  clay   336-347 

13.  Sandstone   347-350 

14.  Pink  clay   350-386 

15.  Brown  sand  '.   386-416 

16.  Fine  sand,  like  quicksand  .  . .    416-417 

17.  Brown  clay   417-429 

18.  Water  sand   429-430 

19.  Light-blue  clay   430-432 

20.  Very  black  clay   432-435 

21.  Light-blue  clay,  turning  to  reddish  color  near  bottom  of  stratum   435-439 

22.  Brick-red  clay   439-444 

23.  Slate-colored  clay   444-447 

24.  White  clay,  like  kaolin   447-449 

25.  Very  dark-blue  clay   449-453 

26.  Blue  clay  with  charcoal   453-455 

27.  Light-blue  clay   455-461 

28.  Light-green  clay  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   461-465 

29.  Red  clay   465-471 

30.  Dark-gray  clay   471-476 

31.  Light-blue  clay   476-479 

32.  Dark-brown  sand   479-480 

33.  Green  clay   480-482 

34.  Red  clay  mixed  with  blue   482-485 

35.  Very  fine  brown  sand  mixed  with  clay   485-487 

36.  Very  white  clay    487-488 

37.  Black  clay  ]   488-491 

38.  Dark-brown  clay   491-495 

39.  Drab-colored  clay  :   495-497 

40.  Hardpan,  or  sand  rock:  looks  like  an  oolitic  limestone   497-498 

629.  Record  of  Mrs.  M.  H.  Clots's  well,  West  Neck. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  '.   0-10 

2.  Hardpan  with  gravel   10-25 

Tisbury  and  Sankaty: 

3.  Fine  brown  sand:  a  little  clay   25-85 

Sankaty: 

4.  Blue  clay   85-93 

Jameco  ? :  * 

5.  Brown  gravelly  sand:  water  bearing   93-97 


63©.  The  4-inch  pipe  is  cut  off  17  feet  from  surface,  and  the  well  flows  10  gallons  per  minute  into  an 
underground  cistern.    Water  would  rise  to  within  4  feet  of  the  surface. 

A  5-inch  well  was  sunk  about  10  feet  from  the  4-inch  well,  to  a  depth  of  147  feet,  and  flows  into  the 
underground  cistern  18  gallons  per  minute. 

Record  of  A.  Heckschers  well  near  Holesile. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface   0-  10 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Pink  clay  '-   10-140 

3.  Coarse  white  gravel   140-142 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  297 

631.  Record  of  Mr*.  A.  W.  }fnrsh's  well,  West  Xeck: 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0_  80 

Cretaceous: 

2-  Marl   80-  90 

3.  Blue  clay   £0-110 

4.  Fine  sand,  white   110-111 

5.  White  clay   111-115 

6.  Water-bearing  sand   115-131 

632.  Record  of  R.  B.  Conklin's  well.  West  Neck. 

Wisconsin:  feet. 

1.  Surface  earth   0  -10 

2.  Bowlders   10    -12.  5 

3.  Gravel  and  clay  mixed  with  surface  material   12.5-24 

Tisbury : 

4.  Fine  dark-gray  sand   24  -29 

5.  Dark-gray  gravel   29  -30 

Cretaceous?: 

6.  White  sand   30  -46 

7.  White  quartz  gravel:  water  bearing  46  -51 

8.  Yellow  sand   51  -56 

633.  This  well  was  visited  in  company  with  Dr.  O.  L.  Jones  on  April  24,  1903.  and  the  following  sam- 
ples and  records  obtained.  At  this  time  the  pipe  had  been  cut  off  about  a  foot  below  the  mean  level  of  the 
ground  (5  to  6  feet  above  high  tide),  and  the  well  was  flowing  about  5  gallons  per  minute.    The  foreman 


stated  that  at  low  tide  the  water  ceased  to  flow,  but  when  the  tide  had  risen  1  foot  t he  well  commenced  to 
flow  and  the  flow  increased  until  high  tide. 


Record  of  Dr.  O.  L.  Jones's  well,  Lloyd  Xeck. 

Recent  to  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-  95 

Sankaty  I : 

2.  Dark-gray  laminated  clay,  with  pieces  of  partly  lignitized  wood   95-105 

Jameco  I : 

3.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand  (glacial?)   105-122 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Dark-gray  laminated  clay   122-222 

Lloyd  sand: 

5-6.  Very  light-yellow  sand,  with  fragments  of  white,  very  much  decayed  chert  . .  .  222-243 

7.  White  quartz  gravel,  with  a  few  pebbles  of  ferruginous  sandstone  and  white  chert .  243-246 

8.  Coarse,  light-yellow  sand,  with  a  few  fossil  fragments   247.  5 

9.  Small  yellow  quartz  gravel,  with  a  few  white  chert  pebbles   248.5 

The  fossils  from  No.  8  were  submitted  to  Dr.  T.  W.  Stanton  and  he  regarded  them  as  L'pper  Cretaceous. 
They  show:  (1)  Crinoid  stem:  (2)  fragment  of  shell;  (3)  Clausa  americana.  a  bryozoan  very  common  in 
the  Rancocas  formation  in  New  Jersey.    (Identified  by  Ray  S.  Bassler.) 

635.  Record  of  commission's  lest  well  1  mile  northeast  of  Amityrille. 

Feet. 

1-  2.  Surface  loam   0-  1 

3.  Gravel  and  yellow  loam   1-  2 

4-  8.  White  quartz,  sand,  and  gravel:  very  few  if  any  erratics   .5-25 

See  Table  XII. 

636.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  I  mile  north  of  Lindenhnrst. 

J  Feet 

1.  Very  dark  sandy  clay   0  -0.5 

2-  4.  Sand  and  gravel,  with  a  small  percentage  of  erratics   0.  .5-10 

5-  6.  Medium  gray  sand  (possibly  glacial)   16  -21 

17116— No.  44—06  20 


298      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


637.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  2  miles  northwest  of  Lindenhurst. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam  and  sand   0-  1 

3-9.  Sand  and  small  gravel:  very  small  percentage  of  erratics   1-29.5 

See  Table  XII. 

63§.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Haywood. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  1 

3-9.  Light  grayish-white  sand  and  quartz  gravel:  very  small  percentage  of  erratics..  5-30 

639.  Record  of  commission's  test  weU  1.5  miles  south  of  Pinelawn. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Dark -colored  loamy  sand   0    -  0.  5 

2-5.  Dirty  yellow  sand  and  small  gravel    5-16 

6-7.  White  sand  and  gravel:  some  erratics   20  -26 

8.  Fine  yellow  sand   30  -35 

9-14.  Medium  grayish-yellow  sand:  some  erratics   40  -60 

Cretaceous: 

15-19.  Coarse,  sharp  yellowish-white  sand   60  -85 

20-21.  Very  dark,  fine  lignitic  sand.   .  87  -92 

See  Table  XII. 

640.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  2  miles  north  of  Lindenhurst. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  2 

3-5.  Medium  yellow  sand   2-12 

6.  Very  light-colored  sand  and  gravel:  small  percentage  of  glacial  material   14-30.5 

641.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  2  miles  south  of  Wyandanch. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  gravelly  loam   0-  1 

3-8.  Very  light-colored  sand  and  gravel  with  a  very  small  percentage  of  glacial  material.  5-31 

642.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Pinelawn. 

Feet. 

1.  Dark-colored  surface  loam   0-0.5 

2.  White  sand  and  gravel  with  some  erratics   5-42 

643.  The  following  analysis  was  made  February  .5,  1894,  by  C.  F.  ("handler,  Ph.  D.  and  Charles 
Pellew,  E.  M.: 

Analysis  of  water  from  Colonial  spriny  near  Wyandanch. 

Parts  per  million. 

Potassic  sulphate   3.  30 

Potassium  chloride.   7.  42 

Sodium  chloride   13.  72 

Calcic  carbonate  :  s   5. 09 

Magnesic  carbonate   3.  03 

Oxide  of  iron  and  aluminum  26 

Silica  -.   7.55 

Organic  and  volatile  matter   1.  50 

Total  residues  on  evaporation  at  230°  F   41.  87 

"The  'Colonial'  is  a  pure  alkaline  water,  showing  unusual  freedom  from  organic  matter." 
The  analysis  of  the  Mo-Mo-Xe  spring  was  made  by  the  same  chemists,  who  pronounced  it  the  pui 
water  they  had  ever  examined. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


299 


Analysis  of  the  Mo-Mo-Ne  spring  near  Wyandanch. 

Parts  per  million 

Potassic  sulphate   2.(X) 

Potassium  chloride  '.   1 .  OS 

Sodium  chloride  :   8.  20 

Sodic  carbonate   1.12 

Calcic  carbonate   1.  66 

Magnesic  carbonate   2.  30 

Oxide  of  iron  and  aluminum  28 

Silica  .   ;  .•   8.01 

Organic-  and  volatile  matter   3.  3.5 

Total  residues  on  evaporation  at  230°  F  -   27.  90 

644.  Mr.  George  Carll  reports  regarding  this  region:  "My  well  was  first  dug  130  feet  and  gave  a  fair 
supply  of  good  water.  When  the  well  was  finished  the  bottom  was  a  kind  of  a  quicksand  and  day,  that  at 
times  would  make  the  water  of  a  whitish  color.  I  afterwards  sunk  two  terra-cotta  tubes,  making  it  130  feci 
deep,  and  the  water  was  from  12  to  15  feet  in  depth.  About  500  or  0(X)  yards  to  the  north  arc  never-failing 
springs.  The  wells  north  and  south  range  from  20  to  .50  feet  in  depth.  1  struck  the  same  bed  of  clay  at  47 
feet,  but  there  was  nearly  3  feet  difference  in  striking  it  in  just  the  width  of  the  well,  and  consequently  I 
could  get  but  little  water." 

645.  Mr.  Elliott  states  that  the  thin  clay  layer  which  occurs  very  near  the  surface  in  this  well  extends 
for  about  1  mile  south  of  his  house,  and  north  as  far  as  Huntington. 


Record  of  J.  Elliott's  well  near  Melville. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Peel 

1.  Loam,  sand,  and  gravel   0-  4 

2.  Clay   !  5 

3.  Sand  and  gravel   .5-56 

64$.  All  deep  wells  in  this  neighborhood  lost  more  or  less  water  in  1900-1901. 

Record  of  A.  C .  Soper  cfr  Company's  well  near  Fairground. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbuiy:  Feet. 

1.  Dug  well  (sand)   0-120 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Sand   120-130 

3.  Clay   130-200 

4.  Very  fine  sand,  mixed  with  a  little  clay:  plenty  of  water  but  could  not  pump  on 

account  of  stopping  up   200-260 

5.  Coarse  sand:  very  good  water:  pumps  without  trouble   200-267 


649.  Record  of  P.  Gallienne's  mil  near  H tintingtoii . 


Feet. 

1.  Glacial  sand  and  gravel   0-  6.5 

2.  Dark-gray  sand  and  clay   6.5-  70 

3.  Dark  dirty-gray  sand  and  gravel  (probably  glacial )   70-  90 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Very  fine,  dark-colored,  siltv,  micaceous  sand   95-120 

5.  Clay   120-200 


65©.  Mr.  Darling  states  that  this  is  a  gravity  system  depending  on  a  ground  reservoir  situated  170  feet 
above  mean  high  tide.    The  material  penetrated  in  the  group  of  driven  wells  is  as  follows: 


300       UNDERGROUND    WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  wells  of  Huntington  waterworks,  Huntington. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

L  Silt,  mixed  with  clay   0-  5 

2.  Loam,  passing  into  hardpan   5-25 

Tisbury : 

3.  Water-bearing  gravel   25-60 

f^ach  well  will  yield  150  gallons  per  minute  without  lowering  the  water  below  the  suction  limit. 

tto;4.  Record  of  well  of  Huntington  Light  and  Power  Company  nun  Halesite. 

Recent :  Feel. 

1 .  Filled  ground   0-  0 

2.  Swamp  deposit   G-10 

Tisbury : 

3.  Dark  sand  and  gravel   10-70 

Sankaty  '.  : 

4.  Blue  clay   70-71 

Jameco  i : 

5.  Light  yellowish  gravel.  . .  . .   71-75 

)>">:>.  Record  of  R.  F.  Carmen's  weB,  near  Centerport. 

Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  grave!   0-154 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Blue  clay   154-229 

3.  White  gravel  <   229-258 

(►.VI.  Record  of  R.  S.  McCran/s  irell  near  Centerport. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  sand  and  some  water   0-161 

2.  Sand   161-175 

Jameco?: 

3.  Multicolored  stones  as  large  as  a  man's  fist   17,"-185 

<>."».">.  Record  oj  C.  A.  HaUoeJc's  weU  "<<"  Centerport. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  gravel   0-  4 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Pink  clay:  solid,  sticky   4-38 

3.  Dark-colored  gravel :  waterbearing   38-42 

•:i.">7.  Record  oj  •/.  ■/.  Robinson's  well  near  Centerport. 

Feet. 

1 .  Dug  well  0-26 

2.  Bluish  sandy  clay   £6-110 

3.  Yellow  gravel   110-117 


65fc.  This  plant  was  originally  supplied  from  springs  which  yielded  about  2(X)  gallons  per  minute.  .The 
water  from  these  was  collected  in  a  basin  at  the  pumping  station  and  then  lifted  to  a  ground  reservoir  having 
a  capacitv  of  about  250,000  gallons.  Early  in  1S03  two  very  successful  artesian  wells  were  completed,  and 
the  spring  supply  has  now  been  abandoned.  The  wells,  which  are  8  inches  in  diameter  and  47  feet  deep, 
are  situated  about  32  feet  above  mean  high  tide,  and  it  has  been  found  that  250  gallons  per  minute  must 
be  pumped  from  them  to  cause  them  to  cease  flowing.  The  ground  reservoir  is  still  used  to  supply  the  lower 
parts  of  the  town,  and  an  Acme  system,  having  storage  capacity  of  25,000  gallons,  has  lx>en  installed  foi 
high-level  service. 

The  following  samples  from  one  of  the  wells  have  l>een  furnished  by  Mr.  Henry  Cabre,  driller: 


DESCBIPTIVE  NOTES  on   WELL8.  801 
Record  of  well  of  Xorthpoii  waterworks,  Xorth/mrt. 

Wisconsin:  ... .  t 

1.  Clayey  gravel   0-  \ 

2.  Silty  sand,  line,  dark  reddish  brown   1-  3 

3.  Very  line,  reddish  brown,  clayey  sand   3-  5 

4.  Reddish  brown  silt  to  small  gravel:  contains  a  considerable  percentage  of  erratics.  5-10 
Tisbury : 

5-6.  Medium,  dirty,  yellow  sand   10-20 

7.  Fine  white  sand  to  coarse  gravel  (doubtfully  glacial  1   JO  2") 

8.  Fine,  dirty,  yellow  sand   2.5-30 

9.  Medium  sand   30-35 

10-13.  Medium  sand  to  small  gravel   35-48 

14.  Medium,  dirty,  yellow  sand   48-51 

This  whole  section,  while  not  pronouncedly  glacial,  is  probably  to  be  regarded  as  composed  of  reworked 
material  of  Glacial  age. 

659.  Record  of  A.  <).  GUdersleeve's  well  near  Larkfield. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Peet. 

1.  Coarse  sand,  mixed  with  gravel  and  small  stones   0-  50 

2.  Coarser  sand   .50-186 

660.  Record  of  Fred  Nevins's  well  near  Xorthport. 

Wisconsin:  ]Y,.t. 

1.  Loamy  clay. 
Tisbury: 

2.  Sand,  becoming  coarser  with  increasing  depth. 

3.  Water-bearing  sand  at   165 

4.  Sharp  white  sand,  water  bearing,  at   196 


662.  The  following  analysis  was  made  by  George  A.  Ferguson  and  Raymond  -I.  Xestell.  November 
30,  1901. 

Analysis  of  water  from  F.  J.  Smith's  well  near  Xorthjmrt. 


Parts  per  million. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides.   19.  252 

Equivalent  in  sodium  chloride   31.  774 

Phosphates  '.  :   Xone. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates   4.  490 

Nitrites  : '   None . 

Free  ammonia   .  040 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .  040 

Hardness  equivalent  in  calcium  carbonate: 

Temporary   56.  (XX) 

Permanent     18.000 

Organic  and  volatile  matter   35.  (XX) 

Mineral  matter  after  ignition   125.  (XX) 

Total  solids  at  230°  F   160. (XX) 

663.  This  flowing  well  consists  of  a  short  pipe  driven  into  an  old  spring  site.  The  water  rises  .5  feet  in 
the  pipe,  it  is  a  good  example  of  a  type  of  well  common  on  the  north  shore  which  is  on  the  border 
line  between  a  spring  and  an  artesian  well.     (See  lig  33. ) 

664.  Record  of  D.  B.  Moss's  well  near  Little  Xeck. 

Feet. 

1.  Fine  sand  to  water  level   0-48 

2.  Gray  clay   48- 

3.  Very  fine  brown  sand,  some  water.   -67 

4.  Coarse  white  gravel   67-75 


302       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


<»66.  Record  of  weU  of  P.  Van  Iderstine's  Sons,  Little  Neck. 

Tisbury:  Feet 

1 .  Light -colored  coarse  sand  and  gravel   0-130 

2.  Water-bearing  gravel  _  _   130-143 

669.  This  is  the  Port  Eaton  well  reported  by  Darton."  who  gives  the  following  record,  furnished  to 
him  by  Mr.  Ximmo: 

Record  of  Dr.  O.  L.  Jones's  irell  on  Eaton  Neck. 

Feet. 

1.  Quartz  gravel  and  sand   10 

2.  Quartz  gravel  and  sand.    ■_   20 

3.  Fine  sand  mixed  with  clay   30 

4.  Gravel  .'.!„.,   40 

5.  Sand  and  fine  gravel   50 

6.  Sand  and  fine  gravel   60 

7.  Coarse  gravel  :   70 

8.  Coarse  gravel   80 

9.  Fine  gravel   90 

10.  Fine  gravel   100 

11.  Gravel  and  sand   110 

12.  Fine  gravel  :   120 

13.  Coarse  gravel  .'   130 

14.  Fine  yellow  sand.   140 

15.  Fine  yellow  sand  mixed  with  mica   150 

16.  Lighter-colored  sand  with  mica   160 

17.  Coarser  sand;  no  mica   170 

18.  Coarser  sand:  no  mica   180 

19.  Fine  red  sand   190 

20.  Coarse  straw-colored  sand   200 

21.  Very  coarse  sand.   205 

22.  Fine  light-colored  sand   210 

23.  Clear  gravel     215 

24.  Light  coarse  sand   220 

25.  Light  coarse  sand   225 

26.  Coarse  gravel   230 

27.  Coarse  gravel   240 

28.  Yellow  sandy  clay   250 

29.  Sharp  coarse  sand   255 

30.  Sand  and  gravel.   260 

31.  Clear,  fine,  light-yellow  sand  "   265 

While  salt  water  was  reported  in  this  well  to  a  depth  of  205  feet,  at  263  feet  an  excellent  supply  of  fresh 

water  is  said  to  have  been  obtained  which  flowed  slightly  above  the  surface.    Attempts  to  develop  this 

brought  in  salt  water,  and  Mr.  C.  H.  Danis,  who  afterwards  worked  on  the  well,  reported  that  he  could  get 
no  fresh  water.    The  well  was  deepened  to  340  feet  through  sand  and  gravel  containing  salt  water. 
ttTO.  Mr.  Bevin  has  kindly  furnished  the  Survey  with  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  L.  A.  Bevin's  weU  on  Eaton  Seek. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1-2.  White  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  percentage  of  erratics   15-  30 

Cretaceous : 

3.  Medium-coarse  white  sard  ,   40 

4-6.  Sand  and  small  pebbles  with  a  rather  pinkish  cast   50-  75 


"Darton.  N.  H..  Artesian-well  prospects  in  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  region:  Bull  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  13S> 
18fK>,  p.  35. 


DB80BIFTIVK   NOTES  ON   WKLLS.  803 

Cretaceous — Continued.  lei. 

7.  Coarse  pinkish  white  sand   mi 

8-9.  Medium,  white,  micaceous  sand   90-100 

10.  Very  fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand   110 

11.  Medium  to  coarse  white  sand   120 

12.  Small  angular  quartz  pebbles,  evidently  broken  from  larger  ones   130 

13.  Medium  to  coarse  white  sand   130 

14.  Medium  white  sand   150 

15.  White  clay  ("kaolin")  ,   159-160 

16.  Small  white  quartz  pebbles   165 

17-20.  Fine,  gray,  micaceous  sand   280-300 

21-25.  Medium-coarse  white  sand   215-240 

26-31.  Fine,  white,  micaceous  sand   2.50-300 

32-34.  Medium  yellowish  white  sand   310-330 

35-39.  Fine  sand  and  small  quartz  pebbles   335-350 


Nearly  all  the  samples  contain  fragments  of  milk-white  chert,  generally  quite  soft;  when  first  seen  they 
may  be  mistaken  for  white,  calcareous  concretions. 

Mr.  Danis  reports  that  fresh  water  was  encountered  at  a  depth  of  12  feet,  and  that  below  that  nothing 
but  salty  water  was  found.  The  well  is  about  5  feet  above  high  tide,  and  flows  a  little  salty  water  at  high 
tide. 

671.  The  following  record  has  been  furnished  by  Mr.  E.  K.  Hutchinson  to  the  New  Jersey  Geological 


Survey:  " 

Record  of  Dr.  E.  H.  Muncie's  well  on  Muncie  Island,  Xew  York. 
Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Muck  and  sand  with  shells   0-  10 

Wisconsin?  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Heavy,  yellow,  micaceous  sand  and  gravel,  with  water  salt  as  the  ocean,  standing 

nearly  at  the  surface  of  the  meadow;    this  stratum  is  very  similar  to  that 

obtained  from  most  of  the  shallow  wells  on  Long  Island   10-  45 

Sankaty?  and  Jameco? 

3.  Clav:  fine  sand  like  beach  sand:  sand  and  clay  mixed:  color,  blue  and  gray   45-150 

Jameco !  and  Cretaceous: 

4.  Clay,  sand,  etc.,  much  like  the  last,  only  darker,  with  water  which  Howed  14 

gallons  a  minute  over  the  top  of  the  casing,  which  was  2  feet  above  the  ground. 
This  water  was  fresh,  but  was  colored  black:    about  three  wheelbarrow  loads 

of  wood  (lignite )  was  pumped  out :  the  pipe  seemed  to  be  in  wood   1 50-200 

Cretaceous : 

5.  Lighter  colored  sand  and  clay  mixed:  amount  of  lignite  gradually  decreased. 

Sand  a  little  heavier  at  the  base  where  good  water  was  obtained.    Water  flowed 
8  gallons  a  minute  from  2-inch  pipe  2  feet  above  the  surface   200-270 


Doctor  Muncie  reports:  "The  present  well  flows  15  gallons  per  minute:  the  first  water  obtained  flowed 
for  about  6  months  and  then  stopped.  At  first  the  flow  was  about  30  gallons  per  minute,  but  the  water 
ontinued  dirty." 

673.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  have  furnished  the  following  partial  analysis  made  January, 
1901: 

Analysis  of  water  from  railroad  well  near  Babylon. 

Parts  per  million. 

lotal  solids   81.39 

674.  Mr.  E.  Camerdon,  chief  engineer,  reports  that  two  of  the  wells  at  this  place  were  put  down  in 
1893,  and  two  in  1898:  each  well  will  yield  300  gallons  per  minute.    The  section  is  as  follows: 


Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  Mew  Jersey  for  1899.  1890,  p.  79 


304       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 

Record  of  Sumpicams  Water  Company's  well  near  Babylon. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

2.  Fine  white  sand   3-54 

3.  Coars?  sharp  sand  :   54-60 

4.  Very  clean  white  gravel    60-70 


The  water  contains  no  iron,  hut  shows  slight  trac?s  of  alum  and  salt.  A  detailed  description  of  this 
plant  will  be  found  in  the  Engineering  Record,  volume  43,  1901.  pages  28-30. 

675.  When  the  original  site  of  the  Great  South  Bay  Water  Company  plant.  No.  691.  was  abandoned, 
the  station  was  moved  to  this  place.  The  present  plant  consists  of  twenty  5-inch  w  lis.  40  to  45  feet  deep, 
with  a  capacity  of  2.2.50.000  gallons  per  day. 


»>*<>.  Record  of  ('.  S.  Burr's  well  near  Kings  Park. 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well  ..   0-118 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Pink  sand   118-138 

3.  White  sand   138-142 

681.  Record  of  Captain  ( larke's  mil  near  Elwood. 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well  „.   0-  90 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Dark,  quite  fine  sand,  sticky,  no  water   90-170 

683.  Record  of  Win.  Herod's  well  near  Kings  Park. 

Feet 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-  4 


Tisbury  and  Cretaceous? 

2.  Medium  white  sand  with  occasional  thin  streaks  of  clay   4-152 

685.  Mr.  Thompson  reports:  "I  have  put  down  five  6-inch  flowing  wells,  th  !  water  from  which  is  used 
for  trout  hatching  and  growing.  The  first  well  was  sunk  about  ten  years  ago.  I  sunk  a  lj-inch  pip?,  and 
got  a  good  flow  at  33  feet.  A  6-inch  pipe  gave  50  gallons  per  minute  at  33  feet.  I  then  drove  a  l}-inch  pipe 
inside  of  the  6-inch  pip?,  and  at  a  depth  of  45  feet  got  a  nic?  flow." 

Mr.  H.  J.  Dubois,  the  driller,  reports  the  following  section  for  two  wells  on  th  •  south  side  of  the  ravine: 


Record  of  Edw.  Thompson's  wells  near  Middlerille. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Red  loamy  sand  at  the  surface,  becoming  coarser  and  passing  into  gravel  below. .  0-32 
A  deeper  well,  put  down  on  the  northern  side  of  the  ravine,  showed  the  following  s?ction: 

Record  of  Edw.  Thompson'"  well  near  Middlerille. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Gravel  with  only  a  small  amount  of  water   0-  30 

Cretaceous? 

2.  Dark-brown  clayey  sand,  becoming  coarser  below  and  yielding  artesian  water....  30-100 
686.                             Record  of  J.  F.  McGiff's  well  near  Fort  Salonga. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Soil     0-  5 

Tisbury: 

2.  Ferruginous  sand   5-  6 

3.  Clean,  light-colored,  pebbly  sand   6-113 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Tenacious  sandy  clay   113-118 

5.  Water-bearing  gravel   118- 


DESCRIPTIVE   CTOTES  OH  WELLS. 


305 


Mr.  Velsor  lias  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 


Record  of  Doctor  Gillette's  irell  near  Fori  Saloni/a. 
Wisconsin:  p,.,., 

1.  Very  fine  light  grayish  loam   0-  X 

Tisbury: 

2.  Glacial  sand  and  gravel,  for  the  most  part  quite  clean,  hut  containing  a  little  silt 

between  35  and  38   S-73 

Below  45  feet  the  samples  show  quite  a  little  ferruginous  concretionary  material. 


<»9I.  This  was  the  site  of  the  original  pumping  station  of  the  Great  South  Bay  Water  Company.  The 
supply  was  from  a  gang  of  5-inch  wells.  60  feet  deep,  of  which  Mr.  C.  A.  Lockwood  gives  the  following  data: 

Record  of  old  wells  of  (heat  South  Bay  'Water  Company  at  Bayshore. 

Feet. 

I.  White  beach  sand  becoming  finer  near  the  bottom  of  the  well   0-<>0 

For  the  first  two  years  these. wells,  of  which  there  were  12  or  15  in  all,  yielded  a  sufficient  supply,  but 
at  the  expiration  of  that  time  the  demand  increased,  and  a  350-foot  well  was  sunk  to  obtain  a  greater  supply. 
The  material  encountered  in  putting  down  this  well  was  all  white  beach  sand  with  some  lignite  at  3(X)  feet. 
The  water  from  the  gang  of  60-foot  wells  became  more  and  more  charged  with  iron,  and  had  a  smell  similar 
to  that  of  decayed  vegetation:  its  taste  was  also  bad.  It  was  for  this  reason,  together  with  the  fact  that  a 
greater  supply  was  desired,  that  the  deep  tests  were  sunk  and.  when  these  failed,  the  station  was  moved  to 
No.  675. 

Mr.  Sands,  the  superintendent,  has  furnished  the  following  notes  regarding  these  deep  test  wells  made 
by  Mr.  John  C.  Lockwood,  the  former  president  of  the  Great  South  Bay  Water  Company,  who  had  charge 
of  the  drilling: 

Record  of  deep  test  wells  of  Great  South  Bay  Water  Company  at  Bayshore. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel   0-  59 

Sankaty  '.  : 

2.  Clay  (15  or  20  feet  thick)   59- 

Cretaceous: 

3.  No  record. 

4.  Clay  ,   144-146 

5.  No  record. 

6.  Clay  (15  or  20  feet  thick)   242- 


"At  262  feet  got  strong  flow,  water  rising  9  feet  6  inches  above  surface  when  casing  was  run  upward." 
The  following  analysis  was  published  in  the  first  rules  and  regulations  of  the  company: 

Analysis  of  water  from  old  wells  of  Great  South  Bay  Water  Company  at  Bayshore. 
[Analysis  by  C.  F.  Chandler,  Ph.  I).,  New  York,  Decembers,  1889  ] 

Parts  per  million. 


Appearance  in  2-foot  tube   Clear,  colorless. 

Odor  '.   None. 

Taste   None. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides   8.  10 

Sodium  chloride   16.  78 

Phosphates   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites    None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates   02 

Free  ammonia   •  17 

Albuminoid  ammonia   07 

Total  hardness   19. 03 

Permanent  hardness     19.  03 


306       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Parts  per  million. 

Organic  and  volatile  matter   .3.  99 

Mineral  matter   44.  87  . 

Total  solids  at  240°  F  :   48.  86 

"  The  total  amount  of  solid  matter  contained  in  the  w  ater  is  extremely  small.    There  are  no  phosphat 
and  no  nitrites,  both  of  which  are  regarded  as  evidences  of  contamination  when  present.    The  nitrogen 
the  form  of  nitrates  is  very  small,  and  the  free  and  albuminoid  ammonia  is  moderate." 

692.  Ream!  of  Strong  weU  near  Bay  shore. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand;  no  change  in  texture  or  color   0-67 

694.  Record  of  commission's  test  weU  near  Bayshore. 

Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam    0    -  1.5 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand   5    -  5.5 

4-5.  White  sand  and  gravel   10    -  16 

6-21.  Grayish  white  sand  and  gravel    20    -400.  5 

Cretaceous  ( : 

22.  Very  dark  brownish  gray,  micaceous,  clayey  sand   101.  5-102.  .5 

Samples  1  to  21  apparently  represent  glacial  out  wash.  See  Table  XII. 
<>9«>.  Rerun!  of  commission's  list  well  near  Bayshore. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Surface  sandy  loam   0-  2 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand   5-  5.  5 

4.  Coarse  sand  and  small  gravel  with  glacial  material   .  10-10.  5 

5-6.  Light  yellowish  white  fine  sand  and  small  gravel   15-20.5 

7.  Small  gravel  with  a  little  fine  sand,  containing  some  glacial  material   25-26 

8-9.  Fine  sand  to  small  gravel...  •*   30-36 

The  whole  section  of  this  well  is  composed  of  glacial  outwash.    See  Table  XII. 


t>9<».  Record  of  commission's  test  well  mar  East  Islip. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

1-2.  Sandy  loam  

3.  Light-yellow  fine  sand  to  small  gravel  

4.  Grayish  white  sand  and  gravel,  with  considerable  glacial  material  

5-6.  Light  reddish  brown  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  small  percentage  <>f  glacial  material 
7-8.  Light  yellowish  white  fine  to  medium  sand,  not  clearly  glacial  

697.  Record  of  commission's  test  weU  near  Brentwood. 


Feet. 

1-2.  Sandy  loam   0-  1.5 

3-8.  Grayish  white  sand  and  gravel:  probably  glacial  outwash   5-30 

See  Table  XIII. 

09W.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Brentwood. 

Feet. 

1-3.  Surface  loam:  some  gravel   0-  5.5 

3-8.  Outwash  sand  and  gravel   10-30.  5 

See  Table  XIII. 


Feet. 
0-  3 
3-  5 

5-io 

10-20 
2(V-30 


I 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES   ON    VVKLLS.  3 ( ) 7 
<»9J>.                                   Record  of  commission's  test  veil  mm  hlip. 

Foot. 

1-2.  Yellow  surface  loam   0-  2 

3.  Dark,  humus-stained,  medium  sand   5-  5. 5 

4-  5.  Medium  light-yellow  sand   10-16 

6.  Small  gravel,  with  a  noticeable  percentage  of  glacial  material   20-21 

7-9.  Dirty,  yellow,  fine  sand  to  small  gravel   25—10.  5 

This  whole  section  appears  to  he  of  glacial  origin, 

700.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Islip. 

Feet. 

1-2.  Yellow  loamy  sand   0-  1.5 

3-  8.  Light  grayish  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  small  percentage  of  glacial  material   5-31 

9-10.  Medium  light-yellow  sand:  age  very  doubtful   35-41 

701.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  I  slip. 

Feet. 

1-  2.  Yellow  gravelly  loam   0-  2 

3.  Dark  reddish  brown  sand  and  gravel  with  considerable  glacial  material   2-5 

4.  Light-yellow  medium  sand  to  coarse  gravel,  with  only  a  small  percentage  of  glacial 

material   5-  9. 6 

5.  Very  dark  reddish-brown  sand  and  gravel:  very  doubtfully  glacial   15-35 

70t2.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Central  Islip. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  sand   0  -0.5 

2-  4.  Fine  to  medium  light  yellow  sand   0.  5-10 

5-  7.  Light  yellow  sand  and  gravel  with  glacial  material   12  -25 

703.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Central  Islip. 

Feet 

1-2.  Yellowish-brown  sandy  loam   0-  2 

3.  Medium  light  yellow  sand   2-  5 

4-  9.  Light  yellow  sand  and  gravel  with  a  little  glacial  material   5-35 


7©5.  Mr.  Darling  states  that  the  two  wells  at  this  point  furnish  150  gallons  of  water  per  minute  with 
deep-well  pumps:  with  direct  suction  he  believes  they  would  yield  250  gallons  each.  He  has  installed  an 
Acme  system  with  a  storage  capacity  of  10,000  gallons. 


Record  of  wells  at  St.  Joseph's  in  the  Pines,  near  Brentwood. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand     0-27 

2.  Water-bearing  sand   27-32 

3.  Clay.:  :   32-35 

4.  Water-bearing  sand   35-52 

706.  Mr.  Codman  writes  regarding  this  locality:    "In  excavating  for  cellars  or  wells  there  is  often 

found  at  a  depth  of  2  to  5  feet  a  layer  of  grayish-blue  deposit,  locally  called  '  blue  clay.'  This  layer,  which 
is  2  or  3  feet  thick,  on  drying  shows  a  clayey  fracture,  though  it  is  wholly  devoid  of  plastic  qualities.  [ 
have  washed  it  and  find  it  a  very  fine  sand.    I  consider  it  rock  flour." 


•  One  mile  south  of  the  main  line  of  the  railroad  the  water  stratum  is  found  at  a  depth  of  28  feet;  1  mile 
north  of  the  track  the  depth  gradually  increases  to  52  feet. 


7©7.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Brentwood. 

Wisconsin  and'Tisbury:  Feet. 

1-2.  Reddish  yellow  surface  loam   0-  3 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand  with  a  little  gravel   3-  5 

4.  Dark-drab  silty  sand,  with  a  few  pebbles    5-  21 


308       I'NDEKGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,   NEW  YORK. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisburv — Continued.  Teet. 

5-8.  Yellowish  white  sand  and  gravel   21-  40 

9-10.  Coarsp  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  very   noticeable  percentage  of  erratics  for  this 

region   45-  50 

11-12.  Fine  to  coarse  light  yellow  sand  and  gravel    50-  60  ' 

13.  Fine  to  coarse  gravel  with  some  sand  and  a  small  percentage  of  glacial  material  . .  60-  65 

14-18.  Light  yellowish  sand  and  gravel,  rrlacial   65-  88 

19.  Fine  to  medium  yellow  sand   88-  92 

20.  Light  reddish-brown  sand  and  gravel,  with  erratics   92-. 97 

Cretac.ous?: 

21.  Fine,  yellowish  brown  sand  and  grav*  1   97-100 

22.  Fine  to  medium,  grayish-yellow  sand. . .  -     100-103 

See  Table  XIII. 

70S.  Record  of  commission's  tt^t  ire]]  mar  Brentwood. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv  '.  :  Feet. 

1.  Black  sandy  loam   0   -  0.  4 

2.  Light-yellow  silt  .   0.4-  2.5 

3-11.  Light-yellow  or  grayish  yellow  sand,  with  considerable  erratic  mat  rial  (glacial 

outwash )   2.  5—44 

See  Table  XIII. 

TIO.  Record  of  Charles  Blyndenburgh'x  well  near  Hnuppauge. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Coars?  gravel  :   0-20 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv: 

2.  Fine  sand,  with  thin  layer  of  clay  at  25  feet   20-45 

Tisburv : 

3.  Coars?  gravel   45—49.  5 

711.  Mr.  Price  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  C.  B.  Pedrick's  weU  near  Smithiown. 

Pleistocene:  Feet 

1.  Very  fine,  brown,  micaceous  sand   90 

2.  Grayish  yellow  silty  sand  and  small,  rather  angular,  quartz  gravel:  contains  a  few 

pebbks  of  glacial  origin   163 

3.  Very  fine,  bright-yellow,  micaceous  silt,  with  quartz  pebbles   165 

4.  Medium  yellow  sand  '.   168 

The  section  rrport  d  by  Mr.  Price  is  as  follows: 

Record  of  C.  B.  Pedrick's  well  near  Smithiown. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  gravel  ,   0-  20 

2.  Very  micaceous  quicksand   20-  95 

Pleistocene?: 

3.  Stiff  clay  with  quartz  pebbl:  s   95-165 

4.  fellow  sand  with  small  supply  of  water   165-168 

71'2.  Record  of  J.  B.  Paijne'x  well  near  Smithiown. 

Feet. 

1.  Gravel  and  sand,  with  surface  water   0-  20 

2.  Clay...:  -  -   20-60 

3.  Quicksand  and  water   60-100 

4.  Clay   100-118 

5.  Gravrl  and  sand   118-127 

This  well  was  never  completed. 


DE8CBIPTOVE  NOTES  OH   WELLS.  809 
713.                        Record  of  Frederick  Xolmck't  well  near  Smithtown  Branch. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand,  with  surface  water   ()_  30 

2.  Clay  with  stone  (stones  wen-  black  and  did  not  wash  white)   30-105 

3.  Black  material   105-110 

4.  Sand  and  gravel   110-125 


The  sand  from  stratum  4  of  this  well  ros-  in  the  pipe  and  was  cleaned  out  and  the  water  at  once  rose 
to  within  50  fe?t  of  the  surface. 

714.  Mr.  Redwood  has  kindly  furnished  a  sample  from  a  depth  of  95  feet:  it  is  a  glacial  gravel, 
similar  to  that  found  in  upper  part  of  wells  in  this  section. 


715.  Record  of  E.  M.  Smith's  irell  near  Smithtown  Branch. 

Wisconsin:  feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  5 

2.  Clay  containing  a  few  "pebbles   5-  40 

Tisbury : 

3.  Fine  white  sand   40-83 

4.  Good  gravel   83-100 

716.  Record  of  C.  F.  Leeman's  well  near  Smithtoirn  Branch. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  .  _  0-  5 

2.  Good  gravel   150-160 

Mr.  Rogers  was  unable  to  finish  a  complete  log  of  this  well.    He  thinks  no  clay  was  encountered. 

717.  Record  of  Rassapeaque  Club's  well  near  Smithtown  Branch. 

Wisconsin  or  Tisbury:  Feet 
1.  From  medium  white  sand  at  the  top  gradually  becoming  coarser  until  coarse  gravel 

is  encountered   0-18 

Tb.2  eoars"  gravel  in  this  well  at  18  feet  furnishes  artesian  water. 


7 IS.  Mr.  George  Schmidt  reports  that  one  bed  of  clay  was  encountered  in  this  well.  He  could  give 
no  further  information  regarding  it. 

719.  These  wells  were  completed  in  1899  and  are  pumped  with  an  air  lift.  The  supply  is  stated  to 
have  deer,  ased  and  the  water  to  be  hard  and  salty. 

Record  of  well  of  Society  of  St.  Johndand  at  Kintjs  Park. 


Pleistocene '.:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel,  with  surface  water  below  10  feet   0-15 

2.  Clay...   15^20 

3.  Sand,  with  main  water-braring  horizon  at  about  40  feet   20-90 

7£0.  Record  of  W.  W.  Keni/on's  wdl  on  Nissequogut  River. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Gravel   0-130 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Dark-blue  clay   130-170 

3.  Grayish  brown  sticky  sand   170-206 

-1.  Coars.'  white  gravel   206-212 


t-2 £.  It  is  stat.d  that  the  water  in  this  well  at  first  stood  12  feet  below  the  surface,  but  that  after  pump- 
ing it  rose  to  8  feet. 

Record  of  W .  J.  Matherson's  well  on  Xissequor/ue  River. 


Feet 

1.  Dug  well   0-  20 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   20-  35 

3.  Black  clay   35-45 

4.  Marsh  mud  and  sand   45-100 

5.  Very  fine  white  sand  :   100-130 

6.  Coarse  sand  with  water   130-146 


310       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


722.  Mr.  Rogers  has  kindly  furnished  a  sample  from  this  well  from  a  depth  of  80  feet:  it  consists 
of  brown  glacial  sand  and  gravel. 


723.  Record  of  R.  H.  Smith's  well  near  Stony  Brook  Harbor. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  --------  --     °-  60 

2.  Mixture  of  clay  and  sand   60-  90 

3.  Fine  sand  and  gravel,  growing  coarser   90-117 

724.  No  clay  or  quicksand  was  encountered  in  this  well,  the  material  being  entirely  sand  and  gravel. 
727.  Record  of  ('.  R.  Roberts's  well  near  Oakdale. 

Feet. 

1.  Bog,  bearing  foul-smelling  water   0    -  15 

2.  Fine  black  gravel.  *   15   -  17.5 

3.  Muck,  bearing  foul-smelling  water   17.5-170 

At  the  depth  of  170  feet,  no  better  water  having  been  encountered  than  that  found  at  the  top,  the 
well  was  abandoned.  Mr.  Kirk  reports  that  in  the  vicinity  of  Swan  Creek  the  same  conditions  are  often 
encountered. 

729.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  SayviMe. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  sand    0  -0.4 

2.  Yellow  loamy  sand  '  0.  4-  2 

3-11.  Light-yellow  or  grayish  yellow  fine  sand  to  small  gravel,  with  a  few  glacial  pebbles.  2  -45 

See  Table  XIII." 

73©.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  sand..   Surface. 

2.  Yellow  loamy  sand.   Subsoil. 

3-6.  Light  grayish  white  sand  and  gravel  (glacial).-   2-20 

7.  Fine  to  medium  white  sand,  with  traces  of  lignite   24-25 

8-^-14.  Light-yellow  line  sand  to  small  gravel,  with  a  few  erratic  fragments  in  the  lower 

samples  •   29-62 

731.  Rf  con/  of  commission's  test  well  near  Ronkonkomn 

Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  sand   0  -0.6 

2.  Yellow  loamy  sand  6-  2 

3-5.  Grayish  yellow  sand  and  gravel  with  a  few  erratics   4  -5 

6.  Very  bright,  vermilion,  clayey  sand   18 

7-13.  Very  light  grayish  yellow  sands  and  gravel,  with  a  small  percentage  of  glacial 

material   24-56 

See  Table  XIII. 

732.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1 .  Black  loamy  sand   0    -  0.  a 

2.  Yellowish  loamy  sand  5-  3 

3-4.  Light-yellow  sand  with  a  few  gravels   4  -10 

5.  Very  fine  to  medium  grayish  brown  sand..   14  -15 

6-9.  Reddish  yellow  sand  and  gravel,  with  pronounced  glacial  pebbles   19  .  -35 

See  Table  XIII. 

734.  Record  of  John  Klaiber's  well  war  Ronkonkoma. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:       •  Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-  8 

2.  Coarse  sharp  sand ;  no  stones  nor  clay.  .■   8-81 


DESCRIPTIVE   NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


736.  The  location  of  this  well  as  given  on  the  map  is  prohahlv  slightly  in  error. 

Record  of  William  Ralston' s  well  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  peet 

1.  Surface  loam...   0_  5 

2.  Coarse  gravel   5-12 

3.  Medium  white  sand   12-22 

1.  Black  hardpan,  with  stones  about  the  size  of  walnuts   22-25 

5.  Medium  white  sand   25-54 

737.  _  Record  of  J.  Weber's  well  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Pleistocene:  Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-  13 

2.  Sand,  with  a  little  gravel  and  occasional  streaks  of  clay   13-  25 

3.  Coarse  sand   25-  38 

4.  Clay;  no  bowlders   38-103 

5.  Water-bearing  sand   103-117 

Mr.  W.  T.  Arthur  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 
Record  of  J.  Weber's  icell  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Feet 

1.  Medium  to  very  coarse,  dirty,  quartz  sand,  with  some  small  gravel:  has  the  general  aspect 

of  glacial  material,  and  contains  a  few  rounded  fragments  of  soft,  fine-grained,  mica 

schist,  with  biotite   103-117 

2.  Very  fine,  light-gray,  silty  sand,  with  much  muscovite   117- 

The  water  from  the  sand  and  gravel  between  112  and  117  rises  just  to  lake  level. 
73§.  There  was  8  feet  of  water  in  pipe  when  the  well  was  completed:  the  lake  level  was  then  said  to 
below.    Later  the  lake  level  rose  and  a  corresponding  rise  of  the  water  in  the  well  occurred. 

Record  of  6.  E.  Plunkett's  well  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1.  Dug  well   0-60 

2.  Coarse  sand   60-70 

739.  Record  of  R.  W .  Xcwton's  well  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma . 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-5 

2.  Fine  white  sand   5-55 

3.  Clean  white  gravel   55-60 

Mr.  Rogers  reports  that  where  waterworn  gravel  is  encountered  at  any  depth  exceeding  about  50 
feet  the  supply  of  water  is  always  abundant  and  good.  This  statement  of  Mr.  Rogers  is  equivalent  to 
saying  that  wherever  a  coarse  gravel  is  found  below  the  main  water  table  an  abundant  supply  is  obtained 
(p.  67). 

A  sample  furnished  by  Mr.  Rogers,  marked  ''Newton  well,  60  feet,  1896."  is  fine  light-yellow  glacial 
sand  with  some  gravel. 

74©.  Water  stands  8  feet  below  surface:  this  is  said  to  be  at  the  same  level  as  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Record  of  well  of  W.  Imhauser  estate  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 
Pleistocene:  Feet- 

1.  Clay;  no  bowlders   0-62 

2.  Medium  sand   &5~75 

741.  Mr.  Ralston,  who  has  lived  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma  all  his  life,  reports  that  in  digging  or  driving 

wells  on  the  west  side  of  the  lake  a  considerable  thickness  of  clay  is  encountered  in  nearly  every  instance,  while 
on  the  east  side  the  material  is  for  the  most  part  sandy,  the  sand  being  of  the  kind  known  as  "beach  sand." 


312       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG   ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Record  of  Nelson  Newton's  well  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-5 

2.  Yellow  sand   5-10 

3.  White  beach  sand   10-33 

743.  Record  of  W.  H.  Warner's  well  near  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Fine  sand                                                                                                 0  -35 

2.  Clay                                                                                                       35  -36.  5 

3.  Sand  and  gravel  •   36.5-47 

744.  In  wet  weather  the  water  is  milky,  indicating,  Mr.  Terry  thinks,  that  clay  lies  a  short  distance 
below  86  feet. 

Record  of  John  Morrissey's  well  near  Ijake  Grove. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Stony  sand   0-  8 

2.  Coars?  sand:  no  stones   8-15 

3.  Yellow  sand,  described  as  being  like  the  subsoil  in  sandy  places   15-17 

4.  Coarse  sand,  with  stones  varying  in  diameter  from  4  to  6  inches   17-45 

5.  Stones  and  gravel   45-58 

6.  Ordinary  sand   58-86 

745.  Record  of  Irving  Overton's  well  near  Lake  Grove. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv :  Feet. 

1.  Stony  top  soil   0-6 

2.  Finer  material  to  fine  sand   6-14 

3.  Clean  white  sand   14-35 

4.  Gravel  and  clay   35—45 

5.  More  or  less  stony  gravel   45-52 

6.  Ordinary  sand   52- 

746.  Record  of  Doctor  Monecke's  well  near  Lake  Grow 

Feet. 

1.  Light  sandy  top  soil   0-  4 

2.  Yellow  sand  subsoil,  no  stones   4—  8 

3.  Hard  blue  clay,  no  stones  or  pebbles   8-21 

4.  "Mica  mud"   21-24 


Water  rose  in  the  pipe,  stopping  further  work.  The  water  was  muddy,  but  had  no  bad  odor  or  bad 
taste. 

In  putting  down  another  well  on  this  same  property  for  Doctor  Monecke,  leaves  and  muck  were 
encountered  at  23  feet.  There  was  a  14-inch  stratum  of  this  material,  and  the  water  coming  from  it  had 
a  very  bad  odor. 


749.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  St.  James. 

Feet. 

1 .  Dark  humus-stained  loam   0  -  0.  3 

2.  Reddish  brown  sandy  loam   3  -  3 

3.  Brownish  yellow  sand  and  gravel   3  -  .6 

4-11.  Dirty,  gray,  fine  sand  to  coarse  gravel;  a  small  quantity  of  glacial  material   6  -45 

12-14.  Dark,  yellowish  gray,  very  fine  to  coarse  sand,  glacial   45  -59 

75©.  Record  of  Father  Ducey's  well  near  St.  James. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Ilardpan,  a  compact  mixture  of  sand  and  gravel,  containing  bowlders   0-60 

Tisburv: 

2.  Gravel  and  sand   60-150 

Mr.  Rogers  has  sent  the  following  sample  from  this  well: 

Feet. 

1-2  Clean,  light-colored  sand  and  gravel,  clearly  glacial,  perhaps  Tisburv   140-150 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  313 

*5.1*  Record  of  Jerome  Saxe'*  ,r,U  ,„,„■  St.  Jamet 

Pleistocene: 

1.  very  coarse  stony  gravel   0-30 

2.  Hardpan   ".V":'..'".".  30-150 

3.  Clay  containing  a  few  stones   150-160 

4.  Gravel,  ete  \  160-306 

5.  Quicksand   208-245 

6.  Clean  white  gravel   >4^_95fj 

Mr.  Rogers  has  furnished  the  following  sample  from  this  well: 

Feet. 

1.  Clean,  light-colored  glacial  sand  and  gravel  at   jjfiO 

752.  Becorrf  o/  Z>.  Emrnett's  weU  near  St.  James. 

o  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  stones  from  the  size  of  a  fist  to  a  robin's  egg   0-30 

2.  Loam  (?)  f   30-90 

3.  Quicksand  (0   90-140 

4.  Clay,  with  thin  layers  of  gravel   140-190 

5.  Quicksand  _   190-'>90 

6-  Gravel   290-300 

753.  Mr.  Rogers  reports  this  well  to  be  82  or  83  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Sound,  and  that  the  water  in 
the  well  rose  to  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  Sound.  He  has  furnished  a  sample  of  clean,  light-colored 
glacial  sand  and  gravel  taken  at  a  depth  of  97  feet: 

Record  of  D.  Emrnett's  well  near  St.  James. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-30 

2.  Light-yellow  fine  sand.   30-40 

3.  Water-bearing  gravel   40-97 

754.  According  to  the  location  indicated  on  the  map,  the  depth  to  water  in  this  well  is  abnormally 
great,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  location  is  an  error. 

Record  of  D.  Emrnett's  well  near  St.  James. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Peet 

1.  '"Till"  (probably  also  including  outwash  gravel)    0-140 

Cretaceous: 

2.  Fine  pink  sand   140-160 

755.  Record  of  c om mission's  well  near  St.  James. 

Wisconsin:  Feet 

1-2.  Brown  surface  loam   0-  4 

3.  Very  fine  yellow  loam  and  sand   4-  5 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

4-16.  Fine  sand  and  small  gravel,  yellowish  gray  above  and  darker  below  (glacial). .  5-69 
Tisbury : 

17-20.  Dark,  yellowish  gray,  fine  to  medium  sand,  probably  glacial   69-90 

The  material  shown  in  samples  17-20  is  the  same  as  that  shown  in  samples  12-14  in  well  Xo.  749. 
See  Table  XIII. 

756.  Record  of  commission's  test  ivell  near  St.  Jautts. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Humus-stained  surface  loam                                                                            0  -  0.  4 

2.  Yellow  sandy  loam  4-  3 

3.  Yellow  sand                                                                                             3  -  5 

4-16.  Gray  sand  and  gravel  (considerable  glacial  material)                                     5  -70 

757.  This  well  was  first  dug  to  94  feet  and  then  the  6-inch  pipe  sunk  40  feet.    The  sinking  of  the  pipe 
did  not  in  any  way  affect  the  water  level  in  the  well. 

17116— No.  44—06  21 


314       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


759.  Record  of  George  Erland's  well  near  Stony  Brook. 

Feet. 

t.  Surface  loam   0-10 

2.  Dark  almost  red  sand   10-  60 

3.  Quicksand   60-160 

4.  Coarse,  dark,  almost  red  sand   106-107 

760.  Record  of  W .  Rowland's  v:ell  near  Setauket. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Hardpan  *   0-  25 

Tisbury : 

2.  Sand  and  gravel  with  one  or  two  strata  of  hardpan   25-  60 

3.  Water-bearing  gravel..   60-  62 

Cretaceous?: 

4.  Quicksand  mixed  with  some  clay   62-251 

5.  Gravel   251-252 

761.  Record  of  William  Clarke's  vxll  near  Setauket. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-10 

2.  Various  strata  of  sand  and  gravel   10- 

3.  Yellow  clay,  containing  no  stones  (2  feet  thick). 

4.  Quicksand. 

5.  Coarse  sharp  sand   -90 

762.  Record  of  Howard  Wallace's  well  near  Setauket. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-12 

2.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   12-50 

3.  Quicksand  !   50-52 

4.  Coarse  reddish  sand   52-70 

Mr.  Rogers  has  furnished  a  sample  marked  ''70  feet,  1896,"  which  is  clearly  glacial  material. 

763.  The  following  samples  have  been  received  from  this  well: 

t 

Record  of  W.  T.  Cox's  well  near  Setauket. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Light,  brownish  yellow  glacial  sand  and  gravel,  possibly  Tisbury   0-  85 

Cretaceous : 

2-3.  Very  fine,  dark-gray,  micaceous,  sandy  clay   85-132 

4.  Medium  to  coarse,  white,  quartz  sand,  with  some  mica  and  white  clay  ...  .  132-145 

5.  Fine  and  coarse,  gray,  micaceous  sand   145-155 

6.  Light-yellow  medium  sand   155-180 

7.  Light-yellow  clayey  sand   180-188 


Water  is  reported  to  have  stood  only  4  feet  below  the  surface  when  well  was  between  145  and  155  feet, 
but  at  188  feet  it  stood  10  feet  below  the  surface.  Under  date  of  October  5,  1903,  Mr.  W.  T.  Cox  reports: 
"The  water  came  from  fine  gravel  mixed  with  sand,  which  looked  like  brown  sugar.  The  water  was  obtained, 
Mr.  Hutchinson  told  me,  at  320  feet.  He  measured  the  flow  carefully  and  stated  that  it  was  18  gallons  a 
minute  at  low  water  and  considerably  more  at  high  water.  Water  was  abundant  from  188  feet  to  the  bottom 
of  the  well,  but  the  fineness  of  the  material  prevented  a  flow,  which  commenced  when  a  slightly  coarser  layer 
was  encountered  at  320  feet." 

764.  Record  of  Nort  House  well  at  Setauket 

Wisconsin: 

1..  Hardpan  

Tisbury: 

2.  Medium  white  sand  


Feet. 
0-20 

20-40 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


:u.r) 


765.  Record  of  Charles  Benner's  well  near  Setauket. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Hardpan  (compact  mixture  of  sand  and  gravel;  brown  in  color)   0-20 

Tisbury : 

2.  Medium  white  sand   20-50 

766.  The  elevation  of  this  well  is  said  to  be  6  feet  above  tide  level.  At  a  depth  of  38  feet  it  was 
abandoned  on  account  of  the  constantly  increasing  supply  of  salty  water.  Mr.  Rogers  reports  that  several 
■  >ther  wells  on  the  same  property  20  to  30  feet  deep  gave  fresh  water.  One  of  these  wells  is  about  10  feet 
above  high  water  and  the  other  5  feet. 

76§.  Reeori/  i if  John  Thatcher's  well,  Crane  Neck. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-10 

2.  Gravel,  with  occasional  streaks  of  hardpan   10-50 

3.  Clay  and  quicksand   50-56 

,    4.  Yellow  gravel   56-65 

769.  Record  of  well  near  Old  Field  Point. 

Feet. 

1.  Hardpan   0-40 

2.  Clean,  fine  graveK   40-50 

At  the  depth  of  50  feet  salt  water  was  encountered  and  the  well  was  abandoned. 


770.  A  good  water-bearing  strata  was  encountered  at  36  feet.  Mr.  Rogers  reports  that  a  number  of 
wells  in  this  immediate  vicinity  give  a  good  yield  of  fresh  wrater  at  about  the  same  depth.  Well  No.  76!) 
is  the  only  exception  of  which  he  knows. 


771.  Record  of  well  near  Mount  Misery  Point. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand,  with  salt  water   0-110 

Cretaceous?: 

2.  Blue  gravelly  clay   110-165 

772.  General  section  of  vxlls  about  Sayville. 

-  Feet. 

1.  Fine  sand  of  different  colors,  sometimes  red  and  sometimes  white,  changing  to  good, 

clear,  water-bearing  gravel   0-45 

773.  Record  of  Long  Island  Railroad  well  at  Bayport  station. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  1  • 

2.  Yellow  sand   1-4 

3.  Clay;  no  bowlders   4-  5 

4.  White  sand   5-28 

There  was  no  change  in  the  coarseness  of  the  material  in  stratum  4.  Mr.  Arthur  reports  that  in  digging 
wells  near  Bayport  occasional  patches  of  clay  may  be  found,  but  that  such  occurrences  are  rare. 

774.  Record  of  Sea  Cliff  Hotel  well  at  Patchogue. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-4 

2.  Medium  reddish  gravel  '   4-6 

3.  Blue  clay:  no  stones   6-8 

4.  Very  fine  sand   8- 


316       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


775.  Record  of  Nassau  Oyster  Company's  well  at  Patchogue. 

Feet. 

1.  Limbs,  stumps,  and  trunks  of  trees   O-  9 

2.  Fine  yellow  gravel   9-12 

3.  Blue  clay:  no  stones   12-14 

4.  Muck  and  black  loam     14-49 

5.  Fine  white  sand  ■.   49-52 

6.  Black  mud   52-72 


At  this  depth  very  black  water  was  encountered  and  the  well  was  abandoned.  The  pipe  was  then 
pulled  and  the  location  changed  90  or  100  feet  north,  where  the  pipe  was  driven  19  feet  through  the  following 


material: 

Record  of  Nassau  Oyster  Company's  well  at  Patchogue. 

Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-  6 

2.  Medium  yellow  gravel   6-  9 

3.  Clean  medium  sand   9-19 

77<>.  Record  of  T.  ./.  Kirk's  well  mar  Patchogue. 

Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-4 

2.  Yellow  gravel   4—6 

3.  Fine  white  sand   6-10 

4.  Fine  to  coarse  gravel   10-15 

5.  Pure  white  fine  sand     15-28 

77*.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Patchogue. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 
1-2.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

3-  13.  Light,  yellowish  gray,  speckled  sand  (nothing  clearly  glacial)   4—55 

14-20.  Reddish  brown  fine  to  coarse  sand  (glacial)   59-  90 

Cretaceous: 

22-28.  Very  fine,  micaceous,  gray  to  olive-green  sand   99-129.  50 

29.  Very  fine,  reddish  brown  silty  sand  131-133 

30.  Dark  brownish  gray,  very  fine  silty  sand  134-135 

31.  Dark  yellowish  brown  silt  to  coarse  sand.  139-140 

See  Table  XJ1L 

770.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Patchogue. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1-2.  Medium  silty  sand                                                                   - .'   0-  1 

3.  Medium  light-yellow  sand  with  gravel  ( probably  glacial )   3-  5 

4-  12.  Fine  to  medium  light-yellow  sand  (glacial)   10-50 

78©.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Patchogue. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Black  loamy  sand  •  0-  0.4 

2.  Medium  yellow  sand  0.  4-  2 

3-  12.  Yellowish  white  fine  to  medium  sand,  with  a  few  pebbles  (age  very  doubtful  ).  .  3-50 

781.  Record  of  commission's  test  will  mar  Patchogue. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

I-  2.  Yellow  silt   0-3 

3.  Yellowish  blown  medium  sand   3-  5 

4-  9.  Light  grayish  white  sand  and  gravel;  the  gravel  is  quite  mottled  and  is  probably 

to  be  regarded  as  glacial   9-35 

Cretaceous: 

10.  Grayish  white  medium  sand,  with  much  silvery  white  muscovite;  suggests  Cre- 
taceous material   39-40 

II-  12.  Yellowish  white  fine  to  coarse  sand   44-51 

See  Table  XIII. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  317 
782.  Record  of  Retinoids  well  near  Holbrook. 

Pleistocene:  Pott. 

1.  White  sand  and  gravel    0-90 

Mr.  Kirk  reports  that  there  was  no  change  in  the  material  at  increasing  depths.  At  65  feet  a 
bowlder  the  size  of  a  man's  head  was  encountered. 

784.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Farmingcille. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Dark  humus-stained  sand   0  -0.2 

2.  Yellow  loam  2-2 

3.  Bright-yellow  medium  sand   3  -  5 

4.  Dark-gray  sand  and  gravel,  with  much  glacial  material   9  -10 

Tisbury : 

5-6.  Fine  to  coarse  yellow  sand   14  -20 

7-12.  Light-gray  sand  and  gravel,  with  some  glacial  pebbles   24  -50 

785.  Record  of  A.  P.  Terry's  well  near  Farmingville. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  ■_   0-  4 

2.  Gravel  and  stones  2  to  12  inches  in  diameter   4-  16 

Tisbury: 

3.  Coarse  sharp  sand  .  . .   16-  23 

4.  Gravel  ;   23-  37 

5.  Sand     37-  16 

6.  Gravel  and  stones   46-  63 

7.  Coarse  sand   63-  71 

8.  Coarse  gravel   71-  73 

9.  Finer  sand   73-  78 

10.  Sharp,  white,  coarse  sand,  with  black  specks   7S-  86 

11.  Coarse  gravel   86-  90 

12.  Coarse  sand   90-94 

13.  Sandy  gravel   94-104 

14.  Coarse  gravel  and  small  stones     104-110 

At  54  feet  a  stone  10  by  14  inches  was  taken  out  of  this  well. 

7*»>.  Record  of  August  Fitch's  well  rum  FanningriVe. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Stony  loam   0-12 

2.  Coarse  white  sand,  with  occasional  stones  3  to  5  inches  in  diameter   12-40 

Tisbury: 

3.  Medium  white,  clean  sand   40-58 

4.  Yellow  hardpan  (a  very  hard  and  stony  layer)   ..«   5S-62 

5.  Medium  clear,  bright  sand     62-65 

6.  Gravel   65-70 

Mr.  Terry  reports  that  at  70  feet  he  struck  ''real''  hardpan,  on  top  of  which  water  was  found. 

787.  Record  of  D.  Schwarting's  well  near  Farmingville. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  stones   0-13 

2.  Coarser  material:  mixture  of  loam,  gravel,  and  stones   13-17 

Tisbury : 

3.  Coarse  dull-white  sand   17-22 

4.  Sandy  material,  with  some  mica  and  an  occasional  stone   22-27 


318       UNDERGROUND  "WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEiV  YORK. 


7§§.  Record  of  William  Clark's  well  near  FarmingvUle. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Heavy  gravelly  loam   0-  6 

2.  Fine  gravel,  with  an  occasional  stone  the  size  of  one's  fist   6—45 

3.  Coarse  gravel   45-59 

Material  became  coarser  at  increasing  depths,  and  water  was  found  in  very  coarse  stony  gravel. 

7*»9.  Record  of  Mrs.  Max  Richter's  well  near  FarmingvUle. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Gravelly  loam   0-  4 

2.  Sand,  with  an  occasional  stone   4-30 

3.  White  clean  sand   30-60 

790.  This  well  is  described  as  at  '*  Waverlv.  3  miles  northwest  of  Holbrook."  and  its  exact  location  not 
known. 

Record  of  Frank  Franz's  well  at  Waverlg. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0—45 

2.  Gravel  and  stone,  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter   45—49 

3.  Sand,  slightly  yellow  in  color  '.  49-55 

4.  Ordinary  sand   55-SO 

791.  Record  of  J.  F.  Byrne's  well  near  Seldei,. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-14 

2.  Coarse  sand  and  occasional  stones   14-30 

3.  Coarse  stony  gravel   30—45 

4.  Coarse,  sharp,  white  sand,  containing  black  specks  which  were  thought  to  be  iron  pyrites.  45-64 

792.  Record  of  Doctor  Emerson's  well  near  Selden. 

Feet. 

1 .  Sandy  top  soil   0-3 

2.  Medium,  white,  fine  sand:  no  mica   3-14 

3.  Very  fine,  hard,  gray  material,  with  a  great  deal  of  mica:  soft  and  velvety  to  the  touch.  14-17 

4.  Medium  white  sand:  no  stones  _   17—10 

5.  Coarse  sand   40—43 

6.  Dark-colored  fine  sand   43-53 

7.  Coarse  sand  !   53- 

793.  Record  of  Axel  Hodgex's  well  near  Selden. 

Feet. 

1.  Light  sand   0-4 

2.  Medium  sand,  containing  a  httle  mica:  no  stones   4—14 

3.  Yellow  sand,  almost  like  subsoil   14-16 

4.  Mica  sand,  said  to  glisten  in  the  sun  like  silver,  this  being  probably  due  to  the  presence 

of  muscovite:  there  were  no  stones  in  this  stratum   16-3S 

On  account  of  the  increasing  stickiness  of  the  sand  Mr.  Terry  believes  that  clay  underlies  it. 

794.  Record  of  Adolph  Sembler's  well  at  Xew  Yillaqe. 

Feet. 

1.  Medium  dull  sand:  no  top  soil   0-  4 

2.  Coarser  yellow  sand   4-  8 

3.  Very  fine  mica  sand:  from  $  to  32  feet  the  sides  of  the  well  stood  up  like  a  wall:  there 

was  no  caving  whatever   8-32 

4.  Blue  clay:  no  stones   32-34 

5.  "Mica  mud"   34-3S 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  319 

795.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Terryvill, . 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury  ?:                                                      .  feet. 
1.  Fine  yellowish  gray  sand,  evidently  filling   0  -0.3 

2-  3.  Yellow  sandy  loam  ;i-  tj 

4-  5.  Yellowish  gray  sand  with  a  few  erratics   6  -15 

6-10.  Very  fine  gray  sand  with  some  biotite   15  -3s 

Cretaceous  ( : 

11-  16.  Fine  to  coarse  reddish  yellow  sand   40  -70 

796.  Record  of  commission's  well  near  Tem/rille. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  surface  loam   0  -0.3 

2.  Dark  reddish  sandy  loam  3-  3 

3-  4.  Light-yellow  medium  sand,  passing  gradually  into  bed  below   3  -10 

5-  11.  Fine  grayish  white  sand  with  muscovite  and  biotite   10  —15 

12-  14.  Medium  to  coarse  light-yellow  sand  '   45  -57 

See  Table  XIII. 

797.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Echo. 

Feet. 

1 .  Dark  humus-stained  loam   0    -  0.  3 

2.  Dark-yellow  loam  3-4 

3.  Medium  yellow  sand   4    -  5 

4-19.  Dirty  gray  sand  to  small  gravel;  small  percentage  of  glacial  material   5  -85 


Samples  13  and  14,  50  to  60  feet  below  the  surface,  show  a  very  considerable  amount  of  glacial 
material. 

79§.  Record  of  commission's  test  well  near  Echo. 


Feet. 

1.  Humus-stained  surface  loam   0    -  0.  4 

2.  Dark-yellow  sandy  loam  4-  3 

3.  Medium  yellow  sandy  loam   3-5 


4—21.  Dirty  gray  fine  sand  to  small  gr»vel;  very  small  percentage  of  glacial  material.  5  -95 
See  Table  XIII. 

WOO.  This  well  is  approximately  5  feet  above  mean  high  tide.  Mr.  Overton  reports  it  to  be  63  feet 
deep,  which  would  more  nearly  agree  with  the  depth  of  the  Port  Jefferson  Water  Company's  wells,  which 
obtain  their  water  at  about  a  depth  of  50  feet.  They  are  also  flowing  wells.  As  the  well  was  attached  to  a 
ram,  the  depth  could  not  be  measured  readily. 


Record  of  J.  J.  Overton's  well  near  Port  Jefferson. 

Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-  4 

Tisburv : 

2.  Coarse  white  sand  with  occasional  layers  of  white  gravel   4-20 

SOI.  Record  of  J.  L.  Darling's  well  near  Port  Jefferson. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-4 

2.  Medium  yellow  to  white  sand   4-20 

Cretaceous  \ : 

3.  Sticky  brown  to  drab  colored  clay   20-40 

4.  Medium  white  sand   40-96 


The  elevation  of  the  surface  at  this  well  is  approximately  50  feet  above  mean  high  tide.  The  clay 
described  in  stratum  3  is  similar  to  that  found  in  the  brickyard  150  yards  south  of  Mr.  Darling's  house. 

S03.  The  supply  of  the  Port  Jefferson  Water  Company  is  from  two  6-inch  wells.  .54  feet  deep,  which  will 
normally  flow  about  4  feet  above  the  surface.  One  well  tests  7,000  to  8,000  gallons  per  hour,  while  the  two 
together  give  only  8,000  to  9,000.    Mr.  T.  B.  Rogers  gives  the  following  section  of  these  wells: 


320       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Record  of  Port  Jefferson  Water  Company's  wells,  Port  Jefferson. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1 .  Surface  loam .    0-5 

2.  Sand  and  gravel   5-51 

3.  Hardpan  :   51-54 


Mr.  Rogers  also  furnishes  a  sample  of  the  main  water-bearing  stratum,  which  is  a  clean,  highly  erratic, 
glacial  sand. 

The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  has  furnished  the  following  partial  analysis  of  water  from  the  mains 
of  the  Port  Jefferson  Water  Company  (March  30,  1903): 


Analysis  of  water  from  Port  Jefferson  Water  Company's  wells,  Port  Jefferson. 

P  arts  per  million. 

Total  solids   40.18 

Chlorine   8. 04 

§04.  This  well  will  flow  about  5  feet  above  high  tide.  By  means  of  a  ram  it  supplies  the  bank  and 
adjoining  buildings. 

Record  of  N.  W.  Davis's  well,  Port  Jefferson. 
Tisbury:  v  Feet. 

1.  Medium  white  sand   0-75.5 


§06.  Mr.  Davis  reports  that  this  is  a  closed-point  well  and  that  he  can  give  no  record  of  the  material 
passed  through,  but  that  it  appeared  to  be  very  fine  sand  with  probably  some  clay.  He  bases  this  opinion 
on  the  amount  of  fine  sand  which  was  pumped  out  during  the  water  tests  at  different  depths.  At  140  feet 
very  coarse  material,  probably  coarse  gravel,  was  encountered. 


§07.  Record  of  J.  W.  Brown's  well  near  Port  Jefferson. 

Feet. 

1 .  Brown  loam   0-3 

Tisbury: 

2.  Medium  white  sand  .•   .3-90 

§©§.  Record  of  J.  Biddh's  well  near  Port  Jefferson. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1 .  Gravelly  sand  and  some  bowlders   0-  15 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous?: 

2.  Medium  white  sand  with  a  little  brown,  sticky  clay  at  about  100  feet   15-120 


Attempts  wrere  made  to  dig  a  well  on  ground  20  feet  higher,  but  the  effort  was  abandoned  on 
account  of  bowlders. 

§11.  The  following  samples  have  been  received  from  Mr.  Rogers: 


Record  of  veil  of  Port  Jefferson  Company,  Port  Jefferson. 
Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Medium  light-colored  sand  (glacial)   212 

2.  Light-colored  sand  and  gravel;  fragments  of  ferruginous  concretions  and  con- 

siderable erratic  material   240 

3.  Light-colored  glacial  sand  and  gravel   265 

4.  Same  as  3   280 

Cretaceous: 

5.  Dark-drab  clay,  containing  some  coarse  quartz  sand;  leaves  the  fingers  white  as 

does  Cretaceous  material   325 

().  Light-drab  clay,  containing  some  coarse  quartz  sand,  evidently  from  laminated 

layer   340 

7.  Fine  to  medium,  white,  highly  micaceous,  quartz  sand  ("not  much  water")   370 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


821 


S12.  Mr.  Davis  reports  that  the  surface  in  the  vicinity  of  this  well  is  rather  thickly  covered  with  bowl- 
ders and  that  he  expected  to  encounter  them  in  putting  down  this  well,  but  that  not  a  single  bowlder  mi 
encountered,  nor  even  coarse  gravel. 


Record  of  J.  H.  Hopkin  s's  well  near  Mount  Sinai. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-3 

Tisburv: 

2.  Medium  white  sand   3-95 

SI  3.  Record  of  J.  M.  Shan  's  well  near  Bellport. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  yellow  sand   0-  4 

Tisbury: 

2.  White  sand  with  no  change  in  coarseness   4—15 

S14.  Record  of  W.  McGee's  well,  2  miles  west  of  Yaphank  station. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  p0,.t 

1.  Loamy  top  soil,  no  stones   ()-  4 

2.  Coarse  sand   4-68 

Mr.  Terry  reports  that  the  material  of  this  well  was  the  most  even  in  character  that  he  ever  found. 

SI  8.                 Record  of  Judge  Bartlett's  well  near  Middle  Island,  Xew  York. 
Wisconsin:  Feet 
1.  Hardpan   0-39 

Mr.  Terry  reports  that  the  stones  were  embedded  in  a  very  heavy  loam.  Water  was  encountered 
at  8  feet,  in  a  6-inch  stratum  of  yellow  mud.  Another  similar  stratum  was  found  at  32  feet.  In  the  spring 
of  the  year  the  water  stands  8  feet  below  the  surface:  in  the  dry  season  at  30  or  32  feet.  The  water  at  the 
8-foot  level  is  impure. 

S19.  Record  of  Hawman  Brothers'  well  near  Rocky  Point. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

Tisbury: 

2.  Medium  white  sand  with  no  gravel  nor  clay   3-128 

S22.  Record  of  Mrs.  Groty's  well  near  Manor. 

Wisconsin?:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

2.  Clay,  no  stones   3-29 

3.  Sand  .   29- 

£24.  Mr.  Davis  says  that  none  of  the  water-bearing  material  in  this  well  can  be  called  gravel.    In  must 


of  the  wells  in  the  vicinity  of  Port  Jefferson  he  calculates  on  getting  water  a  little  above  sea  level,  the  elevation 
of  the  water  level  being  greater  at  greater  distances  from  the  sea. 


Record  of  G.  E.  Hageman's  well  near  Wardenclyffe. 

Feet. 

1.  Brown  loam   0-3 

Tisbury : 

2.  Medium  white  sand   3-123 

S25.  Mr.  Nikola  Tesla  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  of  Xikola  Tesla's  well  near  Wardenclyffe. 

Tisburv  and  Cretaceous?:  Feet. 

1.  Fine  sand   0-122 

2.  Gravel   122-124 

3.  Alternating  layers  of  sand  and  gravel   124-166 


322       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


"At  a  greater  depth  than  that  shown  in  this  well  layers  of  fine  sand  and  gravel,  each  about  2  feet 
thick,  alternate  seemingly  to  an  infinite  depth.  This  was  observed  in  digging  a  large  shaft  near  the  well, 
and  it  is  assumed  that  the  soil  in  the  well  is  of  the  same  character." 

A  sample  furnished  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Rogers,  the  driller,  from  a  depth  of  167  feet,  is  a  clean  glacial  sand  and 
gravel.  The  shaft  referred  to  in  Mr.  Tesla's  letter  was  13.5  feet  deep.  In  the  bottom  of  this  two  pipes  were 
driven  at  angles  of  45  degrees.  According  to  Mr.  W.  H.  Beers,  the  driller,  the  section  is  as  follows,  depths 
along  the  pipe  having  been  reduced  to  vertical  depths: 

Record  of  shaft  sunk  near  Nikola  Tesla's  well,  Wardenclyffe. 


Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel  in  dug  well   0-135 

Cretaceous?: 

2.  Fine  gray  sand   135-205 

3.  Coarse  white  gravel   205-223 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Fine  white  sand   223-347 


§26.  According  to  Mr.  Saxe,  this  well  shows  medium-white  fine  sand  all  the  way  to  its  bottom  at  90 
feet.    A  sample  from  a  depth  of  80  feet  shows  light-yellow  sand  not  clearly  glacial. 
Mr.  Warden  reports  the  following  section: 

Record  of  well  of  the  North  Shore  Industrial  Company  near  Woodiille  Landing. 


Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  clay   0-30 

Tisbury  and  Cretaceous?: 

2.  White  sand  very  fine   30-50 

3.  Gravel,  growing  coarser   50-94 

§27.         Record  of  Wardenclyffe  Brick  and  Tile  Company's  well,  WoodwMe  Landing. 

Feet. 

1.  Heavy  tenacious  clay   0-47 

2.  Coarse  gravel   47- 

§28.  Record  of  well  of  Long  Island  Railroad  at  Wading  River. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  P   0-  5 

2.  Coarse  white  sand,  passing  below  into  coarse  gravel   5-110 

§29.  Record  of  Mrs.  De  Groat's  well  near  Wading  River. 

Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Creek  mud,  bearing  very  black  water   0-20 

Wisconsin : 

2.  Hardpan  (an  iron  cemented  mixture  of  clay  and  stones)   20-38 

The  pipe  broke  at  a  depth  of  38  feet  and  the  well  was  abandoned. 

§3©.  Record  of  S.  W.  Wheeler's  well  near  Wading  River. 

Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-4 

Tisbury: 

2.  Medium  white  sand   4-68 

Mr.  Davis  reports  that  in  all  his  well  experience  he  has  not  encountered  bowlders  below  the  surface 
between  Wading  River  and  Port  Jefferson. 

§31.  Record  of  Dr.  William  Carr's  well  near  Center  Moriches. 

Wisconsin?:  Feet. 

1.  White  sand  and  gravel,  with  many  stones   0-18 

2.  Clay,  no  stones   18-20 

3.  White  sand   20- 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  323 
§32.                        Record  of  Otto  Laura/nan's  xcell  near  Center  Moriches. 

Wisconsin?:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-8 

2.  Coarse,  white,  "  gravelly  '*  sand..."   8-18 

3.  HarJ,  dry,  yellow  clay   18-24 

4.  Coarse  sand   24-34 

§33.  Record  of  William  HaUock's  well  near  Center  Moriches. 

Wisconsin  ? :  Feet. 

L  Surface  loam   0-5 

2.  White  "  gravelly  "  sand   5-1.5 

3.  Hard,  dry,  yellow  day  with  an  occasional  stone   15-20 

§36.  Record  of  W.  Frank  Smith's  well  near  East  Moriches. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-2 

2.  Sand   2-9 

3.  Gravel   9-17 

4.  White  sand   17-28 

5.  Quicksand   28-33 

§3§.  Record  of  Wesley  Young's  well  near  South  Manor. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Loam.....   0-2 

2.  Sand  with  stones   2-22 

§39.  Record  of  Alfred  Steele's  well  near  South  Manor. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-2 

2.  Sand   2-15 

§40.  Record  of  Benj.  Raynor's  well  near  South  Manor. 

Wisconsin?:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-1 

2.  Sand  :   1-22 

3.  Clay  -  -  -  -  22-24 

Mr.  Nichol  reports  that  he  drove  the  pipe  several  feet  into  the  clay  bed  and  then  pulled  it  up  again, 
obtained  the  water  from  above  the  clay. 

§41.  Record  of  Wallace  Raynor's  well  near  South  Manor. 

Wisconsin  1 :  Feet. 

1.  Black  loam   0-3 

2.  Clay,  with  occasional  layers  of  sand:  no  stones   3-15 

3.  Quicksand   15-19 

4.  Clay   19-36 

5.  Coarse  sand:  waterbearing,   36- 

§42.  Record  of  Porter  Howell's  weU  near  South  Manor. 

Wisconsin  ? :  Feet. 

1.  Loam  

2.  Sand,  with  a  little  clay   3-1S 


324      UXDERGRuO'D  "WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  >"EW  YORK. 


*  I :{.  Record  of  J.  W.  Sichol*  «Z?  r*ar  KanorrUIe. 

Wisconsin  ?:  Feet. 

L  Surface  material  _   0-6 

2.  Clay     6-7 

3.  Coarse  white  sand  .   7-12 

•  44.  Record  of  il.  E.  Raynor'*  veU  near  ManorriOe. 

Wisconsin*:  Feet. 

L  Sand...   0-12 

2.  Sandy  clay   12-15 

The  clay  in  this  well  is  described  as  being  heavier  >  purer )  at  increasing  depths.  Water  was  found  in  a 
thin  stratum  of  sand  overlain  and  underlain  by  clay. 

*45.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  report  the  following  partial  analysis: 

Analyst*  of  water  from  railroad  vrttt  at  MartorrUU. 

Parts  per  million- 
Total  solids   153.9 

*»46.  Record  of  Mr*.  Jotux*  veil  ntar  HanorctUe. 

Wisconsin?:  Feet. 

L  Surface  loam   0-3 

2.  Clay,  with  occasional  layers  of  water-bearing  sand:  no  stones    3—12 

3.  Water-bearing 'sand.     42— 

Mr.  Xichol  reports  that  the  clay  in  stratum  2  was  the  color  of  putty,  and  that  he  has  often  encountered 
it  in  digging  near  the  surface.    He  has  never  found  stones  in  h. 

*»47.  Mr.  Preston  Raynor  reports  the  following  sections  from  two  wells  on  his  place: 

Record  of  Presort  Raynor*  veU  So.  1,  il  ariorrxUt. 

Wisconsin*:  Feet. 

L  Loam  and  yellow  sand.     0-12 

2.  Clay:  no  stones    12-28 

3.  Fine  clean  sand.     28-32 

Record  tf  Pnttm  Raynor'*  *rtU  So.  2,  ifanorciUt. 

Wisconsin?:  F*et 

1.  Black  loam.    0-3 

2.  Hard  clay:  no  stones    3-*0 

3.  Sand    40-42 

Mr.  Raynor  reports  that  he  has  never  found  a  single  stone  in  his  vicinity.    Clay  is  exposed  in  many  of 
the  ponds  at  low  water,  and  several  firms  have  made  brick  in  this  vicinity. 
*4*.  Mr.  W.  H.  Beers  has  reported  the  following  partial  record: 

Record  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Darlington  *  >reU  near  Bvhe  Landing. 

Wisconsin:  Yeet. 

L  Black  surface  loam   0-2 

2.  Sandy  subsoil   2-3 

3-  Yellow  surface  day       3_| 

Transition: 

4.  Coarse  gravel    4-5 

Tisbury: 

5.  Fine  white  beach  sand   5-35 

Sankaty': 

6.  Dark-red  clay,  like  brick  in  color   35—13 

7.  Black  sand,  like  that  in  sluggish  creek  ponds   43-60 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON"  WELLS.  825 
§49.                        Record  of  R.  B.  Dayton's  imQ  near  Remetnburg. 

Wisconsin?:                                                                                    .  feet, 

1.  Loam  '   0- 

2.  Sand  and  gravel  

3.  Slate-colored  clay  

4.  Sand  and  gravel   -20 

§5©.  Record  nt  Jacob  Ra  guar's  weU  near  Sjieonk. 

Wisconsin?:  K..t. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  yellow  sand   0-5 

2.  Medium  sand   5-21 

3.  Brown  clay  -   21-25 

4.  Coarse  white  sand   2.5-29 

SSI.  Record  of  Ellsworth  Ragnor's  well  mar  Speonk. 

Wisconsin?:  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  yellow  sand   0-4 

2.  White  sand   4-18 

3.  Clay   18-20 

4.  White  sand   20-26 

W2.  Record  same  as  S50. 

§54.  Record  of  C.  H.  Wells's  weU  near  Baiting  Hollow. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv:  Feet. 

1.  Sandy  loam   0-  5 

2.  Fine  slightly  yellow  sand     5-  50 

3.  Hardpan  (a  hard  stratum  which  carries  no  water  and  is  composed  of  a  mix- 

ture of  clay  and  quite  coarse  gravel,  seemingly  cemented  together  with  iron..  50-  51 

4.  White  sand   51-105 


Mr.  Young  says  that  the  record  above  is  duplicated  in  every  well  which  he  has  put  down  in  the 
vicinity  of  Baiting  Hollow.  The  surface  loam  is  of  about  the  same  thickness  in  each  place,  while  the  depth 
to  stratum  No.  2  varies  from  45  to  60  feet,  and  the  total  depth  of  the  wells  from  90  to  110  feet.  The 
depth  to  water  varies  with  the  elevation. 

Mr.  Young  gives  the  following  owners  of  wells  in  this  vicinity,  which  have  similar  sections:  Howell 
Benjamin,  John  B.  Warner,  Charles  Warner.  George  F.  Terry,  John  W.  Fanning.  J.  C.  Young.  J.  L.  Young. 
Sydney  Shaw.  F.  Hallock.  Frank  O.  Reeves. 


§55.  Record  of  Charles  Warner's  well  near  Baiting  Hollow. 

Feet. 

1.  Heavy  surface  loam   0    -    4.  5 

Tisburv: 

2.  White  sand  with  occasional  streaks  of  clay:  no  change  in  coarseness  of  sand  at 

increasing  depths   4.5-100 

§56.  Record  of  Howell  Sandford's  well  near  Baiting  Hollow. 

Tisburv :  Feet. 

1.  Heavy  surface  loam   0-  5 

2.  White  sand  with  occasional  streaks  of  clay   5-104 


The  material  in  this  well  is  almost  exactly  similar  to  that  in  No.  855.  There  is  no  change  in  coarseness 
of  sand  at  increasing  depths. 


326       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


§56 A.  Mr.  Terry  has  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 


Record  of  Sydney  Shaw's  well  at  Centerville. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1-10.  Light  yellowish  outwash  sands  with  a  little  gravel   0-65 

Below  65  feet  the  well  was  driven  with  a  closed  point  and  no  samples  were  obtained. 

§57.  Record  of  A.  ZabrisJcie's  well  near  West  Hampton  Beach. 

Wisconsin  ? :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  yellow  sand   0-  4 

2.  Hardpan  (described  as  a  clay  mixture  of  a  slaty  color  whose  particles  seem  to 

be  cemented  together)  "...  4—  5 

3.  White  sand   5-20 

§5§.  Record  of  Hallock  <&  Small's  well  near  Quogue  Beach. 

Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Black  marsh  deposit   0-  10 

Pleistocene: 

2.  Medium  white  sand  bearing  salt  water   10-150 

Cretaceous?:  Feet. 

3.  Green  greasy  clay   150-180 

4.  Medium  white  sand,  containing  a  great  deal  of  lignite   180-225 


The  sand  gradually  grew  coarser  until  at  225  feet  it  was  quite  coarse.  The  top  of  the  well  is  at  tide 
level,  and  at  the  time  it  was  drilled  the  water  would  rise  in  a  pipe  12  feet  above  the  surface. 

Analysis  of  water  from  Hallock  &  Small's  well,  Quogue  Beach. 
[By  F.  E.  Chandler,  New  York,  April  25,  1899.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Appearance  .'   Clear. 

Color  :   None. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F.)   None. 

Taste   None. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides   10.  00 

Equivalent  to  sodium  chloride   16.  48 

Phosphates  (as  P,05 )   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates   1.20 

Free  ammonia  -   .04 

Albuminoid  ammonia     .02 

Total  nitrogen    1.27 

Total  hardness   6.00 

Permanent  hardness   6.  00 

Organic  and  volatile  (loss  on  ignition)   14.00 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile)  C02   52.00 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation),  dried  at  110°  C   66.00 

Residue  on  evaporation   White. 

"This  is  a  remarkably  pure  water,  and  is  entirely  free  from  contamination  of  every  kind." 
§59.  Mr.  Asha  B.  Hallock  lias  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  A.  B.  Hallock's  well  near  Quogue. 

Sankaty:  Feet. 

1.  Fragments  of  shells   135 

Cretaceous : 

2.  Green  sand  marl     156-192 

3.  Coarse  white  quartz  sand  with  pieces  of  gray  clay  and  mica   192 

4.  Very  fine  dark-gray  sand   200-224 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  ; ; -J 7 

Cretaceous — Continued.  Feet 

5.  Gray  clay   224-230 

6.  White  micaceous  sand  with  fragments  of  lignitized  wood   230-235 

7.  Very  coarse  quartz  sand  with  mica  and  lignitized  wood   23.5-247 


The  fragmentary  material  from  135  feet  was  referred  to  Dr.  W.  II.  Dull,  who  reports  as  follows:  "Con- 
tains fragments  of  Mulina,  Astarte,  an  unidentifiable  bivalve,  a  specimen  of  Na8M  trivittata  Sav  and  frag- 
ments of  an  echinodenn.    This  is  probably  Pleistocene." 

§60.  The  well  is  on  high  ground  and  will  flow  from  1  to  2  gallons  a  minute. 


Record  of  J.  Wendell's  well  near  Quogue. 

Pleistocene :  Feet. 

1-  Soil   0_  5 

2.  Sand  with  little  streaks  of  clay   .5-  90 

Pleistocene  and  Cretaceous: 

3.  Clay   90-200 

Cretaceous: 

4.  Clay  with  lignite   200-265 

5.  Coarse  white  sand,  water  bearing   265-277 

861.  The  driller,  Mr.  F.  K.  Walsh,  gives  the  following  record: 

Record  of  Quaniuck  Water  Company's  well  near  Quogue. 

Recent :  Feet. 

1.  Bog  material   0-  1 

Wisconsin  and  Tisburv: 

2.  Loose  sand   1-3 

3.  Sand,  clay,  and  stones  as  large  as  one's  head   3-  5 

4.  Very  coarse  sand  with  a  little  gravel   5-20 

5.  Very  coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel  with  coarse  stones   20-40 

Analysis  of  water  from  Quantuch  Water  Company's  well.  Quogue. 
[By  C.  F.  Chandler,  New  York,  December  17,  1902.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Appearance                                                            Clear,  with  very  slight  sediment  on  bottom. 

Color   None. 

Odor  (heated  to  100°  F.)   None. 

Taste   None. 

Chlorine  in  chlorides   11.00 

Equivalent  to  sodium  chloride       18.  15 

Phosphates  (as  P203)   None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrites   . .    None. 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates  '.   .07 

Free  ammonia   .01 

Albuminoid  ammonia   .03 

Total  nitrogen   .10 

Total  hardness   7.  99 

Permanent  hardness   '.  —   5.  33 

Organic  and  volatile  (loss  on  ignition)   4.  (X) 

Mineral  matter  (nonvolatile)  CO.,,  restored  with  ammonium  carbonate   28.50 

Total  solids  (by  evaporation)  dried  at  110°  C   32.50 


"This  water  is  veiy  pure  indeed.  It  shows  no  signs  whatever  of  contamination  of  any  kind.  The  water 
does  not  contain  any  appreciable  quantity  of  iron." 

§63.  The  pumping  station  of  the  Riverhead  waterworks  is  in  the  Tower  rolling  mill  and  the  pumps  are 
1  Knowles  vertical  triplex  water-power  pump,  capacity  135  gallons  per  minute:  and  1  single-stroke  water- 
power  pump  in  reserve.  The  water  is  delivered  into  a  tank  having  a  capacity  of  40,000  gallons,  which  is 
situated  in  the  tower  of  the  mill. 


328       UNDEEGROUND  WATEE  EESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Mr.  John  R.  Perkins,  the  former  president  of  the  company,  reports  the  following  data:  "At  the  depth 
of  83  feet  the  first  well  flowed  at  the  rate  of  3  barrels  a  minute,  but  the  water  contained  so  much  iron 
that  the  well  was  sunk  deeper,  to  an  approximate  depth  of  300  feet.  The  second  well  was  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  320  feet.  Both  contained  a  great  deal  of  iron.  The  minimum  amount  pumped  is  4.000  gallons  an  hour: 
the  maximum  amount  is  8,000." 

The  driller,  Mr.  N.  W.  Davis,  gives  the  following  information:  ''Two  wells,  one  8  inches  (225  feet  deep), 
one  6  inches  (305  feet  deep).  Lignitized  wood  at  180-200  feet.  No  clay  beds  found,  but  there  were  occa- 
sional beds  of  clay  mixed  with  sand.  Water  first  flowed  over  the  pipe  at  60  feet.  The  first  well  for  this 
company  was  85  feet  deep  and  flowed  a  large  amount  of  very  chalybeate  water.  The  well  was  made  deeper 
to  obtain  a  purer  water.    The  flow  becomes  less  at  greater  depths." 

In  a  letter  dated  April  25,  1903,  he  states,  regarding  the  first  well:  "Sunk  an  8-inch  well  for  the  River- 
head  waterworks  82  feet  deep.  Formation  was  sand,  dark  gravel,  t hick  bed  of  clay,  then  sand  mixed  with 
jittle  gravel.    This  yielded  about  120  to  130  gallons  per  minute." 

864.  Mr.  Young  reports  that  the  points  in  all  the  wells  in  the  vicinity  of  Riverhead  corrode  very  quickly. 
Surface  wells  in  the  vicinity  of  Riverhead  average  a  depth  of  18  feet. 

Record  of  Yetter  <t  Moore's  well  near  Riverhead. 

Wisconsin  *. :  Feet. 
1.  Dark-brown  sand  and  gravel  containing  dark-colored  stones;  the  whole  discolored 

by  iron   0-1 6 

869.  Record  of  Capt.  Jas.  Downs' s  well  near  Jamesport. 

Feet. 

1.  Clean  fine  sand,  very  slightly  gray  in  color   0-18 

2.  Hard  layer   18-19 

3.  Coarse  light-colored  sand  containing  less  mica  than  usual   19-45 

870.  Record  of  J.  J.  McLaughlin  *  well  near  Jamesport. 

Feet. 

1.  Brackish  water   10-12 

2.  Freshwater   60-70 

872.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  has  furnished  the  following  partial  analysis,  dated  February, 
1899,  of  the  water  from  their  20-foot  driven  well: 

Analysis  of  water  of  railroad  well  at  Mattituck. 

Parts  per  million. 

Total  solids   123. 63 

Chlorine   9.  58 

874.  Record  of  the  Thane  well  near  Shinnecock  Hills. 

Feet. 

1.  White  beach  sand   . .  —   0-25 

2.  Coarse  sand  to  gravel  —   25-35 

Several  attempts  were  made  to  drive  a  well  on  the  hilltop  near  the  above  well,  but  too  many  cobbles  were 
encountered  and  the  holes  were  abandoned. 

875.  Record  of  C.  W.  Payne  's  well  near  North  Sea. 

Feet 

1.  Surface  loam  and  yellow  sand  with  some  gravel   0-  8 

2.  Hardpan   8-10 

3.  Sand  and  gravel   10-18 

4.  Coarse  sand  and  gravel   18-25 

877.  Record  of  Reid  well  near  New  Suffolk. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam   0-  3 

2.  Sand   3-  4 

Sankaty  '< : 

3.  Clay   4-88 

I      The  clay  is  said  to  be  distinctly  stratified,  the  strata  dipping  30°  W.:  it  is  also  stained  with  iron. 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


329 


879.  Mr.  George  Elliston,  engineer,  gives  the  following  record  for  1902: 

"Maximum  daily  yield  (August  29),  733,000  gallons;  minimum  daily  yield  (January  10),  111,000 
gallons;  average  daily  yield  for  year,  340, 500  gallons;  greatest  amount  pumped  from  the  three  wells,  II. iM) 
gallons  per  hour:  this  was  accomplished  without  difficulty,  indicating  a  capacity  of  about  a  million  gallons 
per  day. ' ' 

The  original  water  level,  according  to  Mr.  Darling,  constructing  engineer,  was  27  feet  from  the  surface, 
while  the  present  level  reported  by  Mr.  Elliston  is  35  feet. 

Analysis  of  water  front  well  of  Southampton  Water  Company,  Southampton. 
[By  Frazer  &  Co.,  New  York,  June  30,  19tti.J 

Parts  per  million. 

Color   Colorless. 

Turbidity   Clear. 

Sediment   Very  slight. 

Odor  (cold)   None. 

Odor  (hot)   None. 

Total  solids   60. 000 

Loss  on  ignition  (no  charring )   25.  000 

Chlorine   13.  580 

Nitrogen  as  free  ammonia   0.  008 

Nitrogen  as  albuminoid  ammonia   0.  018 

Nitrogen  as  nitrite.   None. 

Nitrogen  as  nitrate   0.  800 

Temporary  hardness   5.  fXX) 

Permanent  hardness   20.  000 

Total  hardness   25. 000 

Iron   Minute  trace. 

"The  bacteriological  examination  shows  the  absence  of  any  bacteria  that  indicate  contamination  by 
human  or  animal  waste.  The  analysis  of  this  water  shows  that  it  is  pure  and  suitable  for  drinking  purposes 
and  general  domestic  use.    The  water  is  soft  and  does  not  show  evidence  of  sewage  contamination.  " 

When  this  system  was  first  projected  Fresh  Pond  was  very  seriously  considered  as  a  source  of  supply. 
Gagings  showed  sufficient  water  and  analyses  showed  no  contamination. 

880.  Mr.  Arthur  states  that  the  water  in  this  vicinity  is  found  in  pockets  of  clay,  which,  through  surface 
wash,  have  become  filled  with  gravel. 

Record  of  Mrs.  S.  F.  McDonald's  well  near  Hampton  Park. 

Wisconsin:                                                                    ■  Feet. 

1.  Coarse  white  sand   0-34 

Sankatv  (: 

2.  Clay   34-80 

881.  Record  of  E.  G.  Whittaker's  well  near  Hampton  Park. 

Feet. 

1.  Surf  ace  loam   0-  2 

Sankat  v  I : 

2.  Very  hard  clay  -   2-82 

Jameco  I : 

3.  Sand  -   82-111 

At  18  feet  clay  was  taken  out  which  contained  the  imprint  of  shells,  which,  from  the  description  given, 
were  probably  pectens. 

881A.  Mr.  Frederick  H.  Rose  reports  the  following:  "Our  main  spring-water  supply  seems  to  come 
from  near  sea  level,  and  as  we  go  in  and  up  from  the  sea  the  wells  deepen  from  a  few  feet  to  perhaps  till, 
with  a  few  hilltop  clay  or  upper  springs.  My  well  here  at  Water  Mill  is  about  18  feet  deep,  springs  bubbling 
up  through  sand  and  gravelstones. " 

17116— No.  44—06  22 


330       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


§§2.  Record  of  J.  F.  Becker's  well  on  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 


1.  Loamy  clay   0-  9 

2.  "Silver"  sand   9-52 

§§!$.  Record  of  the  Ulmer  well  on  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Loam  and  clay  mixed   0-10 

2.  Gravel  mixed  with  loam   10-14 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbuiy: 

3.  Hardpan   14-20 

Tisbury : 

4.  Sand....   20-43 


§84.  Record  of  John  Weber's  well  on  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Stony,  dark -colored,  almost  red  clay   0-12 

Tisbury: 

2.  Gravel,  light  in  color   12-30 

3.  Fine  beach  sand   30-53 

At  53  feet  a  big  bowlder  was  encountered  and  the  well  was  sunk  no  farther. 

§§5.  Record  of  J.  N.  Stearns's  well  on  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1 .  Red  sandy  loam   0-15 

2.  Hard  mixture  of  clay,  sand,  and  gravel   15-27 

Sankaty : 

3.  Red  and  blue  clay  in  strata  5  or  6  inches  thick,  alternating  with  strata  of  fine  white 

and  red  sands   27-35 

§§§.  Record  of  A.  0.  Ryder's  well  on  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Tisbury  and  Sankaty:  Feet. 
1.  Ordinary  sand  in  alternate  layers  of  fine  and  coarse,  containing  a  variety  of  shells  at  a 

depth  of  60  feet   0-62 

8§9.  The  main  source  of  supply  at  this  pumping  station  consists  of  a  dug  well  about  70  yards  south  of 
the  Shelter  Island  Heights  landing.    In  the  bottom  of  the  dug  well  there  is  a  6-inch  pipe  12  feet  long. 

Record  of  well  of  Shelter  Island  Heights  Association,  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-18 

2.  Gravel  ;   18-21 

During  the  summer  of  1903  the  maximum  amount  pumped  was  5,000  gallons  per  hour  and  the  average 
about  4,000  gallons.  If  the  well  is  pumped  at  the  rate  of  10,000  gallons  per  hour  the  water  becomes  brackish 
from  the  influx  of  the  sea  water. 

Five  hundred  feet  from  this  well  a  test  boring  was  made  in  which  the  following  material  was  encountered: 

Record  of  test  boring  oj  Shelter  Island  Heights  Association  on  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-20 

2.  Quicksand   20-60 

Sankaty: 

3.  Red  clay   60- 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  .'$.1  ] 

Seven  hundred  feet  west  of  the  first  well  at  the  same  elevation  above  the  mean  high  tide  and  at  tin- 
same  distance  from  the  shore  the  following  section  was  obtained: 

Record  of  test  boring  of  Shelter  Island  Heights  Association  on  Shelter  Island.  New  York. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury : 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   (>-2ti 

2.  Quicksand:  this  was  described  as  a  very  coarse  and  line  sand  very  much  like  mold- 

ing sand   2(5-36 

Sankaty: 

3.  Tough,  red  clay,  containing  no  stones  as  far  as  penetrated   3li- 


§90.  Mr.  Havens  reports  that  a  group  of  18  wells  supplies  the  Manhansct  House  and  the  cottages  adjacent 
to  it.  The  amount  pumped  varies  so  greatly  from  day  to  day,  according  to  the  needs  of  the  people  in  the 
cottages,  and  from  summer  to  winter,  according  to  the  needs  of  the  hotel,  that  no  average  could  be  given  by- 
Mr.  Havens,  nor  could  he  estimate  the  maximum  or  minimum  amount  pumped. 

Record  of  wells  of  Manhanset  House,  Shelter  Island,  New  York. 


Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Stony  and  sandy  loam   0-  8 

2.  Hardpan   8-12 

3.  White  beach  sand  (coarse  and  fine  mixed,  running  in  places  into  "sandy  gravel").  12-17 

4.  Hardpan   17-20 

5.  Quicksand,  described  by  Mr.  Havens  as  a  good  beach  sand  containing  both  black 

and  white  mica   20-65 

§91.  Record  of  J.  M.  Wells's  well  near  Greenport. 

Feet. 

1.  Dry,  yellow  clay,  containing  a  few  small  stones  (the  auger  was  twice  broken  and  the 

fourth  hole  was  begun  before  the  attempt  to  complete  the  well  was  successful)   0-35 

2.  Medium  red  sand   35-45 


892.  Mr.  Camerdon,  of  the  Sumpwams  Water  Company,  who  was  formerly  engineer  at  this  place, 
reports  the  following  section  for  the  first  four  wells: 


Record  of  Greenport  waterworks  well,  Greenport. 

Feet. 

1.  Hard,  yellow  sand  and  some  yellow  clay.   0-20 

2.  Fine,  white  sand,  gradually  growing  coarser   20-48 

3.  Coarse  gravel  with  pebbles  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter   48- 

In  April,  1903,  5  additional  wells  were  sunk,  ranging  in  depth  from  28  to  38  feet.  As  the  water  from 
these  shallow  wells  showed  a  considerable  percentage  of  chlorine  a  deep  test  well  was  sunk.  Mr.  \.  \V. 
Davis,  who  began  this  well,  reports  the  following  section  for  the  upper  225  feet: 

Record  of  test  well  of  Greenport  waterworks,  Greenport.  - 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Yellow  gravelly  material   0-  20 

Tisbury:  ■ 

2.  Alternate  series  of  sands  and  gravel   20-100 

Sankaty: 

3.  Brown  clay  similar  to  that  in  Sanford's  brickyard   100-150 

Jameco: 

4.  Fine  sands   150-225 


332       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


The  well  was  then  completed  by  Mr.  E.  K.  Hutchinson,  the  only  record  kept  being  a  few  samples  in  a 
test  tube  preserved  by  Mr.  Fred  Klip.    These  show  the  following  materials: 

Record  of  test  well  of  Greenport  waterworks,  Greenport. 

Feet. 

1.  Coarse,  yellow  sand  and  gravel  (probably  glacial)   225- 

2.  Coarse  quartz  sand  

3.  Coarse  quartz  pebbles  (one  granite  pebble)  

4.  Ferruginous  quartz  conglomerate   -555 

Cretaceous: 

5.  White,  highly  micaceous  sand   555-605 

6.  Fine,  white  sand   60.5-612 

7.  Bright  red  sand  and  clay   612-619 

8.  Brick  red  clay   619-635 

9.  Yellow  sand  and  clay   635-640 

10.  Yellowish-white  clay   640-645 

11.  Salmon  colored  clay   645- 

12.  Fine,  rather  dark  quartz  sand  

13.  Fine,  dark-colored  sand   -6.50 

14.  Coarse  quartz  sand  containing  fresh  water  (Lloyd  sand?)   650-670 

Pre-Cretaceous: 

15.  Schist  !   670-690 

One  of  the  drillers  reports  that  at  665  feet  fresh  water  flowed  over  the  top  of  the  casing  in  a  stream 
about  the  size  of  a  pencil;  the  supply,  however,  was  not  deemed  sufficient  for  pumping.  Salt  water  was 
encountered  between  225  and  555  feet. 

The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  furnished  the  following  analysis  of  water  taken  from  the  mains 
of  the  Greenport  waterworks,  November,  1901 : 

Analysis  of  water  from  Greenport  waterworks,  Greenport. 

Parts  per  mil- 
lion. 

Si02,etc  .   15.73 

CaC03   11.29 

MgC03   33. 17 

CaS04  64.98  . 

MgS04   27.53 

MgCl2   73.02 

NaCl    672.  03 

Total  :   897.75 

§93.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  report  the  following  analysis  from  a  12-foot  driven  well  about 
600  or  700  feet  from  tide  water: 

Analysis  of  water  from  Long  Island  Railroad  well,  Greenport. 

Parts  per  mil- 

[April,  1898]  lion. 

Si02,  etc   6. 33 

CaCO:(   121.07 

MgCO;,   33. 86 

CaSO,   4.79 

MgSOt  ,   9.06 

MgCl2   13. 34 

NaCl   9.06 

Total   197.51 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS.  333 

The\?  also  report  the  following  analysis  from  a  15  to  20  foot  dug  well  200  to  300  feet  from  tide  inter: 
Analysis  of  water  from  Long  Island  Railroad  m  II ,  (In  i  n /»// 1. 

Parts  per  mil- 

[Ootober,  1901.]  lion 

SiOj.etc   8.04 

CaCOs   Traces. 

MgCO,   11.11 

CaS04   43.60 

MgClj   19. 15 

NaCl  ».   65.15 


Total   147.05 

§94.  Record  of  well  at  East  Marion  f.ife-Saring  Station. 

Wisconsin:  Feet. 

1.  Stones  embedded  in  loamy  clay  and  sand   0-38 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury: 

2.  Coarse  white  sand   38—47 

Tisbury: 

3.  Coarse  white  gravel   47-50 

Some  of  the  stones  taken  out  of  this  well  weighed  at  least  1.000  pounds.  Many  of  them  had  to  be 
blasted  in  order  to  be  removed.    The  sand  and  gravel  is  reported  as  dipping  about  45°  N. 

§95.  Record  of  W.  F.  Furst's  "  <//,  East  Marion. 

Wisconsin :  Feet. 

1.  Surface  loam  and  yellow  sand   0-18 

2.  Hardpan  (sand  and  gravel  packed  hard)   18-22 

Tisbury?: 

3.  Gravel  and  yellow  sand   22-35 

4.  Fine  sand   35- 

§97.  Mr.  Sanford  has  furnished  the  following  samples  from  this  well: 

Record  of  Sanford  <&  Son's  well  at  Bridgehampton. 

Tisbury?:  Feet. 

1.  Gray  micaceous  clay,  with  a  few  small  quartz  pebbles   70 

Sankaty : 

2.  Medium  grayish  white  sand  and  gravel,  with  pieces  of  greenish  clay  containing 

fragments  of  shells   100 

Jameco: 

3.  Fine  to  medium  orange-yellow  sand   105 

4.  Orange-yellow  gravel,  apparently  identical  with  that  of  the  old  glacial  bed  on 

Gardiners  Island    110 

5.  Very  fine  yellow  silt,  with  orange  gravel   112 

Cretaceous: 

6.  Fine  gray  sand,  with  muscovite  and  lignite   115 

7.  Medium  yellow  sand,  with  fragments  of  shells    140 

8.  Gray  clayey  sand,  with  fragments  of  shells   140 

9.  Greenish  gray  sandy  clay,  with  fragments  of  shells   155 

10.  Very  fine  dark-gray  sand,  with  some  coarse  white  quartz  sand   165 

11.  Fine  light  gray  sand   100 

12.  Fine  to  coarse  light  gray  sand  with  partially  lignitized  wood   210 

13.  Medium  white  micaceous  sand   215 

14.  Fine  light  gray  sand  with  lignite   222 

15.  Lignite  and  large  flakes  of  muscovite   231 

16.  Medium  white  micaceous  sand   235 

17.  White  sand,  muscovite  and  lignitized  wood   275-287 

18.  Fragments  of  iron  pyrite   287-288 

19.  Fine  to  medium  grayish-yellow  sand   288-300 


334      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Mr.  Sanford  reports  that  no  record  was  kept,  but  that  the  samples  were  taken  whenever  he  noticed  a 
change  in  the  material.  In  the  above  record  the  beds,  therefore,  probably  extend  from  one  sample  to  the 
next. 

900.  Mr.  J.  Wilkes  Hedges  reports:  "From  within  one-eighth  of  a  mile  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  one 
and  one-half  miles  north,  the  depth  to  water  varies  from  15  feet  to  40  feet.  As  regards  the  strata,  the  first 
15  inches  is  vegetable  mold:  the  next  3  feet  subsoil;  then  a  layer  of  blue  clay  from  18  inches  to  30  inches: 
then  sand  to  water." 

901.  Mr.  S.  Shipperley.  foreman  for  I.  H.  Ford,  has  furnished  t lie  following  samples  from  this  well: 


Record  of  J.  K.  Morris's  well  near  Sag  Harbor. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury :  Feet. 

1.  Light-yellow  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  noticeable  percentage  of  erratics,  the  material 

coarser  in  the  lower  portions   11-  90, 

2.  Orange-yellow  quartz  sand  and  gravel   95 

Sankaty?: 

3.  Grayish  yellow,  micaceous,  silty  clay,  with  a  few  pebbles    110-113 

4.  Light-gray,  micaceous,  silty  clay   132 

Jameco?: 

5.  Fine  to  very  coarse,  sharp,  white  sand,  with  a  few  scales  of  biotite   143-14.5 


903.  Mr.  Henry  F.  Cook,  president  of  the  Sag  Harbor  Waterworks- Company,  reports  the  following:  "  In 
1888  four  wells  were  sunk  to  a  depth  of  40  feet  near  the  pumping  plant.  These  were  pumped  for  a  little  less 
than  a  year,  when  the  water  became  so  red  that  it  did  not  seem  suitable  for  waterworks  use;  the  wells  were 
then  driven  to  about  100  feet,  and  after  being  pumped  for  a  time  the  water  again  became  red.  A  large  well, 
15  by  15,  was  then  sunk  about  900  feet  south  of  the  pumping  station  in  the' edge  of  a  pond,  and  four  49-foot 
wells  were  sunk,  with  the  same  result.  The  driven  well  system  was  then  abandoned,  and  the  water  piped 
from  Ligonee  Brook  into  the  large  well.  Ligonee  Brook  drains  Long  Pond,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
real  source  of  the  water." 

Mr.  E.  Camerdon,  of  Sumpwams  Water  Company,  at  one  time  engineer  at  this  point,  states  that  3  wells 
were  put  down  in  1894  or  1895,  to  a  depth  of  60  feet.  No  gravel  was  encountered,  the  section  being  entirely 
white  sand.  The  wells  were  sunk  to  60  feet,  not  in  search  of  a  different  water-bearing  horizon  but  to  reach 
sand  so  coarse  that  it  would  not  pass  the  screens. 


904.  Record  of  Fahy  Watch  Case  Company's  well,  Sag  Harbor. 

Tisbury:  Feet. 

1 .  Sand  and  gravel,  varying  a  trifle  from  fine  to  coarse.   0-182 

2.  Quicksand   182- 


The  moment  quicksand  was  encountered  in  this  well  driving  was  discontinued.  The  water  from  this 
well  was  obtained  from  four  strata  at  the  following  depths: 

Depths  of  water-bearing  strata  in  Fahy  Watch  Case  Company's  well,  Sag  Harbor. 


Feet. 

1   40 

2  -  -   90 

3     130 

4   155-160 


The  well  was  tested  to  its  full  capacity  and  yielded  .500  gallons  per  minute.  The  elevation  above  high  tide 
is  approximately  20  feet,  and  the  water  in  the  well  rose  to  within  14  feet  of  the  surface.  The  homogeneity 
of  material  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  same  number  of  feet  of  pipe  was  driven  daily. 

905.  Brackish  water  was  found  from  a  few  feet  below  the  surface  down  to  1.5  and  20:  no  water  was 
encountered  between  20  and  80,  when  an  abundant  supply  was  obtained. 

907.  Record  of  Doctor  Benjamin's  well  at  Shelter  Island.,  New  York. 

Tisbury  and  Sankaty:  Feet. 
1.  Very  soft,  white,  medium,  coarse  sand.    0-60 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON  WELLS. 


885 


Shells  were  encountered  at  45  feet  and  continued  to  the  bottom  of  the  well.  A  fragment  of  Venus, 
apparently  Venus  mercenaria,  has  heen  forwarded  by  Doctor  Benjamin,  this  being  the  only  specimen  saved 


from  this  shell-bearing  layer. 

90S.  Record  of  J.  E.  Parker's  well  at  Shelter  Island.  New  York. 

Wisconsin : 

1.  A  hard  mixture  of  clay  and  sand  and  a  few  small  stones   0-30 

Tisbury : 

2.  Sand  and  gravel  in  alternate  laye.-s,  each  layer  about  8  or  10  feet  thick   3(^76 


!>09.  Mrs.  Hattie  Conover,  daughter  of  Mr.  Uriah  White,  artesian-well  driller,  reports:  "My  father 
drilled  the  well  at  Orient  in  1891  for  the  Orient  Manufacturing  Company.  I  am  unable  to  give  you  any 
information  regarding  the  well,  except  that  I  find  one  letter  referring  to  it,  giving  its  deptb  at  that  time  as 
400  feet,  but  the  work  was  continued  about  three  months  longer.  The  water  obtained  was  very  salt,  and  they 
encountered  a  hard  rock,  and  had  to  abandon  the  well,  at  a  heavy  loss." 

910.  According  to  Mr.  Van  Scoy,  president  of  the  Easthampton  Home  Water  Company,  the  supply  is 
derived  from  three  4-inch  wells  70  to  75  feet  deep,  driven  in  the  bottom  of  a  pit  20  feet  in  diameter  and  25 
feet  deep.  On  testing  the  wells  a  single  well  yielded  10,000  gallons  per  hour  and  two  wells  15,000  and 
16,000  gallons.    Mr.  Joe  Seaman,  foreman  for  Mr.  W.  C.  Jaegle,  gives  the  following  section: 

Record  of  Easthampton  Home  Water  Company's  well  near  Easthampton. 


Wisconsin  to  Tisbury:  Feet. 

1.  Sand   0-3 

2.  Clay   3_10 

3.  Sand   10-86 


The  sample,  from  a  depth  of  86  feet,  which  Mr.  Seaman  has  furnished  is  a  light-colored  glacial  gravel. 

Analysis  of  water  from  Home  W ater  Company's  wells,  Easthampton. 
[By  Fraser  &  Co.,  April  15,  1899.] 

Parts  per  million. 


Color   Very  slight. 

Turbidity   Slight. 

Sediment  ,   Slight. 

Taste   Palatable. 

OdorlC°C  ,   None. 

Nitrogen  of  free  and  saline  ammonia   0.  018 

Nitrogen  of  albuminoid  ammonia   .  010 

Nitrogen  as  nitrites   None. 

Nitrogen  as  nitrates   None. 

Chlorine   12. 35 

Total  solids   43. 00 

Loss  on  ignition     11.1 

Appearance  on  ignition   White. 

Total  hardness   10.0 

Temporary  hardness   6.  0 

Iron   Trace. 

Bacteriological  examination: 

Fermentation  test   Negative. 

Putrefaction  test   Negative. 


"The  examination  indicates  that  these  specimens  of  water  are  soft  and  free  from  pollution  and  any 
excess  of  organic  matter.    The  water  is,  therefore,  recommended  for  drinking  and  general  domestic  purposes." 


336       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


911.  Record  of  United  States  Army  well  on  Plum  Island,  New  York. 

Wisconsin:  ™  Feet. 

1.  Loam   0-2.5 

2.  Sand  and  large  bowlders   2.  5-20 

Tisbury?: 

3.  Fine  sand   20  -31 

4.  Fine  sand  and  gravel   31  -49 

5.  Coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel   49  -89 

"We  erected  a  pumping  plant  here,  which  has  been  in  operation  since  1899." 
9 1  'i.  Record  of  Long  Island  Railroad  well  at  Amagansett. 

Wisconsin  and  Tisbury:  Feet. 

L.  Coarse  reddish  brown  sand,  turning  to  white  gravel   0-107 

914.  Record  of  United  States  Army  well  at  Gull  Island,  New  York. 

Feet. 

1.  Loam  and  sand   0-30 

2.  Coarse  sand   30-40 

3.  Very  coarse  sand   40-  46 

4.  Very  coarse  sand  and  gravel   46-  52 

5.  Sand   52-  57 

6.  Fine  quicksand   57-  82 

7.  Sand  and  clay   82-87 

8.  Gravel  and  sand   87-  91 

9.  Coarse  gravel  and  sand   91-  98 

10.  Fine  sand   98-108 

11.  Light-colored  clay   108-112 

12.  Dark-blue  clay,  rather  oily;  when  exposed  to  the  air  became  very  hard   112-291 


Water  was  struck  at  15  feet,  but  was  very  salty;  the  well  flowed  at  91  feet,  also  very  salty;  no 
water  below  110. 


915.  Record  of  United  States  Army  well  at  Montauk. 

Feet. 

1.  Hardpan  (very  compact  mixture  of  clay,  gravel,  and  sand)   0-12 

2.  Bowlders  very  closely  packed  together   12-16 

3.  Coarse  reddish  brown  sand   16-30 

Surface  water  encountered  at  9  feet. 

Mr.  Lockwood  put  down  3  wells  at  this  place  during  the  Spanish-American  war.  The  second  well  was 
similar  to  the  above,  but  a  third  well  driven  some  distance  from  the  two  former  ones  had  the  following 

section : 

Record  of  United  States  Army  well  at  Montauk. 

Feet. 

1.  Sand  and  gravel   0-15 

2.  Beach  sand   15-27 

3.  Quicksand   27-37 

Mr.  Lockwood  reports  that  this  well  would  be  exhausted  in  a  minute,  and  that  it  took  an  hour  to  till  up, 
So  the  pipe  was  pulled  up  10  feet,  when  the  well  yielded  100,000  to  103,000  gallons  a  day. 

916.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  have  furnished  the  following  partial  analysis  of  water  from 
their  driven  well: 

Analysis  of  railroad  well  at  Montauk. 

[July,  1898.] 

Parts  per  million. 

Mineral  solids   186.56 

Organic   51.3 

Chlorine   93.  02 


DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES  ON   WELLS.  M:57 

917.  The  following  analysis  of  Fort  Pond  water  was  made  by  tin'  Long  Island  Railroad  Company. 
September,  1897: 

Analysis  of  Fort  Pond  water,  Montauk. 

Parts  per  million. 

SiOa,  etc   5. 98 

CaCO,   16.24 

MgCQ,   14.71 

CaS04   102.26 

MgS04    47.37 

MgCl2   186. 72 

NaCl  ,   1,216.84 


Total   1,590.13 

Not  used  for  boilers. 

91§.  The  following  analysis  of  Great  Pond  water  was  made  by  the  Long  Island  Railroad  Company, 
September,  1897: 

Analysis  of  water  of  Great  Pond  Lake,  Montauk. 

Parts  per  million. 

SiO,   14  71 

CaCO,   25. 14 

MgCOs   33.17 

CaS04   249. 15 

MgS04   353. 29 

.  MgCl2   614.74 

NaCl   4,855.54 


Total   6,145.74 

Not  used  for  boilers. 

919.  Record  of  Ferguson  vjell  on  Fishers  Island,  New  York. 

Pleistocene  in  part:  Feet. 

1.  Gravel,  bowlders,  and  sand   0-260 

Cretaceous?: 

2.  Blue  clay   260-281 

Pre-cretaceous: 

3.  Rock,  light-gray  granite   281-485 

Salt  water  was  encountered  at  201  feet,  fresh  water  at  328,  and  salt  water  at  48o  feet. 


CHAPTER  V. 


RESULTS  OF  SIZING  AND  FILTRATION  TESTS. 

By  W.  O.  Crosby. 
SIZING  TESTS. 

In  the  detailed  study  of  the  underground  water  resources  of  any  area  it  is 
important  to  know  the  extent  to  which  the  soil  or  underlying  rock  will  absorb 
and  transmit  water.  As  both  absorption  and  transmission  depend  more  or  less 
directly  on  the  porosity  of  the  strata,  which  in  turn  depends  upon  the  relative 
size  and  arrangement  of  the  particles  composing  them,  one  method  of  approaching 
the  problem  is  to  mechanically  separate  representative  samples  by  means  of  sieves 
of  known  sizes  and  to  construct  from  the  data  thus  obtained  a  curve  showing  at 
a  glance  the  relative  proportions  of  coarse  and  fine  materials  and  the  degree  of 
uniformity  in  the  composition.  From  this  curve  may  readily  be  deduced  the 
effective  size  and  the  uniformity  coefficient. 

The  effective  size  is  the  size  of  grain  that  would  allow  a  sand  to  have  its  actual 
transmission  capacity  if  all  the  grains  were  of  the  same  diameter.  It  may  be 
determined  from  the  dimensions  of  the  mesh  of  a  sieve  that  will  permit  10  per 
cent  of  the  sample  to  pass  through  it,  but  will  retain  the  other  90  per  cent.  Thus 
in  any  soil  10  per  cent  of  the  grains  are  smaller  than  effective  size  and  90  per  cent 
are  larger. 

The  uniformity  coefficient  is  the  ratio  of  the  effective  size  to  the  size  of 
grain  which  is  larger  than  60  per  cent  of  the  particles  and  smaller  than  40  per  cent. 

The  actual  degree  of  uniformity  of  the  grains  in  any  sample  varies  inversely 
as  the  coefficient;  and  hence  porosity  and  transmission  must,  in  general,  vary 
indirectly  as  the  uniformity  coefficient  and  directly  as  the  effective  size.  Other 
things  being  equal,  they  are  low  when  the  coefficient  is  high,  that  is,  when  the 
grains  are  diversified  in  size  and  the  constitution  of  the  sand  highly  composite, 
and  also  when  the  effective  size  is  small.  Otherwise  stated,  uniformity  of  grain 
tends  to  the  maximum  values  for  both  porosity  and  transmission  and  a  high 
effective  size  favors  transmission,  especially  by  minimizing  friction.  It  will  thus 
be  seen  that  these  elements  afford  a  check  upon  the  porosity  and  transmission 
values  as  determined  by  actual  trial  in  the  filtration  tests,  and  that  they  also 
afford  a  means  of  rating  or  grading,  at  least  approximately,  materials  for  which 
filtration  tests  have  not  been  made. 
338 


SIZING  TKSTs. 


The  determinations  of  the  effective  size  and  uniformity  coefficient  are.  natu- 
rally, more  accurate  for  relatively  coarse  than  for  fine  materials  because  of  the 
difficulty  of  separating  and  measuring  minute  particles;  and  hence  it  is  especially 
desirable  to  supplement  these  determinations  by  filtration  tests  for  line-grained 
samples,  or  for  those  containing  large  proportions  of  quartz  Hour  and  clay.  Theo- 
retically, it  should  be  possible  to  deduce  a  factor  or  formula  for  the  conversion 
of  sizing  results  into  filtration  results,  and  vice  versa;  but  under  the  existing 
limitations  of  the  sizing  tests  this  is  manifestly  impossible,  at  least  for  relatively 
impalpable  materials. 

Table  XII. — Results  of  sizing  tests. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

0CMU&MV 

number. 

Depth. 

r.  iieciM  e 

size. 

I  nifonnity 
coefficient. 

TO  per  cen  t 
finer  than— 

159 

662 

1 

Feet 
C) 
CO 
5. 0-  5.  5 

Millimeters 

Millimeters. 
0.70 

.  138 

2 

3 

1.30 

4 

6 

0.  181 

23.  2 

5 

10.  0-10.  5 

.22 

5.0 

6 

15. 0-15.  5 

.235 

6.  21 

7 

19. 0-19.  5 

.760 

3.05 

8 

24.  .5-25. 0 

.35 

4.57 

9 

30  -31 

.241 

7.97 

10 

35  -36 

.455 

5.05 

11 

36.  5-37 

.245 

2.82 

12 

40.  5-41.  5 

.165 

3.58 

15 

49  -50 

.  178 

4.78 

16 

54.  5-55.  5 

.26 

3.92 

17 

59.  5-60.  5 

.31 

3.  61 

18 

64  -65 

.204 

2.84 

166 

827 

1 

C) 
3-4 

.203 

2 

.153 

3 

5-6 

.165 

4 

10  -11 

.  145 

5 

15  -16 

.20 

6 

17  -18 

.  131 

7.25 

7 

20  -21 

.  195 

3. 25 

8 
9 

25  -26 
29.  5-30.  5 

.  170 

.202 

5. 15 
2.27 

167 

828 

1 

(") 
"3 

.125 

2 

0.  112 

3 

5-6 

.595 

4 

10  -11 

0. 182 

3.85 

«  Surface  loam.  *  Subsoil. 


340 


UNDERGROUND 


WATER  RESOURCES  OE  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XII. — Results  of  sizing  tests— Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Kffective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient. 

60  per  cent 
finer  than — 

Feet. 

M  illimeterx. 

Millimeters. 

167 

828 

5 

15 

-16 

.  198 

3. 28 

a 

D 

20 

-21 

1  98 

9  97 

7 

23. 

5-24.  5 

9  Rfl 

1  39 

8 

26 

-27 

.  185 

2.49 

9 

29. 

5-30.5 

.238 

6.  72 

10 

35 

-36 

.475 

4.00 

11 

39 

-40 

.  166 

2.29 

173 

859 

1 

5-  1.0 

.  128 

2 

2. 

0-  2.  5 

.17 

o 

5.  0-  5.  5 

18 

O. 

A 

10 

-11 

99^ 

f»  99 

o 

12.0-12.  5 

V' ) 

loU 

7fi9 

1 

J. 

(») 

.  %UO 

o 

(  O 

90  ^ 

Q 
O 

5.  0-  5.  5 

4 

10 

-11 

.329 

R 

O 

12. 

5-13.  5 

37Q 

« 
O 

15 

-16 

1 31 

O.  oo 

7 

17 

-18 

.  0*i 

o.  lo 

S 
o 

19 

-20 

.  lot 

"3  8Q 

q 

22 

-23 

9  IK 
a.  ID 

in 

25 

-26 

93^ 

30 

-31 

109 

<i.  lO 

9fY7 

i 
i 

.5 

39 

9 

1.5 

117 
.11/ 

o.  7 

Q 

5 

-  6 

90 

4  o 

•i 

10 

-11 

99^ 

J.  O 

C 
O 

15 

-16 

99 

Q  71 

y.  / 1 

6 

17 

-18 

.260 

2.56 

7 

20 

-21 

.266 

2.11 

8 

25 

-26 

.228 

2.  76 

9 

29 

-29.  5 

.28 

3.00 

208 

638 

1 

.5 

.  16 

3. 25 

2 

1.0 

.182 

3.13 

3 

5.  0-  5.  5 

.213 

2.  72 

4 

10 

-11 

.21 

2.33 

5 

11 

-12 

.211 

1.34 

a  Surface  loam.  '  Subsoil.  cfi3.9  per  cent  finer  than  200  (0.10). 


SIZING  TESTS. 


341 


TABLE  XII. —  Results  of  sizing  texts — Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
numbei 

Sample 
number. 

WO  ill. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 

coellicient. 

W  per  cent 
finer  tban— 

Feet 

\f  l  If  i  in  4*1  f  r  v 
M  tlllfllflf  /  > 

.1/ '//'  tllftfTx 

208 

638 

6 

12  -13 

0.  190 

2.  27 

7 

1.5  -16 

.240 

2.  13 

8 

20  -21 

.218 

3.  56 

9 

25  -26 

.243 

1.  83 

10 

30  -31 

.  335 

8.06 

21.5 

627 

1 

.5 

0.  .56 

2 

1.0 

.  107 

5.79 

3 

5.  0-  5.  5 

.245 

8. 16 

4 

10  -11 

.229 

2.  25 

5 

1.5  -16 

.265 

3.  32 

1 

6 

20.  0-20.  5 

.29 

4.2* 

7 

23  -24 

.  40 

7. 13 

8 

25.  0-25.  5 

.27 

2. 78 

216 

639 

1 

.5 

.  132 

2.  71 

2 

1.0 

.  212 

4. 13 

3 

3.0-  3.5 

.23 

2.  39 

4 

5.  0-  5.  5 

.245 

5.  22 

• 

5 

9.  .5-10.  5 

.229 

2. 16 

6 

15.0-15.5 

.247 

3.  54 

7 

20  -21 

.26 

1.81 

8 

24.0-24.  5 

.24 

2.07 

217 

717 

1 

.4-  0.  5 

.  119 

3.  53 

2 

1-3 

.  58 



3 

5.  0-  5.  5 

.  238 

2. 15 

4 

10  -11 

.22 

2.  5 

J  15  -16 

.231 

7.27 

5 

I  19.  5-20.  0 

.220 

2.  66 

6 

21  -22 

.244 

3.8 

7 

25  -26 

.225 

2.71 

g 

31  -32 

.245 

6.53 

218 

688 

1 

.  5-  0.  5 

.37 

2 

1.5-  1.5 

.34 

3 

5. 0-  5.  5 

.  12 

4.  58 

4 

10  -11 

.233 

3.86 

5 

15  -16 

.238 

3.82 

6 

20  -21 

.  190 

3.36 

7 

26  -31 

.212 

3.82 

8 

39  -41 

.262 

3.36 

9 

45  -46 

.247 

2.  15 

10 

55  -56 

.25 

2.48 

342       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XII. — Results  o  f  sizing  tests — Continued. 


Well 


Commis- 
sion well 


218  688 
221  687 


229  695 


235 


294 


296 


HUM 


659 


660 


Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient. 

Feel. 

Millimeters 

11 

59  -60 

0.  283 

2.86 

1 

.4 

2 

1.5 

3 

5.0 

4 

10  -11 

.  172 

4.65 

5 

15  -16 

.  310 

2.99 

6 

20  -21 

.  518 

5.79 

7 

25  -26 

.  282 

3.72 

8 

28  -29 

.  295 

1.88 

1 

.  3-  0.  4 

2 

1.5-  1.6 

3 

5.  0-  5.  5 

.221 

4. 12 

4 

10  -11 

.208 

3.66 

5 

15  -16 

.  205 

2.  24 

6 

20  -21 

.  240 

2.  63 

7 

25  -26 

.  22 

2. 14 

8 

30  -31 

.  229 

1.  49 

9 

34  -35 

10 

37  -38 

1 

.5-  1.0 



2 

2.0-2.5 

3 

5-6 

.  134 

4.04 

4 

10  -11 

.  195 

2.8 

5 

15  -16 

.209 

3.  21 

6 

20  -21 

.245 

7.00 

7 

22  -23 

.22 

7.05 

8 

26  -27 

.206 

3.4 

9 

1 

.5 

2 

1.  0 

.215 

1.47 

3 

5.0-  5.5 

.  192 

2.24 

4 

10  -11 

.224 

1.83 

5 

15.  0-15.  5 

.233 

2.  11 

6 

20  -21 

.212 

1.25 

7 

23.  0-23.  5 

.245 

1.9 

8 

25  -26 

.243 

1.87 

9 

30. 0-30.  5 

.250 

1.79 

1 

.4 

.128 

2.91 

2 

1.0 

.20 

2.2 

3 

5. 0-  5.  5 

.22 

2.  77 

60  per  cent 
finer  than — 


Millimeters. 

0.22 
.26 
.435 


.  255 
.28 


.  112 
.  188 
.  11 
.  10 


.223 
.38 


SIZING  TESTS. 
Table  XXL — Remits  of  sizing  tests — Continued. 


343 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
numl>cr. 

Depth. 

KtTective 
size. 

I'niformity 
coetlicien  t . 

«0  per  cent 
finer  t  lum  — 

Feet. 

Millimeters. 

Millimeter* 

296 

660 

4 

10  -11 

0.22 

2.  09 

5 

15  -16 

.258 

2.33 

6 

20  -21 

.207 

1.  75 

7 

23  -24 

.212 

1.8 

8 

25  -26 

.226 

2.  57 

9 

29  -30 

.  215 

2.09 

10 

35. 0-35.  5 

.216 

2.64 

303 

607 

1 

.  5-  0.  5 

0.  442 

2 

1-1 

.215 

2.68 

3 

5.  0-  5.  5 

.  229 

5.  07 

4 

10.  0-10.  5 

.     .  221 

2.  35 

5 

15.0-15.5 

.23 

4.87 

6 

20.  0-20.  5 

.206 

3. 16 

7 

25  -26 

.22 

2.05 

8. 

30.  0-30.  5 

.25 

8.00 

9 

35  -36 

.218 

3.03 

10 

40  -41 

.23 

7.43 

308 

907 

1 

.3-  0.  4 

.28 

2 

.8-  1.0 

.282 

3 

2.  5-  3.  0 

.275 

8.73 

4 

6-7 

.231 

2.56 

5 

10  -11 

.347 

5.48 

6 

15.0-15.  5 

.274 

4.05 

7 

20.  0-20.  5 

.264 

3.  51 

8 

25  -26 

.  268 

6. 34 

9 

30.  5-31.  5 

.  36 

9.  78 

10 

32  -33 

.228 

11.  4 

11 

35  -36 

.257 

11.28 

12 

40  -41 

.26 

8. 12 

13 

44  -45 

.22 

2.50 

14 

.50  -51 

.216 

4.31 

15 

55.  5-56.  5 

.226 

5.66 

310 

829 

1 

.3-  .5 

.  23 

2 

1.0-  1.5 

.38 

3 

4.0-  4.5 

.23 

3.83 

4 

10  -11 

.358 

4.  47 

5 

15.  0-15.  5 

.225 

3.78 

6 

20  -21 

.23 

3.00 

7 

25  -26 

.2) 

3.85 

8 

30  -30 

.239 

6  86 

344      UNDERGROUND  "WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Table  XII. — Results  of  sizing  tests — Continued. 


Well 
number. 


310 


Commis-  Sample 
sion  well  '„ 
number.  number- 


Depth. 


829 


312 


619 


318 


864 


9 
10 
11 


12  .50 

13  55 
11  60 

15  65 

16  70 

17  75 

18  80. 

19  84. 

20  90 

21  95 

22  99. 

23  105 

24  109 

25  113 

26  116 

27  120 

28  130 

29  148 
1 


1 

5. 
9. 
15 


6  20 


Feel 

-  36 

-  41 

-  46 
53 
56 
61 
66 

-  71 

-  77 
5-  81. 
0-  85. 

-  91 

-  96 
0-100. 

-106 
-111 
-115 
-117 
-121 
-134 
-149 
£- 

-  1 
0  5 
.5-  10 

-  16 

-  21 

_  97 


Effective 
size. 


Millimeters 
0.220 

.220 

.245 

.  22 

.30 

..50 

.241 

.60 

.  57 


.3 


8  30 

9  35 
10  40 


31 
36 
41 

11  43.0-  43. 

12  45.  0-  45. 

13  50    -  51 

14  55    -  56 

15  60   -  61 

16  65   -  66 

17  70    -  71 

18  72    -  73 


1 


0. 


.247 

.241 

.227 

.23 

.213 


1.48 


.  158 


.262 
.26 
.24 
1.5 
.  182 
.16 
.22 
.23 
.15 
.35 
.  19 
.225 
.207 
.22 
.242 
.211 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


2.48 
2.45 
4.00 
1.82 
2.83 
4.00 
3.53 
4.00 
5.26 


fiO  per  cent 
finer  than— 


2.  27 
2.57 
1.78 
1.65 
1.7 


1.96 


1.64 


17.  18 
2.27 
6.75 
2.67 
3.00 
1.56 

10.  1 
7.  61 
5.27 
3.71 
4.00 
6.49 
2.00 
2.  91 
3.06 
2.6 


Millimeters 


0.  37 


.26 


(") 
(6) 


19 


168 


■  82.6  per  cent  finer  than  200  (0.10). 


percent  finer  than  200  '0.10). 


SIZING  TESTS. 
Table  XjLL — Results  of  sizing  lest* — Continued. 


345 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient. 

00  per  cent 
finer  than 

Feet. 

Millimeters. 



M  iUimeter.1. 

318 

864 

2 

3.0 

0.  359 

3 

8 

-  9 

0.  137 

3.  0 

4 

14 

-15 

.  13 

2. 7 

5 

19 

-20 

.  136 

2.  71 

6 

24 

-25 

.  141 

2.  73 

7 

29 

-30 

.  11 

2.  82 

g 

34 

-35 

.  15 

2.  53 

323 

956 

1 

(«) 

.  11 

2 

1. 

0-1.5 

345 

3 

4 

-  5 

.  130 



3.  35 

4 

9 

-10 

.  15 

3  00 

5 

14 

-15 

.  225 

3.  82 

6 

19 

-20 

.  22 

4. 05 

■ 

7 

24 

-25 

.  209 

2. 11 

g 

29 

-30 

.  181 

3. 15 

9 

34 

-35 

.  290 

2.  24 

10 

39 

-40 

.  198 

1.  77 



11 

45 

-47 

.  172 

3.  26 

381 

697 

3 

11. 

5-13.0 

.  18 

2.  02 

4 

16.  5-17.  0 

.  224 

1.  72 

5 

19.0-19.5 

.  29 

3. 17 

6 

24 

-25 

.  233 

2. 15 

7 

25.  5-26. 0 

.  27 

11.  4 

g 

27.  0-27.  8 

240 

2. 125 

9 

29 

30 

187 

4.  81 

10 

34 

-34.5 

148 

1.  34 

11 

34.  5-35 

.  169 

1.  65 

12 

37 

-38 

169 

1.  95 

382 

658 

3 

9. 

5-10.5 

212 

3.  30 

4 

10 

-11 

237 

3.  54 

5 

15 

-16 

.  228 

2.  06 

g 

20 

-21 

216 

2.  69 

7 

25 

-26 

.28 

2. 18 

8 

29 

-30 

.238 

1.97 

9 

31. 

5-32.3 

.  168 

1.4 

10 

34.  5-35. 0 

.  189 

1.42 

11 

35.  5-36.  0 

.  124 

2.00 

12 

40 

-41 

.  196 

2.32 

13 

41 

-42 

.  138 

1.42 

14 

46 

-47 

.  198 

2.65 

15 

50 

-51 

.282 

1.88 

a  Surface. 

17116— No.  44—06  23 


346      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XII.: — Results  of  sizing  tests — Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient. 

60  per  cent 
finer  than — 

Feet. 

Millimeters. 

Millimeters. 

389 

Ooo 

1  A 
ID 

54 

-55 

n  94A 

i  p;i 

1  7 

56 

-57 

187 

1  9fi 

1  8 

58 

-59 

o-  o 
■  «iu 

1  4A 

1Q 

63 

-64 

913 
.  —  l-> 

1  K9 
J. .  OZ 

90 

68 

-69 

1 70 

9  03 

21 

73 

-74 

.378 

2.07 

22 

78 

-79 

.280 

1.48 

93 

81 

-82 

93Q 

1  7fi 
L.  1  u 

24 

86 

-87 

209 

1  4^ 

9^ 

91 

-92 

177 

■  Lit 

9  OR. 

9fi 

93 

-94 

2.  04 

97 

95 

-96. 

5 

IfiQ 

1  38 

98 

96.  5-97. 

0 

179 

.  Li  4 

1 

1.  D 

3QO 

fi17 

i 

5 

fi  30^ 
U.  oUO 

2 

1.8-  2. 

() 

9£ 
.  ZO 

■3 
O 

2. 

3-  2. 

5 

.  oo 

3  f»7 
o.  oi 

4 

5 

-  6 

.346 

4.05 

5 

8. 

5-  9. 

0 

.26 

2.  77 

g 

10 

-11 

99 

9  41 

7 

15 

-16 

99 

.  Lit! 

1  Q 

J. .  y 

S 

16 

-17 

94 

4  OO 

q 

20 

-21 

93fl 
.  ZOO 

3  18 
o.  lo 

10 

25 

-26 

99 

1  73 
l.  to 

J  \ 

29. 

0-29. 

8 

1 41 

1  38 

3Q1 

fi18 

UIO 

J 

0. 

4 

49 

2 

1. 

5 

Q£ 
.  oo 

•3 
O 

2. 

5 

34^ 

£!  A7 

1 

Tt 

5 

-  6 

94 

10  83 
IV.  oo 

5 

-  9 

4 

2.  35 

a 
u 

10.  5-11. 

K 
O 

947 

/ 

14 

-15 

9<U 

9  11 

8 

16 

-17 

.211 

1.E6 

9 

18.  5-19. 

0 

.31 

3.32 

10 

23 

-24 

.39 

7.  12 

11 

26.  5-27. 

5 

.  159 

2.52 

12 

31. 

0-32. 

3 

.  17 

1.4 

400 

845 

1 

0 

-  0. 

8 

.225 

2 

1. 

3-  1. 

5 

.  41 

15.24 

3 

2.0-  2. 

2 

.415 

6.  14 

4 

6 

-  7 

.289 

2.  01 

SIZING  TESTS. 
Table  XII. — Results  of  sizing  (r-ils — Continued. 


347 


Well 
numlier. 


r.ommis-  Sample 
sion  well  , 


400 


845 


401 


846 


403 


409 


410 


847 


422 


862 


5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
9 
10 
11 
12 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
1 
2 
3 
4 


Deptli. 


Effective 


Feet. 
11.0-11.8 


-17 
-22 
-27 
-32  . 
-  0.7 
1.2-  1.6 

2.  .5-  2.  7 
5.  5-  6.  5 
9.  5-10. 5 

14.  .5-15.  5 
19  -20 
21.. 5-22.  5 
23  -24 
28  -29 
31  -32 
0.  2-  0.  4 
1.5-  1.9 

3.  0-  3.  4 
8-9 

10  -11 
-13 
-16 
-19 
-24 
-29 
33.  0-33.  5 

(«) 
&  1.5 
5 

10 
15 
22 
28 
35 
37 
.2-  .6 
1.2-  1.6 
2.  3-  2.  5 
7-8 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


GO  per  cent 
finer  than— 


12 
15 
18 
23 
28 


Millimeters. 
0.225 
.313 
.240 
.29 
.211 


.38 
22 
.256 
.205 
.300 
.  12 
.18 
.23 
.30 


.29 
.45 
.223 
.228 
.41 
.315 
.  :A 
.216 
23 
.24 


.51 

.23 

.30 

.252 

.207 

.  10 

.20 

.231 

.  161 

.753 

.318 

.23 


Millimeters 
3.02   

3.04   

2.06   

2.76   

1.96   

  0. 63 

  .3 

3.74  I  

4.'9  >  

3.28   

2.63   

7.83  I   

3.5   

3.00   

2.39   

6.83   

  1.38 

12.76   

11.  1   

2.24   

2.63   

12. 7   

3. 1   

8.15   

2. 5   

2.7  :  

2.04   

  3. 30 

12. 16  La  

6.52   

4.4  ;  

4.48   

2.32   

6.8   

2.05   

2. 1   

1.32   

8.13   

1.8   

2.39   


<•  Surface. 


6  Subsoil. 


348       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,   NEW  YORK. 


Table  XII. — Results  of  sizing  tests — Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient". 

60  per  cent 
finer  than — 



Feet. 

Millimeters. 

Millimeters. 

410 

862 

0 

12  -13 

A  OT 
U.  It 

A  OC 

4.  _t  i 

0 

17  -18 

A  1 

.  41 

1  1  AA 

11.  uu 

7 

22  -23 

.  4oy 

< .  01 



8 

27  -28 

oi  .t 

.  Zlo 

o  o 
Z.  o 

a 

y 

oo  oo 
6Z  -66 

O  1 1 

.  Z41 

X    1  o 

o.  18 

1  A 

1U 

OO     — OO.  8 

ooo 
.  161 

O    4  1 

o.  44 

416 

.  863 

1 

0    -  0.6 

0.  236 

ty 

1.  2—  1.4 

o  no 

o 
O 

o   O      O  1 

6  1-  6.  4 

OQ 
.  Z» 

1  R  AT 
10.  Ut 

A 

4 

o    -  / 

OO 

.  lo 

/I  IO 

4.  4o 

5 

11    -  12 

.38 

6.58 

O 

lo    -  1/ 

.  44o 

R.   1  I 

0.  14 

"7 
I 

Ol  OO 

zl    —  Zz 

,1 1 
.  41 

O  TO 

o.  to 

Q 

o 

0£  OT 

Zb    —  It 

OQ 
.  OO 

('  oo 

0.  61 

n 

y 

OA    A    OI  A 

ou.  y-oi.  u 

.  zzy 

1U 

OI  oo 

61  -61 

•  ■>/ •  e 
.  OOO 

n  oo 

y.  61 

-1  1 

Qfi  OT 

oo  -6t 

o.q 
.  oo 

O  AA 

y.  uy 

1  o 

.11    c    1  o  c 
41.  0-4Z.  O 

.  ooo 

o  oo 
O.  Zl 

ilO 

418 

aai 

1 

O  K 

.6-     .  O 

A  A 

.  44 

o 

OA      O  1 

z.yy—  z.  4 

.  4» 

1  o  oo 
16.  66 

3 

6.  5-  8. 0 

.368 

6.71 



4 

11    — 1Z 

.  OO 

11  11 

11.  14 

5 

1  fl  IT 

10  -1/ 

y.  ot 

6 

21  -22 

.362 

8.01 

7 

o/ ;  or 
Zo  -Z7 

.  ozo 

T  OO 

/ .  So 

o 
O 

ol  -oZ 

oo 
.  oo 

A  AA 

y.  uy 

a 

Ofl     1    Of!  A 

oo.  4-oD.  y 

.  iys 

o  o 
o.  8 

1  a 

10 

1  1  /IO 

41  — 4Z 

O 

.  ooU 

o.  yi 

ll 

45  —51 

O  IO 
.  lil 

1  o 

11 

ol.  O-oo.  8 

OOl 

.  ZZl 

1     0 1 

1.  al 

13 

53.  8-55.  7 

o  c 

.  oo 

O  OA 

i.  zy 

421 

906 

1 

0    -  0.8 

.34 

2 

2.  7-  2.  9 

.206 

5. 34 

3 

7.  5-  8.  5 

.269 

14.5 

4 

12.  2-13.  2 

.22 

6.27 

5 

17.  5-18.  5 

.243 

5. 1 

6 

22.  5-23. 5 

.23 

3.  91 

7 

25. 0-25.  5 

.22 

7. 73 

8 

30  -31 

.215 

3.02 

9 

35  -36 

.228 

2.76 

SIZING  TESTS. 
Table  XII.  -Results  of  skiwj  tests — Continued. 


849 


Well 
number. 


421 


Coinmis-     t.  im„ort 


I>e]>th. 


Kflective 


906 


422 


959 


501 


909 


502 


955 


10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 


Feet. 
40  -41 


41 

45 
50 
54 
1.7 


-42 
-46 
-51 
-55 
2. 


3.0-  3. 

8.0-  9. 
10.  5-11. 
15  -16 


20 
23 
27 
31 
36 
0 


-21 
-24 

-28 
-32 
-37 
-  0. 
2.  5-  3. 
5-7 


10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 


-12 
-16 
-21 
-27 
-31 
-36 
-41 
-46 
-51 
-56 
.5-  1. 
1.5-  2. 
2.  .5-  3. 
4.  5-  5. 
6-7 
10  -11 
15.  0-17. 
20  -22 
25. 0-26. 
30  -32 
35  -36 
41  -42 


Millimeters 
0.  29 
1.30 
.229 
.220 
1. 10 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


.  18 

.20 

.214 

.239 

.44 

.28 

.23 

.259 


.243 
.235 
.205 
.780 
.193 
.229 
.260 
.310 
.235 
.208 
.210 
.178 


.235 

.64 

.45 

.215 

.219 

.23 

.27 

.234 

.365 

.218 


3.  62 
2.38 
2.  75 
2.7 
2.41 


60  per  cent 
finer  than— 


.1/  ill i null  rs 


7.5 

4. 25 
7.01 
2.76 
10. 11 
3.25 
4.43 
3.47 


3.00 

4. 04 

2.88 

5.0 

2.33 

2.9 

5.  19 

2.9 

2.68 

1.61 

3.  33 

1.40 


13.  62 
6.64 

11.  56 

10.00 
5.02 

10.00 
7.89 

11.54 
8.36 
5.83 


0.  136 


.55 


.25- 
.725 


I 


n  61  per  cent  finer  than  0.10. 


350      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XII. — Resrilts  of  sizing  tests — Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient. 

60  per  cent 
finer  than — 

Feet. 

Millimeters. 

\t  illim  elers. 

502 

955 

lo 

45.  0-  46.  5 

n  e  i 
U.  04 

a  ni 

4.  yi 

//  1  A 

oil    -  oz 

i  ft 
1.) 

EE  E"7 

05    -  5f 

o  nn 
Z.  UU 

1  Oft 

1.  zo 

i  ft 
lb 

cn        ft  1 
oy    -  Ol 

n  EQE 
V).  060 

17 

RA    E      ftE  E 

04.  O—  DO.  0 

.10 
.  4Z 

O  Oft 

z.  ZO 

1  Q 

lo 

7n  n     *71  E 
/U.  U—  /I.  0 

OftE 
.  oOO 

0  ftft 

z.  00 

1  n 

/0    -  /o 

AO 

.  4Z 

Q  EO 

0.  oz 

ZU 

on  oi 
oU    -  ol 

OO  E 
.  ZZO 

a  nn 
4.  UU 

01 
Zl 

OO 

O  01 
Z.  Zl  , 

1  QE 
1.  oO 

ZZ 

OE  Gfl 

oo    -  SO 

AO. 
.  Oo 

/I  At 
4.  41 

oo 
Zo 

on  n    on  c 

yu.  u-  yu.  o 

OO 
.  OO 

y.  6t 

Z4 

n~  n    nE  e 

yo.  u-  yo.  o 

OO 

.  zz 

E    4  E 

0.  40 

OE 

zo 

i  nn  n  1  n  e  e 
1UU.  U— 1U0.  0 

.  Ol 

K  \A 
0.  14 

26 

101  -102 

.23 

2.26 

Z7 

1U4.  O-IUO.  U 

Ol  Q 

.  ziy 

1  QO 

1.  oy 

oo 
zo 

iuy  -1IU 

on 
.  zu 

1  A£ 
1.  DO 

on 

zy 

1  1  A     K    1  1  C  C 

114.  O— 1 10.  0 

1  oc 

.  loo 

1  r;o 
1.  OZ 

on 

oU 

i on      i o i 
1ZU    — 1Z1 

01 0 
.  Zlo 

1  AA 
1.  DO 

ol 

1  O  1     K    IOC  c 

1Z4.  O-1Z0.  0 

01  c 
.  Zlo 

1  AA 

1.  DD 

QO 

oz 

i on  ^  i qi  n 

00  a 
.  ZZO 

1  A1 
1.  01 

9a 
OO 

1  QO          1  Q  £  ^ 

loZ.  0-loD.  0 

OQQ 

.  Zoo 

A  AQ 
4.  Oo 

Enft 

oub 

1  1  /IO 

114Z 

1 

U    —    i.  o 

OO. 
.  ZO 

z 

ID          O  O 

1.  o-     Z.  Z 

.  ZiO 

1  07 
/.  ZY 

o 

o 

*>  a 
o    -  O 

OOA 

.  ZZO 

A  c:a 
4.  00 

4 

in  11 
1U    —  11 

.  Ol 

1  OK 

/.  ZO 

r 
ft 

i  £        i  a 
lo   —  lo 

00 
.  Zv 

Q  *70 
O.  /Z 

0 

on  01 
ZU    —  Zl 

AQ 

.  4o 

a  n  t 
0.  U4 

n 
4 

OC  OA 

zo   —  zo 

rr\ 
.  OU 

.4  A 

4.  0 

o 
O 

on  qo 
oU    -  oZ 

OQ 

.  Zo 

•5  Ol 

• 

y 

O  C  0*7 

oO    —  67 

in 
.  4U 

/.  70 

i  n 
ID 

Af\           A 1 

4U    —  41 

.  oO 

0.  / 1 

11 

45   -  46 

.335 

5.08 

12 

50    -  51 

.275 

3.42 

13 

55    -  56 

.23 

9. 13 

14 

60    -  61 

.22 

2.09 

15 

65    -  66 

.218 

LSI 

16 

70    -  71 

.218 

1.82 

17 

75    -  76 

.20 

2.  25 



18 

79.  5-  80. 5 

.  19 

1.21 

569 

849 

1 

.2-  .3 

.41 

"  This  sample  too  small  to  analyze. 


SIZING  TESTS. 
Tabu  XII. — RenUig  of  tiring  /<'*/.< — Continued. 


351 


Well 

number. 

C  omniis- 
,  sion  well 
minil)or. 

Sample 
number. 

1  •  

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coellicient. 

fiO  per  cent 
finer  tliiin  

Feel. 

M  illimeters 

in  111 1  lit  1 1 1  r.s 

569 

849 

o 

A 

0.  605 

r> 
o 

U.  ZoVI 

/.  OO 

4 

10  11 
lyr  11 

07 
'  £1 

0  on 

5 

11  -12 

.27 

3.89 

6 

15  -16 

.34 

2. 91 

7 

20.5-21.5 

.26 

4.  12 

8 

25  -26 

.238 

2.48 

9 

30  -31 

.49 

3.67 

574 

865 

1 

0.  .5-  1.0 

.216 

2 

1.7-  2.3 

.205 

3 

2.  7-  3.  3 

.23 

4 

5-6 

.31 

2.97 

5 

9  -10 

.30 

10.67 

6 

15  -16 

.54 

6.3 

7 

20  -21 

.375 

2.47 

8 

25  -27 

.26 

3.9 

q 

.  DO 

10 

35. 0-36.  5 

.213 

2.07 

11 

37. 5-38. 0 

.  144 

2.  19 

12 

40  -41 

.242 

2.4 

13 

45  -46 

.228 

4.  17 

14 

50.  5-53.  0 

.52 

4.33 

15 

52.  4-52.  6 

.  11 

7.82 

16 

55  -58 

.  105 

8.  39 

17 

58.  5-59.  5 

.  118 

3. 31 

1  c 

lO 

fin  i 

UW.  O   Ul.  o 

990 

1 .  oO 

19 

63  -64 

.  19 

2.8 

20 

65.  5-66.  5 

.65 

1.77 

91 

7H  (179  t; 

on 

22 

74.  5-75.  5 

.22 

1.66 . 

23 

80  -81 

.232 

2.41 

24 

84  -85 

.332 

1.78 

Di  O 

one 

1 

^    i  f\ 

.  O-  1.  u 

.  14o 

*7  no 

7.  y.D 

2 

1.5-  2.0 

.62 

6.05 

3 

3-4 

.33 

6.06 

4 

6  ^7 

.37 

7.03  1 

5 

10  -11 

.363 

7.71 

6 
7 

8 

15  -16 
20  -21 
24  -25 

.529 
.213 
.195 

7.37 
2.63 
1.13  | 

352      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XII. — Results  of  sizing  tests — Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 
number. 

Depth. 

Effective 
size. 

Uniformity 
coefficient. 

60  per  cent 
finer  than — 

Feet. 

Millimeters. 

Millimeters. 

o7o 

one 

y 

27.  0-28.  5 

i.  Uo 

1  fl 

lu 

31 

-32 

i  no 
l .  uy 

1  1 

11 

35 

-37 

91  ft 

i  ^ 

1.  o 

1  o 
1Z 

40. 

5-41.  5 

99  ft 

1.  o 

635 

743 

1 

0 

-  0.  5 

0.  605 

2 

5-  1.0 

2.00 

Q 
O 

1 

-  3 

.53 

6.  51 

A 

4 

5 

-  6 

.38 

7.37 

0 

10 

-11 

.341 

7.68 

O 

15 

-16 

.398 

4.22 

f 

4 

19 

-20 

.28- 

4.57 

Q 
O 

24 

-25 

.38 

2.6 

Do/ 

/  zy 

1 

{") 

1  1  °. 
1.10 

.80 

2 

5-  1.0 

Q 
O 

1 

-  3 

.308 

8.08 

4 

5 

-  6 

.358 

8. 1 

5 

10 

-11 

.435 

7. 13 

o 

15 

-16 

.25 

4.8 

n 
4 

20 

-21 

.23 

2.7 

Q 
O 

24 

-26 

.345 

2!43 

Q 

y 

29 

.338 

5.  47 

con 

»zo 

i 

(") 

7  1 

.  /  4 

5-2.0 

.  156 

6.73 

Q 

o 

5 

-  6 

.259 

4.02 

4 

10 

-12 

.434 

4. 61 

5 

15 

-16 

.219 

4.93 

o 

20 

-21 

.365 

2.8 

7 
/ 

25 

-26 

.42 

6.  21 

o 
O 

30 

-31 

.22 

1.59 

o 

35 

-36 

.209 

1.  55 

i  n 

40 

-41 

.314 

3. 12 

ii 

45 

-46 

.265 

3.21 

12 

50 

-51 

.34 

1.76 

13 

55 

-56 

266 

2.03 

14 

60 

-61 

.22 

1.93 

15 

65 

-66 

.37 

2.  51 

16 

70 

-71 

.382 

2.49 

17 

75 

-76 

.281 

3.  47 

18 

80 

-81 

.231 

2.86 

19 

85 

-86 

.46 

2.72 

<•  Surface. 


SIZING  TESTS. 
Table  XII. —  Hemiltx  of  xizimj  tn>l.« — Continued. 


358 


Well 
number. 


639 
694 


695 


Commis- 
sion well  Bjuimta 
number.  ""»>'>pr- 


S26 
861 


843 


20 
21 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


Depth. 


ST. 
91 

1. 
5. 
10. 
15 
20 
30. 
35. 
40. 

10  45 

11  50. 

12  55 

13  60. 

14  65. 

15  69. 


to. 


16 

17  80. 

18  85. 

19  90. 

20  95. 

21  100. 

22  101. 
1 


1. 

5. 
10. 
15. 
20. 
25 
30. 
35 


Feel 

0-  87.  5 

-  92 

0.3 
0-  1. 5 
0-  5. 5 
0-  10.5 

-  16 

-  21 
0-30.5 
5-  35.  5 
0-  40.  5 
0-  45.  5 
0-  .50.5 

-  56 
0-60.5 
0-  65.  5 
0-  69.  5 
0-  75.5 
0-80.5 
0-85.5 
0-  90.5 
0-  95.  5 
0-100.5 
5-102.0 

.  5 

5-2.0 
0-  5.5 
0-  10.5 
0-  15.5 
0-  20.  5 

-  26 
0-  30.  5 

-  36 


Bfleetlvc 


Millimeters. 
0. 125 


.224 
.  22 
.  195 
1.  10 
.3 
.33 
.23 
.214 
.238 
.  222 
.  19 
.224 
.229 
.242 
.208 
.209 
.200 
.22 
.18 


.22 
.27 
.22 
.22 
.42 
.23 
.  235 


Uniformity 
coefficient". 


1.72 


2.  63 
15.  23 

3.33 
3.19 
5.67 
2.73 
3.00 
1..54 
5.25 

3.  47 
1.37 
2.28 
2.1 
1.9 
1.25 
1.82 
1. 17 
1.59 
1.23 


4.64 
1.73 

4.5 
2.  73 
7.33 
2.52 
3.83 


60  per  cent 
finer  than— 


Millimeter* 


0. 182 


.  39 


.22 
.4 

.6 


354      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

FILTRATION  TESTS. 

Filtration  tests  were  made  with  columns  of  carefully  packed  material,  6  inches 
long  and  one  ten-millionth  of  an  acre  in  section,  under  a  5-foot  head  of  water. 
Recently  boiled  water  of  normal  room  temperature  was  used.  Before  beginning  the 
filtration  test  with  a  sample  the  air  was  expelled  by  admitting  water  from  a  burette 
slowly  at  the  bottom  of  the  column,  and  the  volume  of  water  thus  required  to  fill 
the  sand  was  carefully  measured.  This  volume  expressed  in  cubic  centimeters  and 
also  in  percentages  constitutes  the  porosity  determination. 

The  upper  end  of  the  tube  was  then  connected  with  the  5-foot  head  of  water 
for  the  filtration  test.  Water  was  allowed  to  flow  unmeasured  for  several  minutes 
until  the  finer  sand  particles  should  have  time  to  adjust  themselves  and  until 
any  residuum  of  air  left  in  the  sand  should  have  been  dissolved  out;  the  flow  was 
then  carefully  measured  for  five  minutes  and  multiplied  by  12  to  get  the  rate  per 
hour. 

Under  the  conditions  of  the  tests  it  is,  obviously,  impossible  to  reproduce  the 
structure  of  the  material  as  it  existed  in  the  ground;  and  yet  this  structure — the 
mode  of  association  and  arrangement  of  the  grains  of  varying  sizes — must 
profoundly  influence  the  filtration  rate.  This  is,  probably,  the  most  serious  limita- 
tion of  the  filtration  tests;  for  while  we  may  fairly  assume  that  the  material  in  the 
ground  is  closely  packed  (hard-packed),  we  have,  in  general,  or  with  ordinary 
boring  samples,  no  means  of  knowing  whether  it  is  a  homogeneous  mixture  or, 
as  must  commonly  be  the  case,  distinctly  laminated,  coarse,  pervious  layers  alter- 
nating with  fine,  impervious  layers,  in  a  way  to  insure  the  maximum  flow  in  a 
horizontal  direction.  If  a  general  assumption  must  be  made,  it  were,  doubtless, 
most  conservative  to  assume  the  horizontal  flow  as  greater  and  the  vertical  flow 
as  less  than  the  filtration  rate,  which  may  be,  in  many  cases,  an  approximate  mean. 


Table  XIII. — Results  of  filtrat  ion  tests. 


Well 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 

Depth  (feet). 

Porosity. 

Filtration: 
Cm. s  per 
hour. 

number. 

number. 

Cm.i. 

Per  cent. 

148 

1204 

9 

30-31 

17 

32 

960 

10 

35-36 

17 

32 

672 

11 

36-37 

14.5 

27.3 

2,880 

12 

44-45 

17 

32 

5,520 

13 

50-51 

16.5 

31. 1 

540 

14 

55-56 

18 

33.9 

960 

15 

62-63 

16 

30.  1 

4,320 

16 

67-68 

14.  5 

27.  3 

3, 144 

17 

74-7.5 

17.5 

33 

3,780 

18 

82-83 

19 

35.8 

5,100 

19 

88-89 

14.5 

27.3 

2,204 

20 

95-96 

17 

32 

828 

303 

607 

5 

15  -15.5 

18 

33.9 

6,180 

6 

20  -20.5 
t 

18 

33.9 

2,040 

FILTRATION  TESTS. 


355 


Tahi.e  XIII.  —  Results  of  filtration  tests — Continued; 


Well 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 

Porosity. 

Filtration: 
Cm.*  per 
hour. 

number. 

number. 

Cm*. 

far  cent. 

303 

607 

7 

25  -26 

19 

35.8 

4,200 

8 

30    -30. 5 

17 

32 

7,380 

9 

35  -36 

18 

33.9 

2,  616 

10 

40  -41 

1.5.  5 

29.2 

3,660 

308 

907 

11 

3.5-36 

15 

28.3 

4,800 

12 

40-41 

16.5 

31.  1 

6, 240 

13 

44  -45 

20 

37.7 

7,440 

14 

50  -51 

15.5 

29.2 

3,360 

15 

55.  5-56.  5 

17 

32 

7,560 

310 

829 

8 

30  -30 

16.5 

31. 1 

5,640 

9 

35  -36 

16 

30. 1 

3,540 

10 

40  -41 

18 

33.9 

4,620 

11 

45  -46 

17 

32 

8, 760 

12 

50  -53 

24 

45.2 

4,920 

13 

55  -56 

19.5 

36.7 

14,400 

14 

60  -61 

19.5 

36.7 

17,940 

15 

65  -66 

18.5 

34.9 

10, 200 

16 

70  -71 

21 

39.6 

20,880 

17 

75  -77 

15 

28.3 

21,840 

18 

80.  5-81.  5 

26 

49 

84 

323 

9.56 

6 

19  -20 

16 

30.1 

4,080 

I 

24  -25 

16.5 

31. 1 

2,136 

8 

29  -30 

15 

28.3 

936 

9 

34  -35 

21 

39.6 

14,880 

10 

39  -40 

12.5 

23.5 

2, 640 

11 

45  -47 

14 

26.4 

636 

382 

"  658 

3 

9.  5-10.  5 

24 

47 

624 

4 

10  -11 

15 

29.4 

3,960 

15  -16 

22 

43.  1 

9,840 

6 

20  -21 

11.  5 

22.5 

4,740 

7 

25  -26 

21 

41.  1 

9, 120 

8 

29  -30 

12 

23. 5 

S,  VHU 

9 

31.  5-32.  3 

22 

43.  1 

852 

10 

34.  5-35. 0 

17.5 

34.3 

'  80,000 

400 

845 

3 

2    -  2. 2 

18 

33.9 

7,200 

4 

6-7 

35 

66 

11,880 

5 

11  -11.8 

18.5 

34.9 

4,680 

6 

16  -17 

18 

33.9 

8,280 

7 

21  -22 

17.5 

33 

4,320 

a  Wells  65S  and  846  have  porosity  percentages  reckoned  on  basis  of  51  cm.'  capacity  for  filtration  tube;  all  others  53  cm.3 
capacity. 


356       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XIII. — Results  of  filtration  tests — Continued. 


Well 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 

Depth  (feet). 

Porosity— 

Filtration : 
Cm.3  per 
hour. 

number. 
• 

number. 

Cm.3. 

Per  cent. 

400 

845 

g 

26  -27 

17.5 

33 

8, 340 

9 

31  -32 

19.5 

36.7 

3  540 

401 

"846 

3 

2.  5-  2. 7 

12.5 

24.5 

1, 200 

4 

5.  5—  6.  5 

13.5 

26.4 

3, 300 

5 

9. 5-10.  5 

17 

33.3 

4,740 

6 

14.  5-15.  5 

17 

33.3 

1,740 

7 

19  -20 

16 

31.3 

9, 420 

9 

21.  5-22.  5 

14.5 

28.4 

444 

10 

23  -24 

13.5 

26.4 

288 

11 

28  -29 

19 

37.2 

2,880 

12 

31  -32 

17 

33.3 

8, 280 

403 

847 

5 

10  -11 

16 

30. 1 

4,680 

6 

12  -13 

16 

30. 1 

16, 680 

7 

15  -16 

17.75 

33.4 

9,  420 

8 

18  -19 

14 

26.4 

12, 960 

9 

23  -24 

18.5 

34.9 

4,380 

10 

28  -29 

16.5 

31. 1 

5, 340 

410 

862 

3 

2. 3-22.  5 

20 

37.7 

3,060 

4 

7-6 

16 

30.1 

2, 700 

5 

12  -13 

12.5 

23.5 

6,060 

6 

17  -18 

13.5 

25.4 

8, 760 

7 

22  -23 

13 

24.5 

7,740 

8 

27  -28 

15 

28.3 

2,880 

9 

32  -33 

23 

43.3 

3, 180 

10 

36.  0-36.  8 

16.5 

31. 1 

6,000 

418 

901 

8 

31  -32 

16.5 

31. 1 

13, 260 

9 

36.  4-36.  9 

14.5 

27.3 

1,  944 

10 

41  -42 

17.5 

33 

13,  704 

11 

45  -51 

23 

43.3 

2,880 

12 

51.  0-53.  8 

20 

37.  7 

7,860 

13 

53.  8-55. 7 

36 

67.9 

21,840 

421 

906 

9 

35  -36 

18.5 

34.9 

9, 480 

10 

40  -41 

18 

33.9 

15,-*20 

11 

41  -42 

24 

45.2 

60,000 

12 

45  -46 

21 

39.6 

12,504 

13 

50  51 

20.5 

38.6 

11,340 

14 

54  -55 

19 

35.8 

52,800 

422 

959 

8 

27  -28 

16.5 

31. 1 

11,340 

9 

31  -32 

16 

30.1 

8,400 

o  Wells  658  and  84fi  have  porosity  percentages  reckoned  on  basis  of  .31  cm.3  capacity  for  filtration  tube;  all  others  53  cm.3 

capacity. 


FILTRATION  TESTS. 
Table  Xlll. — vResuliS  affiliation  text* — Continued. 


857 


Well 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 

Depth  (feet). 

Porosity- 

Filtration: 
Cm.3  per 
hour. 

number. 

number. 

Cm.*. 

Percent. 

422 

959 

10 

36  -37 

17 

32 

12,  0(50 

454 

960 

1 

5-6 

16.5 

31.  1 

6, 000 

2 

8  -10 

19.5 

36.7 

3, 480 

3 

21. 1-25.0 

18 

33.9 

3,  480 

4 

37  -40 

18 

33.9 

18, 240 

41  -52 

17 

32 

1, 980 

495 

1272 

1 

0.5-  1.0 

16.5 

31.  1 

3, 360 

2 

1.5-  2.0 

15 

28.3 

9, 720 

3 

5-6 

16 

30.1 

17,  400 

4 

10  -11 

11 

20.7 

2, 940 

5 

15  -16 

17.5 

33 

7,260 

6 

20  -21 

17 

32 

8, 940 

7 

24  -25 

18 

33.9 

7,260 

8 

29  -30 

19.5 

36.7 

8,760 

9 

30  -31 

20 

37.7 

1,080 

10 

32  -33 

16 

30.1 

2, 160 

11 

34  -35 

24 

45.2 

1,500 

12 

40  -41 

20.5 

38.6 

852 

13 

45  -46 

20 

37.7 

1,  560 

14 

48  -49 

v  / 
408 

15 

60  -61 

26 

49 

16 

63  -65 

20.5 

38.6 

756 

17 

65.  5-67.  5 

23 

43.3 

372 

18 

70  -71 

21.5 

40.  5 

251 

697 

1087 

3 

5. 0-  5. 5 

22 

41.5 

7,320 

4 

10  -12 

17 

32 

7,860 

5 

15  -16 

16.5 

31. 1 

7,560 

6 

20  -21 

21.  5 

40.5 

6,000 

7 

25  -26 

16.5 

31. 1 

8,940 

g 

29  -30 

17 

32 

5,  580 

698 

1088 

4 

10.0-10.  5 

16 

30. 1 

60,600 

5 

15.0-15.5 

15.5 

29.2 

10, 200 

6 

20. 0-20.  5 

16 

30.1 

10, 620 

7 

25. 0-25.  5 

17 

32 

6,600 

8 

30. 0-30.  5 

16 

30.1 

9,360 

707 

1141 

3 

3-5 

13.5 

26.4 

4,  140 

4 

5  -21 

16 

30. 1 

1,320 

5 

21  -25 

16 

30. 1 

8,760 

6 

25  -30 

15.5 

29.2 

15,360 

a  Does  not  filter. 


358       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XIII. — Results  of  filtration  tests — Continued. 


Well 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 

Depth  (feet). 

Porosity — 

Filtration: 
Cm.3  per 
hour. 

number. 

number. 

CmA 

Per  cent. 

707 

1141 

7 

30-  35 

16 

30.  1 

12  960 

g 

35-  40 

16 

30.  1 

10,  560 

g 

40-  45 

18 

33.9 

58  20(1 

10 

45-  50 

18.5 

34.9 

12,  660 

U 

50-  55 

15.5 

29.2 

12  960 

12 

55-  60 

18 

33.9 

13 

60-  65 

14 

26.4 

15, 180 

14 

65-  70 

15.5 

29.2 

8  7f>0 

O,   t  \J\J 

1.5 

70-  78 

16 

30. 1 

9  360 

16 

78-  81 

19 

35.8 

6,  960 

17 

81-  85 

17 

32 

8  280 

18 

85-  88 

18 

33.9 

5  760 

19 

88-  92 

20.5 

38.6 

10,  800 

20 

92-  97 

17 

32 

21  420 

21 

97-100 

17 

32 

9  240 

22 

100-103 

20 

37.7 

5, 640 

708 

1195 

4 

5-  10 

14.5 

27.3 

2  820 

5 

10-  15 

13.  5 

26.4 

6  828 

g 

15-  20 

17 

32 

8  040 

7 

25-  28 

16.5 

31.  1 

7, 940 

g 

29-  30 

16 

30.  1 

3  744 

g 

30-  35 

14.5 

27.3 

8  280 

10 

35-  40 

17 

32 

11  040 

11 

40-  44 

14.5 

27.3 

^  7Qfi 

729 

1198 

4 

9-  10 

15.5 

29.2 

6  420 

5 

14-  15 

14.  5 

27.3 

4  020 

5 

1Q_  90 

13 

24.5 

7 

24-  25 

15 

28.3 

8  520 

g 

29-  30 

16.5 

31. 1 

9  360 

9 

20 

37.7 

9  960 

10 

39-  40 

17 

32 

10  920 

11 

44-  45 

18 

33.9 

8, 760 

731 

1200 

3 

4-  5 

13.5 

25.4 

9,240 

4 

9-  10 

16 

30.1 

9,780 

5 

14-  15 

14.  5 

27.3 

7,260 

7 

24-  25 

16.5 

31.  1 

10,620 

8 

29-  30 

17 

32 

7,560 

9 

34-  35 

16.5 

31.  1 

7,260 

10 

39-  40 

17 

32 

3,  060 

11 

44-  45 

17 

32 

10,  740 

FILTRATION  TESTS.  859 


TABLE  XIII. — Results  of  Ji Itration  teste — Continued. 


Well 
number. 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

- 

Sample 
number. 

1  )nnt  h  (tonl  \ 
1 M  \)  III  \  il  I  I  )  . 

Porosity- 
Cm.'.    1  Per  cent. 

Filtration: 
Cm.1  per 
hour. 

731 

1200 

1  

12 

49-  50 

16.  5 

31.  1 

10,980 

13 

.54-  55 

15.  5 

29.  2 

6,480 

732 

1202 

4 

9-  10 

14.  5 

27.  3 

3, 840 

5 

14-  15 

17.  5 

33 

1,800 

6 

19-  20 

17.  .5 

33 

27,  000 

7 

24-  25 

17 

32 

8,820 

8 

29-  30 

17.  5 

33 

1,860 

9 

34-  35 

1  ( 

32 

19,800 

755 

1206 

4 

9-  10 

16.  5 

31. 1 

840 

6 

19-  20 

14 

26.  4 

14,520 

8 

29-  30 

17 

32 

3,000 

10 

39-  40 

1< 

32 

3,240 

12 

49-  .50 

lo.  5 

29.  2 

4, 140 

14 

59-  60 

i« 
16 

30.  1 

7,980 

16 

69-  70 

18 

33.  9 

5,580 

18 

79-  80 

19.  5 

36.  7 

2,700 

20 

89-  90 

21 

39.  6 

4,860 

778 

1145 

3 

4-  5 

19 

35.  8 

9, 360 

6 

19-  20 

19.  5 

36.  7 

7,200 

9 

34-  35 

18.  5 

34.  9 

7,320 

12 

49-  .50 

20.  5 

38.  6 

5, 340 

15 

64-  65 

19.  5 

36.  7 

6,540 

18 

79-  80 

19 

35.  8 

3,480 

21 

94-  95 

19.  5 

36.  7 

3,960 

24 

109-110 

19.  5 

36.  7 

6,360 

27 

124-125 

21 

39.  6 

2,700 

30 

134-135 

22 

41.5 

54 

33 

149-150 

20.5 

38.6 

4,  344 

781 

1169 

4 

9-  10 

18 

33.9 

7,620 

5 

14-  15 

21 

39.6 

8,580 

6 

19-  20 

16 

30. 1 

9, 540 

7 

24-  25 

19 

35.8 

8,  940 

8 

29-  30 

18.5 

34.9 

10,080 

9 

34-  35 

20.5 

38.6 

14,640 

10 

39-  40 

22 

41.5 

5,280 

11 

44-  45 

22 

41.5 

14,700 

12 

49-  51 

20.5 

38.6 

13,380 

796 

1214 

4 

5-  10 

20 

37.7 

3,300 

6 

15-  20 

19.5 

36.7 

6,360 

360       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Table  XIII. — Results  of  filtration  texts — Continued. 


Well 

Commis- 
sion well 
number. 

Sample 

Depth  (feet). 

Porosity— 

Filtration: 
Cm.3  per 
hour. 

number. 

number. 

Cm.'. 

Per  cent. 

191 -i 

0 

o 

20 

37.7 

10 

19.  5 

36.7 

1 9 

4^-"iO 

20.5 

38.6 

14 

1 Q 

oo.  o 

798 

1215 

4 

5-10 

17 

32 

9,180 

6 

15-20 

17 

32 

7,200 

8 

2.5-30 

16.5 

31. 1 

6,780 

10 

35-40 

17.5 

33 

5,940 

12 

45-50 

18.5 

34.9 

5,280 

14 

55-60 

17.5 

33 

10,  320 

16 

65-70 

15 

28.3 

4,440 

18 

75-80 

17 

32 

3,240 

20 

85-90 

16 

30.1 

2,736 

CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  SURFACi:  STREAMS  OF  LONG  ISLAND. 
By  Robert  E.  Hoktox. 
CHARACTER  OF  LONG  ISLAND  STREAMS. 

In  a  region  of  moderate  rainfall  a  sloping  valley  which  is  continuously 
depressed  below  the  ground-water  horizon  will  contain  a  perennial  stream.  If 
the  bed  of  the  valley  is  in  some  degree  impervious,  the  stream  may  continue  over 
regions  where  the  ground-water  horizon  lies  at  greater  depth,  or  a  perennial  stream 
may  be  fed  from  natural  or  artificial  surface  storage  in  lakes  in  impervious  basins 
lying  above  the  general  ground-water  bed. 

In  general,  however,  a  stream  whose  channel  lies  above  the  ground-water 
horizon  will  be  intermittent,  and  such  an  intermittent  stream  may  now  under 
the  following  conditions:  (a)  Whenever  the  ground-water  plane,  in  its  periodic 
fluctuation,  rises  above  the  topographical  elevation  of  the  stream  bed;  (b)  whenever 
the  surface  supply  from  rainfall  or  melting  snow  is  in  excess  of  the  amount 
absorbed  by  the  soil,  so  that  surface  run-off  takes  place. 

The  great  sand  and  gravel  deposits  of  Long  Island  afford  streams  differing 
in  character  from  those  generally  found  elsewhere  in  New  York  and  in  the  New 
England  States,  where  rock  is  generally  found  near  the  surface. 

Many  of  the  Long  Island  catchment  areas  may  be  described  as  narrow  strips 
extending  inland  from  the  south  shore  of  the  island,  having  in  many  cases  a  nearly 
uniform  slope  of  about  20  feet  per  mile.  The  soil  is  coarse  grained  and  permeable, 
and  the  ground-water  table  slopes  toward  the  south  shore  at  a  rate  of  10  or  12 
feet  per  mile.  In  other  words,  the  ground-water  table  approaches  the  surface  at 
a  rate  of  8  to  10  feet  per  mile,  and  in  the  first  few  miles  back  from  the  coast  the 
ground  water  lies  very  near  the  general  ground  surface.  The  general  ground 
surface  and  ground-water  planes  intersect  at  tide  water.  The  stream  valleys  are 
flat  bottomed  and  generally  marshy,  and  are  depressed  a  few  feet  below  the  general 
surface. 

The  bed  of  the  stream  valley,  running  parallel  to  the  general  slope  of  the 
surface,  intersects  the  ground-water  horizon  a  .short  distance  inland,  commonly 
1  to  5  miles,  and  it  is  at  this  point  of  intersection  that  the  surface  streams  usually 
have  their  visible  sources. 

The  level  of  the  ground  water  is  subject  to  periodic  fluctuations  of  a  few  feet: 
hence  the  point  of  its  intersection  of  the  stream  valley  is  not  invariable,  but  may 
recede  and  advance  with  the  season  or  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  ground  water,  as 
was  observed  by  the  writer  in  1903.  These  conditions  are  illustrated  for  an  ideal 
stream  in  figs.  68  and  69.  From  tide  water  to  the  point  A  of  intersection  of  the 
stream  valley  with  the  minimum  ground-water  level  the  stream  is  perennial. 
17116— Xo.  44— 06  24  361 


362      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


From  A  to  B,  covering  the  range  of  fluctuation  of  ground  water,  the  stream  is 
intermittent,  having  its  source  at  A  in  times  of  low  ground  water  and  at  B  in  times 
of  high  ground  water.    The  distance  A-B  is  usually  slight.    Above  the  point  B 


Iter  surface 


Fig.  68. — Long  Island  marsh  stream  valley. 

the  stream  flows  only  in  times  of  freshets,  when  supphed  by  surface  run-off.  There 
are  also  flats  and  glacial  depressions,  as  at  C,  from  which  no  surface  run-off  ever 
takes  place. 

If  for  any  reason,  as,  for  example,  the  existence  of  an  outcrop  of  impervious 
material  in  the  gravel  slope,  a  permanent  stream  supply  is  brought  to  the  surface 
at  some  point  in  the  catchment  basin  above  the  point  B.  a  disappearing  stream 
may  result,  similar  in  character  to  streams  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  which  are 
lost  in  the  porous  soils  of  the  Great  Plains,  but  of  course  very  much  smaller.  A 


number  of  such  streams  arising  in  sprmgs 


have  been  observed. 


Deep  porous  soil 


Fig.  6!). — Ideal  Long  Island  stream  profile. 
UTILIZATION  OF  LONG  ISLAND  SURFACE  STREAMS. 

The  streams  are  too  small  in  volume  and  declivity  to  afford  extensive  water 
powers. 

In  constructing  the  South  Shore  highway  it  was  necessary  to  build  earth  dikes 
across  the  flat  stream  valleys,  and  these  dikes  have  been  utilized  in  many  instances 
as  mill  dams,  the  absence  of  severe  freshets  on  these  streams  making  large  overflow 
or  wasteway  channels  unnecessary. 

The  second  important  use  of  the  surface  streams  has  been  in  the  formation 
of  numerous  private  ponds  for  landscape  effect  in  private  parks  and  for  water 
supply  for  estates  and  summer  residences. 

Certain  streams  are  utilized  in  cranberry  culture  and  to  a  limited  extent  for 
irrigation  of  truck  lands. 

The  streams  and  ground  waters  are  utilized  as  sources  of  water  supply  for 
Brooklyn  and  for  the  extensive  summer-resort  population  at  towns  along  the  south 
shore  of  the  island. 


WATER  SUPPLY   OF  BROOKLYN. 


868 


THE  WATER  SUPPLY  OF  BROOKLYN,  N  Y.a 

Brooklyn  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1834;  it  then  contained  a  population 
of  23,000.  The  question  of  constructing  a  system  of  public  water  supply  was 
almost  continually  agitated  from  this  date  until  1856,  when  the  construction  of  a 
waterworks  system  was  undertaken,  including  supply  ponds  on  a  number  of 
streams  near  Brooklyn,  on  the  south  shore  of  Long  Island. 

The  original  works  were  completed  in  1862,  and  comprised  six  supply  ponds 
receiving  the  drainage  from  an  aggregate  catchment  area  of  65.6  square  miles, 
including  additions  made  to  the  waterworks  previous  to  their  later  extension 
eastward.    The  cost  of  the  original  works  was  $4,200,000. 

Previous  to  the  construction  of  the  municipal  waterworks,  franchises  had 
been  secured  and  small  supplies  had  been  developed  by  a  number  of  private 
water  companies. 

In  1889  the  extension  of  the  waterworks  eastward  from  Rockville  Center 
to  Massapequa  was  undertaken.  The  extension  of  the  system  added  a  drainage 
area  of  88.5  square  miles,  making  the  total  area  tributary  to  the  complete  system 
154.1  square  miles. 

The  names  and  capacities  of  the  supply  ponds  in  the  old  and  new  systems 
are  given  in  the  following  tables,  together  with  the  population  and  annual  con- 
sumption of  water  from  the  municipal  system  of  Brooklyn:'' 


Area,  elevation,  and  capacity  of  supply  ponds  for  Brooklyn  waterworks. 


Name. 

Elevation 
of  waste  weir 
above  tide. 

Area  at 
waste-weir 
elevation. 

Available  storage 
capacity. 

Feet. 

A  cres 

U.  S.  Gallons. 

Baisley's  

9.569 

40.0 

41,940,000 

Springfield  

5.078 

7.34 

7, 199,  000 

Simonson's  

16.  995 

8.  75 

9, 879,  (XX) 

Clear  Stream  

13.  194 

1.07 

977,500 

Watt's  

6.53 

3.  43 

3, 7.50,  000 

Valley  Stream  _  

14.583 

17.78 

20, 850, 000 

Pine's  

13.  682 

8.0 

9, 046,  (XX) 

Hempstead  

12.216 

23.  52 

26, 900, 000 

Smith's  

5.086 

27.25 

41,580,000 

Millburn  

6.6 

13.63 

11, 100,000 

East  Meadow  

7.7 

16.  15 

18, 830, 000 

Newbridge  

8.5 

8.90 

11,428,000 

Wantagh  

9.7 

10. 14 

15, 030, 000 

Seaman's  

14.9 

14.  78 

28, 990,  000 

Massapequa  

11.  12 

14.55 

16,990,000 

aSee  The  Brooklyn  Water  Works  and  Sewers,  memoir  by  James  P.  Kirkwood,  1857;  also  History  and  Description  of 
the  Water  Supply  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn,  by  I.  M.  De  Varona,  1896. 
l>  From  report  of  L  M.  De  Varona,  1896. 


364      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Population  of  Brooklyn  and  daily  water  consumption  per  capita. 


Year. 

Population. 

Population  de- 
pendent on 
Brooklyn  water 
supply. 

Average  daily  consumption, 
Brooklyn  water  supply. 

Consump- 
tion per 
capita  per 
day,  Brook- 
lyn water 
supply. 

U.  S.  gallons. 

Second-feet. 

U.  S.  gallons. 

1860  

266, 714 

zbb,  / 14 

3,  293,  000 

5.004 

1  o  o 

lz.  0 

1861  

0"*0    O  .7  A 

z7z,  Sou 

oro  o  cn 
27 Z,  oou 

4,064,000 

6.299 

1  i  n 
14.  y 

1862  

(V-O    1  nc 

z7o,  lub 

0*70    1  t~U'. 

z7o,  lub 

5, 026, 000 

7.790 

1  Q  1 

lo.  1 

1863  

ooo  no 

ZOO,  yoo 

ooo  noo 
zoo, yoo 

6, 494, 000 

10.  065 

oo  n 
zz.  y 

1864  

oon  noc 

zsy,  yoo 

8, 105, 000 

12.  562 

07    ( 1 

z7.  y 

1865  

one  no 

zyo,  1  lz 

one   1 1 o 

zyb,  llz 

9, 232, 000 

14.310 

61.  z 

1866  

oio    o  CO 

oio,  ooz 

OIO   Q  CO 

oio,  ooz 

10,  908, 000 

16.907 

04.  O 

1867  

OOO    C  E O. 

66 z,  bob 

ooo  c  ce 

ooz,  bob 

12,351,000 

19. 144 

6l  .  1 

1868  

ooz,  ooo 

O CO  coc 
OOZ,  ooo 

15, 709, 000 

24.  349 

a  a  e 
44.  O 

1869  

0*70    "71  n. 

6l6,  1 1U 

070  *71f\ 

o/o,  /  1U 

17, 629, 000 

27.325 

1*7  O 

4/ .  Z 

1870  

one  Aon 

oyo, uyy 

one  nnn 

oyb, uyy 

18, 654,000 

28.  914 

AT  1 

4/.  1 

1871  

A  1 O  1AO 

41z,  4Uo 

1 1  o  mo 
41z,  4Uo 

19,351,000 

29.994 

ie  n 

4b.  y 

1872  

joh  oon 

4zy,  6ou 

ion  ocn 
4zy,  OOU 

22,714,000 

35.  207 

CO  o 

oz.  y 

1873  

A  AT    A 7  1 

44/ , Uo4 

A  A  T  n  C*1 

447,  U04 

24, 875, 000 

38.  556 

C.C  c 

OO.  O 

1874  

AQZ  ICC 

4oo,  4oo 

.1  e  c   i  c  c 
4bo,  4oo 

24, 755, 000 

38.  370 

CO  o 

oo.  z 

1875  

484, 616 

484, 616 

27, 150, 000 

42.082 

ce  n 
OO.  U 

1876  

cnn  ni  a 
OUU.  U14 

enn  ni  i 
OUU,  U14 

28, 109, 000 

43.  569 

ce  O 

ob.  z 

1877  

ci  c  nno 

oio,  yuo 

ci  c  nno 

oio,  yuo 

30, 345, 000 

47.  035 

CQ  Q 

Oo.  o 

1878  

coo  one 

ooz,  zyo 

coo  one 
OOZ,  ztm 

30,  507, 000 

47.286 

C7  O 

0/ .  6 

1879  

549, 211 

549, 211 

32, 912, 000 

51.014 

cn  n 

oy.  y 

1880  

ccc  ceo 
OOO,  OOO 

cee  eeo 

obb,  bbo 

30, 745, 000 

47.  65.5 

Z.A  O 

o4.  6 

1881  

co  i  c  cn 
oo4, boy 

co  1   e  cn 

oo4,  boy 

32, 722, 000 

.50.  719 

ce  n 
OO.  U 

1882  

eni    i no 
bUl,  lUo 

eni    i no 

bul,  luo 

34,  623, 000 

53.  665 

CT  C 

oi .  b 

1883  

fit7    CI  *7 

ol/,  ol7 

ei  *7    CI  *7 

bl7, ol7 

36, 149, 000 

56.031 

CQ  C 

oo.  o 

1884  

CO \  007 

0o4,  oo7 

eo /  007 

bo4,  oo7 

38,  880,000 

60.264 

CI  o 
Ol.  Z 

1885  

co  ncn 

b/o,  (JoU 

e*70  n^n 

b/o,  OoU 

43, 379, 000 

67.  237 

e  i  c 
b4.  O 

1886  

•7  cn  nnn 
7oU,  (Jul) 

700  non 

/zo, yzy 

45, 304, 000 

70.  221 

AO  O 

OZ.  z 

1887  

765,000 

741,104 

46, 278, 000 

71.  731 

62.4 

1888  

782, 221 

756, 195 

49, 794, 000 

77. 181 

65.8 

1889  

852,467 

823, 367 

52, 197, 000 

80.905 

63.4 

1890  

853, 945 

853,587 

55,201,000 

85.  562 

67.0 

1891  

880,780 

846,330 

58, 083, 000 

90.029 

68.6 

1892  

957, 958 

919,417 

67, 566, 000 

104.727 

73.5 

1893  

1, 003,  781 

961,039 

75, 823, 000 

117.  526 

78.9 

1894  

1,080,000 

996,  .500 

71,360,000 

110.608 

71.6 

1895  

1,105,000 

1,013.  .500 

75, 735. 000 

117.389 

74.7 

GAGINGS   OK  SURFACE  STREAMS. 


GAGINGS  OF  LONG  ISLAND  STREAMS. 

The  principal  results  of  gagings  niacle  prior  to  the  year  1903  are  shown  in 
the  accompanying  tables. 

The  following  gagings,  by  William  McAlpine,  were  made  by  inserting  in  the 
streams  wooden  sluiceways,  tlirough  which  all  the  surface  flow  was  passed.  The 
drainage  basin  of  Parsonage  ("reek  is  given  as  21.7-4  square  miles,  and  the  com- 
bined areas  tributary  to  all  the  streams  which  extended  along  the  south  shore 
from  Jamaica  Creek  to  East  Meadow  Brook  is  stated  to  be  somewhat  in  excess  of 
100  square  miles. 

The  precipitation  at  Erasmus  Hall  during  the  period  of  gaging  was  as  follows: 


Precipitation  at  Erasmus  Hall,  Long  Ixlantl. 


Precipitation. 

Month. 

1851. 

Normal. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

July  

3.85 

3.  21 

August  

3.23 

4.44 

September  

1.06 

3.09 

October  

4.  47 

3.  39 

November  

3.99 

3.  24 

December  

2.01 

3.  74 

Period  • 

18.  61 

21.  11 

Gagings  of  Long  Island  streams  by  Wm.  J.  McAlpine  and  L.  S.  Nash  in  1851. 


Body  of  water. 

Dura- 
tion of 
gaging 

McAlpine  and  Stod- 
dard, Oct  11,1851. 

Dura- 
tion of 
gaging 

Mean    of    L.  S. 
Nash's  gagings 
Nov.  6,7,8, 1851. 

Dura- 
tion of 
gaging 

Mean    of    L.  S. 
Nash's  gagings, 
Nov.  17,18,19,1851. 

Gallons 

Second- 

Gallons 

Second- 

Gallons 

Second- 

Hours 

per  day. 

feet. 

Hou  rs. 

per  day. 

feet. 

Hours. 

per  day. 

feel. 

Baisley's  Pond  (Jamaica  Creek)  

6 

5,280,000 

8. 18 

12 

6,233,172 

9.67 

-\ 

8,440,312 

13.08 

Springfield     Stream  (Nostrand's 

1,890,864 

Pond),  West  Branch  

8 

1,600,000 

2.48 

11 

1,689, 160 

2.62 

8 

2.93 

Springfield  Stream,  East  Branch  

24 

264,000 

.41 

24 

300,072 

.46 

24 

354,384 

.55 

Hook  Creek,  West  Branch  (or  Brook- 

field  Stream)  

13 

4,095,000 

6.34 

12 

4,339, 720 

6.73 

14 

4,989,782 

7.73 

Hook  Creek,  Middle  Branch  (or  Clear 

969,600 

24 

540, 000 

.84 

24 

771,816 

1.20 

24 

1.50 

Hook  Creek,  East  Branch  (Valley 

3,374, 742 

6 

2,430,000 

3. 77 

6 

2,510,643 

3.88 

6 

5.22 

Pine  Creek  (Pine's  Brook)  

6 

2,400,000 

3. 72 

6 

2,832,240 

4.39 

6} 

3,249,423 

5.04 

7 

8,330,000 

12.91 

12 

10,543,464 

16.28 

12 

12,594,348 

19.53 

24 

473,328 

.73 

24 

518, 400 

.80 

6 

504,000 

.78 

24 

299,616 

.46 

24 

375, 840 

.58 

24 

2,836, 152 

4.40 

24 

4,276,800 

6.63 

10 

5,340,000 

8.28 

12 

5,601,756 

8.68 

12 

6,280.800 

9.73 

« Chiefly  from  "Brooklyn  Water  Supply,"  De  Varona,  1896,  Table  No.  XVI. 


366       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 


Mean  monthly  discharge  of  Long  Island  streams  from  gagings  made  by  Artemus  Whitlock  in  1852. 


Body  of  water. 

August. 

September 

October. 

November  December. 

Baisley's  Pond  (Ja- 
maica Creek)  

On    West  Branch 
Hook    Creek,  or 
Brookfield  Stream: 

Simonson's  Pond. 

Gallon* 
per  day. 

6,387,000 

Second- 
feet. 

9.90 

Gallon* 
per  day. 

6,863,000 

Second- 
feet. 

10.65 

Gallon* 
per  day 

6, 154.000 

Second- 
feet. 

9.53 

Gallon* 
per  day 

7,804,000 

2,701,000 
3,121,000 

4,616,000 

3,601,000 
3,121.000 

Second- 
feet. 

12.09 

4.18 
4.84 

7. 16 

5.58 
4.84 

Gallon* 
per  day. 

8, 137,000 

Second- 
feet. 

12.62 

Conselyea's  Pond. 
Valley    Stream  (P. 

2,847,000 

4.42 

4,793,000 

7.42 

2,493,000 

3.85 

4,769,000 

7.39 

On     East  Branch 
Hook  Creek  

3,078,000 
2,714,000 

4.74 
4.20 

5,445,000 
3,447,000 

H6,682,000 
10,228,000 

8.43 
5.35 

26.20 
15.81 

3,319,000 
2,464,000 

5.15 
3.81 

5,257,000 

8.15 

On  Parsonage  Creek  - 

Hempstead  Pond. 

Hempstead  stor- 
age reservoir  . 

8,993,000 

13.93 

12,003,000 

18.60 

«  The  increase  of  flow  was  caused  by  heavy  rains  just  before  taking  the  observations. 


Miscellaneous  gagings  of  Long  Island  streams. 


Body  of  water. 

Gagings  made  by 
Leigh.  Stod- 
dard, and  Bre- 
voort,  com- 
pleted Sept.  9. 
1854. 

Gagings  made  un- 
der direction  of 
Jas.    P.  Kirk- 
wood,  1856-57. 

Gagings  made 
Sept.  19  to  Oct. 
12,  1885. 

Estimate   of  the 
minimum  flow 
based    on  gag- 
ings made  Aug. 
30  to  Oct.  5,  1S94. 

Baiseley's  Pond  (Jamaica  Creek)  

Springfield  Stream.  West  Branch  

Gallon* 
per  day. 

6,732,000 

3,487,000 

Second- 
feet. 

10.43 

5.41 

Gallon* 
per  day. 

2,924,000 

607,000 

Second- 
feet. 

4.53 

.94 

Gallon* 
per  day. 

Second- 
feet. 

Gallon* 
per  day. 

Second- 
feet. 

Hook  Creek.  West  Branch  (Simonson's 
Pond),  or  Brookfield  Stream  

Hook  Creek.  Middle  Branch,  or  Clear 

2,501,000 

3.88 

1,798,000 
708,000 
2,287,000 

2.79 
1.10 
3.55 

1,266,000 

1.97 

2,000,000 
200,000 
1,300,000 

3.10 
.31 
2.01 

Hook  Creek.  East   Branch,  or  Valley 
Watt's  Pond,  on  East  Branch  Hook  Creek, 

4,212,000 

6.53 

1,879,000 

2.91 

Pine's  Brook  

2,460,000 

3.81 

1,050,000 
695,000 

1.63 
1.06 

600,000 
1,000,000 

.93 
1.55 

Schodack  Brook  

Hempstead  Pond  ( L.  Cornell's)  

11,266,000 

17.51 

7,326,000 

11.36 

7,149,000 

11.08 

8,000,000 

12,40 

In  thirty  days  preceding  the  gagings  of  October  11.  1851,  1.62  inches  of  rain 
fell,  an  additional  precipitation  of  3. So  inches  preceded  the  second  series  of  gagings, 
and  a  further  increase  of  0.92  inch  of  rainfall  occurred  before  the  third  series  of 
gagings  were  made." 

Details  as  to  the  methods  of  gaging,  precise  location,  and  drainage  areas 
above  the  points  of  gaging,  or  daily  discharge  results,  are  unavailable. 

It  is  known,  however,  that,  beginning  with  McAlpine's  gagings  in  1851. 
most  of  the  measurements  have  been  made  in  flumes  or  sluiceways  constructed 
for  the  purpose,  the  velocity  and  area  of  cross  section  being  determined  without 


"  Report  made  to  the  water  committee  of  the  common  council,  city  of  Brooklyn,  1852,  p.  117. 


G AGINGS  OF  SURFACE  STREAMS. 


867 


disturbing  the  ground-water  conditions  or  affecting  the  relative  ground-w uter 
level  above  and  below. 

Most  of  the  streams  flow  in  flat  swamp  valleys  underlain  by  gravel  so  porous 
that  the  flow  from  a  large  spring  that  was  observed  was  absorbed  or  lost  in  the 
soil  within  a  short  distance  from  its  origin.  The  velocity  of  flow  of  ground  water 
adjacent  to  an  earthen  dam  has  been  observed  by  Professor  Slichter"  to  be  many 
times  greater  than  the  normal  velocity  in  places  where  the  ground-water  level  is 
undisturbed. 


Scale— feet 
o  i  2  3  4  5 


ELEVATION 


Earth  highway  embankment 
PLAN 


Fig.  70.— Temporary  gaging  station  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Orowoc  Creek,  Islip,  Long  Island,  New  York, 

June  7,  1903.    Plan  shows  bridge  floor  removed. 

Care  must  be  exercised  in  gaging  such  streams  to  properly  differentiate 
between  the  surface  discharge  of  the  streams  and  the  underflow  in  the  porous 
valleys.  The  method  of  gaging  in  open  sluiceways,  generally  used  by  the  earlier 
engineers,  was  followed  in  the  investigations  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  in  1903,  except  on  Orowoc  Creek,  Doxsee  Creek,  and  Massapequa  Creek, 
streams  on  which  suitable  sites  for  gaging  at  moderate  expense  could  be  found 
only  in  conjunction  with  existing  weirs  at  private  ponds. 


a  See  pp.  106-110. 


368       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

The  gagings  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  1903  included  most 
of  the  remarkable  period  of  light  rainfall  in  May  and  June.  They  were  discon- 
tinued early  in  July,  after  heavy  rains  had  fallen,  disturbing  the  ground-water 
conditions. 

In  the  following  pages  are  also  given  results  obtained  at  a  number  of  elabo- 
rate small  weirs  erected  by  the  New  York  water  supply  commission,  chiefly 
in  the  swamp  stream  valleys  on  the  property  of  the  city  of  New  York,  in  Nassau 
County. 

Most  of  the  current-meter  measurements  of  the  Geological  Survey  were  made 
with  a  specially  rated  Fteley  meter.  Vertical  velocity  curves  were  taken  to 
determine  the  distribution  of  currents  in  the  stream  channel.  The  steady  regimen 
and  smooth  currents  of  many  of  the  streams  favor  accurate  results  by  this  method. 
Some  of  the  stations  were  not  fully  completed  and  none  of  the  rating  curves  were 
finished  at  the  time  of  discontinuance.  Points  were  obtained  on  the  curves  in 
most  cases  to  cover  nearly  the  full  range  of  observed  gage  heights  and  to  afford 
a  reliable  basis  of  estimating  the  discharge.  The  streams  gaged  were  distributed 
along  the  south  shore  of  the  island,  and  the  individual  cost  of  gagings  was  a 
small  fraction  of  that  required  to  build  individual  weirs. 

In  conjunction  with  the  surface-stream  and  driven- well  supply  stations  of 
the  Brooklyn  waterworks,  records  have  been  kept  of  the  ground-water  level, 
showing  its  reduction  by  pumping  in  a  most  interesting  manner/'  Records  of 
the  pumpage  and  diversion  and  of  the  supply  pond  levels  have  also  been  kept. 
The  waste  over  the  spillways  when  observed  in  1903  was  largely  in  the  nature 
of  wave  wash  and  not  susceptible  of  accurate  estimation.  Unfortunately,  these 
records  do  not  furnish  a  reliable  basis  for  estimating  the  yield  of  the  streams  flowing 
into  the  water-supply  ponds.  The  regimen  of  these  streams  is  further  subject 
to  the  influence  of  pumping  from  the  adjacent  ground  water. 

Prior  to  the  gagings  of  1903  very  few  definite  data  were  obtained  concerning 
the  regimen  of  the  surface  streams  of  Long  Island.  The  results  for  1903  do  not 
of  themselves  form  a  sufficient  basis  for  estimating  either  the  average  or  the 
minimum  yield  of  the  Long  Island  catchment  areas. 

EAST  MEADOW  BROOK,  NEAR  FREEPORT,  LONG  ISLAND. 

East  Meadow  Brook  has  its  visible  source  5  miles  from  the  south  shore  of 
Long  Island.  Well-defined  stream  channels,  somewhat  branching,  extend  nearly 
to  the  northern  limit  of  the  catchment  basin,  receiving  the  surface  drainage  from 
its  east  and  west  portions. 

The  drainage  basin  extends  inland  14  miles  and  has  a  nearly  uniform  width, 
varying  from  2  to  3  miles.  The  topography  is  moderately  rolling  and  the  surface 
slope  quite  uniform,  the  northerly  divide  being  about  300  feet  elevation  above 
tide. 

Five  ponds  and  dams  are  on  the  main  stream.  Small  water  powers  for  grist 
mills  and  a  paper  mill  were  formerly  in  use. 

The  stream  is  tributary  to  the  Brooklyn  water  supply  through  an  intercepting 
conduit,  which  follows  the  south  shore  of  the  island. 


«  See  Do  Varona,  Brooklyn  Water  Supply. 


G AGINGS  OF  SURFACE  STREAMS. 


A  portion  of  the  drainage  basin  lies  north  of  the  ground-water  divide  of 
Long  Island.  The  catchment  basin  contains  28  per  cent  of  forest  cover,  chiefly 
scrub  oaks  and  conifers,  44  per  cent  pasture  and  other  grass  land,  and  about  28 
per  cent  of  cultivated  land. 

Earlier  gagings  of  East  Meadow  Brook  at  Free-port,  Long  Island. 


Date. 


Observer. 


October  11.  1851   McAlpine  and  Stoddard. 

November  6,  7,  8,  1851 . .. .  L.  S.  Nash  

November  17,  18,  19,  1851  do  

August,  1852   Artemus  Whitlock  


October,  1852....  do. 

November,  1852  do. 

December,  1852  do. 

June  1  to  October  15,1883  

September  19  to  October   

2,  1885. 


Second-feet 
,  per  square 
Gallons  per  day.   Second-feet.      mile  (31 
square 
miles). 


8,410,000 
6, 724,  (XX) 
7, 539.  (XX) 


i  "16, 270,  (XX) 

September,  1852  do  { 

v  I  9,583,000 


7,324,000 
7,324,000 


5, 200, 000 
4,217,000 


9.  93 
10.  42 
11.69 


25.  26 
14.85 
11.35 
11.35 


8.06 
6.54 


0.32 
.33 
.38 


.81 
.48 
.37 
.37 


.26 
.21 


«  This  increase  in  flow  caused  by  heavy  rains  just  before  observations  were  taken. 
b  For  conduit  east  of  Rockville  Center. 


Mean  daily  discharge,  in  second  feet,  of  East  Meadow  Brook  near  Freeport,  Long  Island,  for  1903." 


Day. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

1  

628.42 

18 

04 

24 

38 

14 

41 

15 

49 

13 

56 

18 

*> 

18 

13 
89 

21 

82 

13 

38 

16 

07 

12 

71 

19 

3  

17 

24 

30 

15 

43 

16 

02 

13 

72 

20 

4  

17 

48 

23 

14 

14 

94 

15 

20 

16 

30 

21 

5  

17 

48 

22 

00 

63 

95 

16 

88 

14 

30 

22 

6  

18 

15 

21 

41 

23 

87 

17 

27 

13 

07 

23 

7  

24 

95 
59 

20 

80 

29 

32 

15 

56 

12 

77 

24 

8  

31 

19 

16 

18 

50 

13 

32 

13 

68 

25 

9  

26 

92 

17 

50 

18 

79 

14 

02 

35 

93 

26 

10  

19 

35 

19 

20 
86 

16 

09 

13 

72 

29 

70 

27 

11  

19 

87 
89 

18 

18 

70 

13 

49 

14 

91 

28 

12  

41 

19 

97 

19 

73 

13 

32 

19 

93 

29 

40 

37 

24 

20 

17 

19 

13 

45 

15 

30 

30 

14  

22 

59 

21 

20 

16 

72 

14 

38 

14 

49 

31 

38 

42 

18 

31 

15 

58 

15 

06 

13 

88 

16  

32 

24 

17 

95 

15 

55 

19 

85 

12 

90 

17  

24. 

82 

19 

32 

16 

79 

15 

12 

21 

30 

Day. 


Apr. 


M0. 73 


Mean. 


May. 


June. 


20. 22 
22.97 
23.84 
25.98 
24.28 
24. 31 
28.37 
25.21 
21.96 
21.37 
20.56 
■js.  s-> 
36.92 


25.17 


July. 


24.05 
29.07 
20.36 
20.29 
18.79 
23.68 
17.26 
17.66 
16.08 
16.20 
15.58 
15.62 
16.38 
16.08 


Aug.  Sept. 


20.02 


15.36 
14.12 
15.28 
16.09 
15.41 
14.89 
18.36 
14. 18 
15.65 
17.21 
22.69 
32.55 
25.99 
17.65 


16.81 
16.07 
14:72 
13.35 
13.44 
13.02 
13.21 
13.09 
13.25 
13.76 
16.17 
13.41 
13.  S4 


20.36  14.78 


Oct. 


32.22 
22.45 
16.00 
16.49 
16.23 
16.12 
15.80 
15.90 
16.09 
15.71 
15.59 
15.80 
15.68 
15.88 


17.11 


a  Weir  of  New  York  water  supply  commission  in  swamp  at  head  of  Brooklyn  waterworks  supply  pond. 
b  Current  meter  measurement  by  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


370      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


NEWBRIDGE  STREAMS  NEAR  MERRICK,  LONG  ISLAND. 

These  streams  drain  the  first  catchment  area  lying  east  of  East  Meadow 
Brook.  The  surface  drainage  is  3.3  square  miles.  The  larger  tributary  has  its 
visible  source  2  miles  from  tide  water. 

The  stream  valley  extends  inland  nearly  to  the  head  of  the  catchment  basin. 
This  catchment  basin  has  a  maximum  width  of  1  mile  near  the  foot,  decreasing 
in  width  toward  the  northern  end.  The  topograph}*  is  flat  and  the  surface  slope 
is  quite  uniform,  the  head  of  the  basin  being  at  altitude  100  feet  above  tide. 
About.  58  per  cent  of  the  catchment  area  of  these  streams  has  forest  cover,  19 
per  cent  is  sodded,  and  about  22  per  cent  is  under  cultivation.  The  Newbridge 
streams  are  tributary  to  the  Brooklyn  waterworks. 

Mean  daily  discharge,  in  second  feet,  of  Newbridge  streams  near  Freeport,  Long  Island,  for  1003." 


Day.  Aug. 


1   4.07 

2   4.02 

3   3.92 

4   4.66 

5   12.40 

6   6.34 

7   5.65 

8   4.94 

9   4.81 

10   4.73 

11   5.29 

a  At  weirs  of  New  York  water  supply  commission. 


Sept. 

3.76 
3.59 
3.54 
3.47 
3.69 
3.18 
3.26 
3.27 
3.27 
3.28 
3.23 


Oct. 

2.65 
2.55 
2.79 
2.47 
2.57 
2.66 
2.55 
2.55 
5.25 
3.66 
3.33 


Day. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

12  

4.91 

3.10 

3.00 

13  

4.37 

3. 16 

3.00 

14  

4.22 

3.03 

2.99 

15  

4.30 

3.00 

2.94 

16  

4.23 

4.42 

2.90 

17  

4.11 

3.45 

4.01 

18  

3.78 

3.39 

4.63 

19  

3.61 

3.01 

3.75 

20  

3.71 

2.94 

3.61 

21  

3.42 

2.93 

3.51 

22.'.  

3.38 

2.87 

3.47 

23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 


Day. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

3.33 

2.83 

3.42 

3.44 

2.78 

3.36 

3.34 

2.73 

3.37 

3.57 

2.74 

3.43 

3.26 

2.69 

3.36 

4.41 

2.99 

3.43 

4.05 

2.72 

3.43 



4.63 

2.84 

3.38 

4.02 

3.37 

Mean . . . 

4.47 

3.15 

3.27 

WANTAGH  STREAMS  AT  WANTAGH,  LONG  ISLAND. 

A  group  of  short  branching  streams,  having  their  visible  sources  3  miles 
inland,  drain  a  relatively  flat  area,  the  topographic  boundary  of  which  is  difficult 
of  precise  determination,  but  has  been  estimated  at  17.6  square  miles.  This  area 
lies  entirely  south  of  the  ground-water  divide  of  Long  Island.  The  drainage 
area  is  lenticular,  the  northern  end  lying  at  elevation  250  feet.  A  dry  stream 
valley,  not  very  clearly  demarcated,  extends  nearly  to  the  northern  limit  of  the 
basin. 

The  drainage  basin  contains  about  40  per  cent  cultivated  land  and  an  equal 
percentage  of  pasture  and  grass  areas,  the  remainder  being  chiefly  wooded.  There 
are  several  private  ponds  near  the  mouth  of  the  stream.  Water  has  also  been 
diverted  to  the  conduit  of  the  Brooklyn  waterworks  since  1891." 

The  stream  above  Seamans  Pond  is  divided  between  three  channels.  Two 
low  weirs  were  erected  just  above  Seamans  Pond,  and  gaging  records  were  main- 
tained there  from  July  21  to  November  8,  1903,  by  the  New  York  water  supply 
commission. 

The  discharge  determined  from  gagings  June  1  to  October  15,  1883,  is  stated 
at  3,400,000  gallons  (5.25  second-feet).  The  year  1883  was  preceded  by  several 
years  of  somewhat  deficient  rainfall.    Details  of  these  gagings  are  not  available. 


MASS  APEQl'A    CRKKK.  .'',71 
Mean  daily  discharge,  in  second-feet,  of  Wantagh  streams  at  Waniagh,  Long  Island,  for  I'.lO.j." 


Day. 


July.    Aug.  Sept. 


11.63 
12.21 
12.07 
13.  10 
48.30 
21.19 
17.31 
16.00 
15.67 
16.23 
18.46 


14.05 
11.84 
12. 92 
14.91 
14.67 
14.11 
12.61 
10.85 
13.21 
12.79 
10.78 


Oct. 


11.20 
10. 52 
11.51 

9.85 
13.07 

9.81 
10.31 
10.23 
29.81 
14.99 
13.59 


Day. 


July. 


12  

13  

14  

15  

16  

17  

18  

19  

20  j  

21  ;  13.55 

22   14.35 


Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Day. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

16.73 

12.52 

14.02 

23 

16.62 

12.24 

12.19 

12.80 

13. 18 

11.33 

12.51 

24 

13. 12 

11.93 

10.  IK 

12.12 

14.89 

9.93 

10.  1 1 

25 

12.75 

10. 73 

11.03 

12.13 

13.62 

11. 90 

12.60 

26 

8.53 

13.86 

10.52 

II.  10 

13.66 

14.22 

1 1 . 30 

27 

9.82 

12.  .56 

11.27 

12.30 

14. 19 

13.76 

19.28 

28 

11.36 

18.70 

12.68 

12.67 

10.88 

13.09 

19.90 

29 

12.52 

25.65 

10.06 

12.67 

10.71 

14.06 

30 

12.19 

19.92 

13. 75 

12..% 

13.  72 

12.75 

12.86 

31 

12.30 

10.07 

12.  OH 

12.26 

9.68 

11.  17 

Moan  . 

15.68 

12.17 

13. 13 

12.36 

11. 10 

13. 12 

"At  weirs  of  New  York  water  supply  commission. 
MASSAPEQUA  CREEK  AT  FARMINGDALE  AND  FREEPORT,  LONG  ISLAND. 

Massapequa  Creek  drains  an  area  extending  inland  a  distance  of  14  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  stream.  In  shape,  the  drainage  basin  is  irregular,  but 
gradually  increases  from  a  width  of  1  mile  at  the  mouth  to  a  maximum  width  of 
5  miles  near  the  northern  divide.  The  topography  is  diversified,  including  a  flat 
valley  on  the  east;  a  table-land  on  the  north ,  comprising  about  .">  square  miles, 
the  drainage  from  which  is  chiefly  into  depressions;  a  group  of  hills  rising  to  alti- 
tude 300  feet  near  the  center  of  the  basin;  and  a  generally  southerly  slope,  some- 
what rolling,  in  the  southwest  portion  of  the  surface  catchment  area. 

The  stream  comprises  three  short  branches  which  unite  2  miles  above  the 
outlet  of  the  stream  into  tide  water.  The  longest  branch  has  its  visible  source 
at  a  distance  of  5  miles  inland.  A  gaging  station  was  established  on  this  branch 
of  the  stream  May  6,  1903,  at  a  small  weir  forming  the  outlet  of  a  private  pond. 
The  area  of  the  pond  is  so  small  as  to  exert  but  little  regulating  influence,  and 
the  stream  entering  the  pond  is  entirely  unregulated. 

In  order  to  procure  a  record  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible  readings  were  taken 
on  the  weir  without  modification,  until  such  changes  could  be  made  as  were 
desirable  to  secure  the  best  results  during  low  water.  The  weir  was  located  just 
above  the  head  of  the  property  of  the  Brooklyn  water  department 

The  stream  below  the  weir  flows  through  a  marsh  valley,  bordered  by  sandy 
slopes.  The  bed  of  the  marsh  is  porous  gravel  overlain  by  2  or  3  feet  of  muck 
and  vegetation,  through  which  the  surface  waters  percolate. 

Springs  enter  the  margin  of  the  small  pond  at  the  Farmingdale  weir,  and 
the  stream  has  its  visible  sources  a  short  distance  above  this  pond.  The  precise 
point  at  which  the  stream  rises  apparently  varies  with  the  season  and  stage  of 
ground  water,  which  also  determine  the  position  of  the  seepage  or  wet  sand  areas 
observed  on  the  slopes  in  certain  places  in  this  catchment  basin.  Throughout 
the  lower  portion  of  the  drainage  basin  the  ground-water  horizon  lies  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  surface.  The  entire  drainage  basin  lies  south  of  the  summit  of  the 
ground- water  table  of  Long  Island. 


a  See  The  Water  Supply  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn,  by  I.  M.  De  Varona,  1896,  page  74. 


372 


UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Massapequa  Creek  is  utilized  in  conjunction  with  the  water-supply  system 
of  Brooklyn.  The  drainage  basin  and  the  position  of  the  conduit  line  are  shown 
on  the  Northport  and  Babylon  sheets  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey's 
topographic  map.    The  drainage  areas  are  as  follows: 

Drainage  areas,  Massapequa  Creelc. 

Square  miles. 

Farmingdale  gaging  station     13.  7 

Above  gaging  station,  Brooklyn  waterworks     40.  0 

Above  outlet  Brooklyn  waterworks  supply  pond  .    40.  9 

Above  mouth  of  stream,  at  tide  water"   41.5 

The  catchment  area  comprises  about  60  per  cent  woodland,  20  per  cent  sodded 
areas,  and  20  per  cent  of  land  under  cultivation. 

A  series  of  gagings  of  this  stream,  June  1  to  October  15,  1883,  at  a  point  near 
the  mouth  showed  a  mean  discharge  of  3,097,000  gallons,  or  4.8  second-feet. 
Details  are  not  available. 

Mean  daily  discharge,  in  second-feet,  of  Massapequa  Creek  at  Farmingdale,  Long  Island,  for  1903. 


Day. 


May.  June. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 


2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
1.66 
1.28 
1.28 


0.94 
.94 


.72 
1.56 
1.  11 
.72 
.72 
.72 
1.89 
1.11 
1.26 
.99 
.72 
.72 


July.  Aug. 


0.49 
.49 
.49 
49 
49 
.49 
.49 
.49 
.49 
.49 
.87 
.72 
.72 
.61 
.49 
.49 


0.43 
.43 
.43 

28 
1.68 
.89 
.81 
.63 
.62 
.53 
.62 
.52 
.47 
.46 
.43 
.43 
.42 


Sept. 


0.43 
.35 
.32 
.32 
.30 
.25 
.21 
.18 
.20 
.22 
.22 
.17 
.14 
.18 
.16 
.32 
.31 


Day. 


Mean. 


May.  June. 


1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.  11 
.94 
.94 


0.72 
.72 


.72 
.72 
.59 
.49 
.38 
.30 
.30 
1.89 
.84 


July. 


.46 

(«•) 


Aug. 


.49 


Sept. 


0.25 
.  17 
18 
17 
17 
11 
12 
11 
21 
15 
19 
07 
10 
(<■) 


.20 


a  The  Brooklyn  waterworks  supply  from  this  stream  is  desc  ribed  in  The  Water  Supply  of  Brooklyn,  by  I.  M.  De  Varona. 
1896,  pp.  75-76. 

t>  Gage  readings  by  New  York  water-supply  commission  beginning  July  31,  1903. 
o  Stream  reported  to  go  dry  at  times. 


0ABLL8  RIVKR.  373 
Mean  daily  discharge,  in  ateomd-feet,  of  Massapequa  Creek  tit  Maxxajiequa,  Lomj  I  "land,  I'm  /.'«.., 


Day. 


Juno.     July.     Aug.  Sept. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 


20.51 
18.07 
17.55 
16.88 
16.16 
16.37 
16.06 
15. 16 
14.83 
14.28 
15.39 
14.86 
16.01 
15.29 
13.98 
13.62 
13.11 


10. 77 
10.27 
9.61 
10. 47 

29.50 
24.54 
20.76 
15. 69 
14.39 
13.70 
14.63 
14.91 
11.59 
12.21 
11.70 
11.29 
11.10 


13.59 
12.08 
11.25 
11.  10 
11.65 
11.47 
10.69 
10. 37 
10.34 
10.33 
10.13 
9.81 
9.60 
9.51 
9.42 
10.70 
11.26 


Oct. 


Day. 


June.     July.  Aug. 


8.92 
8.75 
9.21 
8.90 
8.71 
8.70 
8.64 
8.50 
19.72 
18.98 
13.86 
12.23 
10.99 
10.24 
9.71 
9.53 
12.  72 


18   12. 18 

19   15. 53 


20. 
21. 

22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 


Moan. 


17.33 
20. 13 
15.65 
18.70 
23.51 
18.54 
17.16 
16.39 
15. 75 
21.18 
28.58 


14. 57 
16.07 
14.40 
13.99 
13. 03 
12.97 
12. 42 
11.23 
11.05 
10.81 
10.99 
10. 99 


10.62 
10. 32 
10.85 
10. 42 
9.87 
9.82 
9.91 
10.69 
12.02 
10.82 
16.28 
26.54 
21.62 
15.  74 


11.47 


13.  W 


a  At  weir  of  New  York  water-supply  commission. 


CARLLS  RIVER  AT  BABYLON,  LONG  ISLAND. 

The  drainage  basin  of  this  group  of  streams  extends  northward  to  within  2 
miles  of  tide  water,  where  it  drains  a  small  flat  area  at  elevation  200  feet.  A 
surface  drainage  valley  can  be  traced  from  the  head  of  the  area  following  closely 
the  right-hand  watershed  line  to  the  head  of  the  surface  stream  near  Wyandanch. 

The  central  portion  of  the  drainage  basin  is  5  miles  wide  and  includes  the 
Half  Hollow  and  Dix  group  of  hills.  The  Colonial  Springs  issue  from  the  south 
slope  of  Half  Hollow  Hills.  The  outflowing  streams  are  absorbed  by  the  soil, 
after  running  for  a  short  distance. 

The  surface  stream  is  branching  and  its  valley  is  flat  and  marshy.  Its  longest 
branch  is  visible  about  5  miles  above  the  mouth.  Five  large  private  ponds  have 
been  constructed  on  the  main  branches,  and  the  regimen  of  flow  is  largely  arbitrary. 

The  drainage  basin  is  shown  on  the  Northport  and  Babylon  sheets  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey's  topographic  map,  and  covers  365  square  miles 
above  the  gaging  stations. 

Highway  embankments  across  the  swamp  valley  serve  to  concentrate  the  flow 
of  surface  waters  into  narrow  bridge  openings,  but  some  water  may  be  lost  by 
diversion  into  the  surrounding  gravels,  due  to  the  ponding.  Temporary  gages 
were  erected  at  bridges  crossing  the  two  main  branches  of  the  stream  above 
Kennel  Club  Pond,  May  6,  1903.  The  gaging  stations  were  completed  early  in 
June  by  planking  the  side  walls  of  the  bridges,  affording  smooth  rectangular 
channels  in  which  current-meter  measurements  were  made.  The  combined  dis- 
charge at  the  two  gaging  stations  represents  the  total  surface  flow  of  the  stream, 
and  is  shown  in  the  following  table. 


374       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

List  of  discharge  measurements  of  Carlls  River  (East  and  West  branches )  at  Babylon,  Long  Island,  for  1903. 

WEST  BRANCH. 


Date. 

Hydrographer. 

Gage  height. 

Discharge. 

May  6  

E.  P.  Roundy  

Feet. 
1.50 
1.735 
1.66 

Second-feet. 
9.  60 
15.96 
12.73 

June  13  

July  6  

E.  P.  Roundy  and  A.  P.  Porter  

A.  P.  Porter  

EAST  BRANCH. 

May  6  

E.  P.  Roundy  

1.  10 

1.395 
1. 185 

26.  58 
37. 13 
28.  37 

June  13  

July  6  

E.  P.  Roundy  and  A.  P.  Porter  

A.  P.  Porter  

BOTH  BRANCHES. 

May  6  

36.  18 
53.09 
41.  10 

June  13  

July  6  

Combined  mean  daily  discharge,  in  second-feet,  of  East  ami  West  branches  of  Carlls  River,  at  Babylon,  Long  Island, 

for  1903. 


Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

34.9 
34.4 
34.4 
33.7 
34.0 
34.5 
44.8 
60.5 
46.3 
46.9 
42.5 

42.5 

(«) 

59.6 

36.6 

37.2 

40.5 

43.2 

40.9 

37.6 

39.1 

56.9 

12  

(«) 

(«) 

(«) 

32.1 

32.1 

32. 1 

32.1 

32.1 

34.  S 

53.2 

60.2 
54.4 
43.3 
37.8 
33.7 
40.5 
48.2 
58.2 
55.6 
40.8 

35.5 
42.2 
47.9 
45.8 
42.5 
42.4 

22  

41.4 
37.1 
35.6 
35.6 
36.6 
37.7 
42.4 
39.4 
37.7 
35.6 

36.5 
41.4 
47.5 
46.0 
43.2 
38.0 
35.9 
44.9 

2  

13  

23..1  

3  

14  

24  

4  

15  

25  

5....,  

16  

26  

6  

35.6 
35.6 
35.6 
35.6 
35.6 
32.1 

17  ; 

27  

7  

18  

28  

8  

19  

29  

9  

20  

30  

10  

21  

31  

11  

a  Record  not  available. 


The  current-meter  rating  curves  were  never  completed,  but  the  measure- 
ments were  made  with  great  care  and  covered  nearly  the  full  range  of  fluctuation 
of  the  streams  during  the  period  of  gaging.  They  are  sufficient  to  afford  a  reliable 
estimate  of  the  flow  during  the  remarkable  drought  of  MajT-June,  1903. 

A  small  portion  of  the  surface  area  of  this  stream  lies  north  of  the  ground- 
water divide. 


SURFACE  STREAMS  OF  LONG  ISLAND. 


SAMPAWAMS  CREEK. 

The  surface  drainage  area  of  this  stream  extends  inland  14  miles.  The  basin 
is  narrow  and  elongated,  the  average  width  for  9  miles  from  the  coast  being  1 
mile.  The  northern  end  of  the  hasin  broadens  out,  and  includes  the  Commack 
plateau,  which  lies  at  elevation  180  to  200  feet  above  tide.  The  visible  stream 
rises  within  5  miles  of  the  coast,  but  a  well-defined  stream  valley  extends  much 
farther  inland  and  may  be  traced  on  the  topography  quite  to  the  northern  divide. 

The  stream  flows  through  a  broad,  flat  valley,  having  a  firm  gravel  soil 
overlain  with  muck,  bog,  and  swamp  vegetation.  The  Long  Island  Railroad 
embankment  at  Babylon  forms  an  effectual  cut-off  for  the  flow  of  surface  water 
through  the  swamp,  and  at  the  same  time  does  not  materially  change  the  surface 
level  or  modify  the  ground-water  conditions.  The  gaging  station  was  selected 
at  the  point  where  the  surface  waters  of  the  swamp  valley  are  concentrated  at 
the  opening  under  this  embankment. 

In  order  to  secure  results  as  early  in  the  season  as  possible,  a  gage  was 
erected  and  measurements  were  begun  early  in  May,  1903.  In  June  a  temporary 
measuring  flume  was  constructed  just  above  the  railroad  embankment.  Meter 
measurements  were  made  with  a  specially  rated  Fteley  meter  in  every  square 
foot  of  the  cross  section  or  oftener  where  necessaiy,  in  order  to  determine  local 
current  irregularities,  and  vertical  velocity  curves  were  determined  at  0.1 -foot 
intervals  from  surface  to  bottom.  The  data  of  two  of  these  velocit}'  curves, 
showing  the  current  in  a  shallow  stream  flowing  over  a  smooth  hard  gravel  bed, 
are  given  below: 


Data  from  vertical  velocity  curves,  Sampawams  Creek,  Babylon,  Long  Island. 
[Measurements  by  A.  P.  Porter.    Meter.  Fteley  No.  107 .J 


Data. 

— «  

June  26.  1903. 

June  30,  1903. 

Mean  of  two. 

Station   

15 

8 

Gage  

feet.. 

0.58- 

0.74 

0.61 

Depth  

do.. . 

.92 

1.02 

.97 

Mean  velocity  

.923 

1.  125 

1.024 

Surface  velocity  

.89 

1.  189 

1.04 

Per  cent  of  mean  

.964 

1.048 

1.006 

Bottom  velocity  

.80 

.88 

.84 

Per  cent  of  mean  

.866 

.782' 

.824 

Maximum  velocity  

.965 

1. 191 

1.078 

Per  cent  of  mean  

1.045 

1.058 

1.051 

Depth  of  maximum  

feet. . 

.30 

.  15 

.225 

Per  cent  of  depth  

.326 

.  147 

.236 

Depth  of  point  of  mean  velocity. 

..feet.. 

.62 

.61 

.615 

Per  cent  of  total  depth  

.674 

.60 

.637 

376      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 

Mean  daily  discharge,  in  second-feet,  of  Sarnpamams  Creek  at  Babylon,  Long  Island,  for  1903. 


Day. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 

u. 


May. 


21.4 
16.8 
15.4 
15.4 
14.2 
12.8 


June. 

July. 

12.3 

23.5 

12 

12.0 

15.4 

13 

12.2 

13.4 

14 

12.2 

12.6 

15. 

12.3 

12.4 

16 

12.4 

12.4 

17 

(«) 

12.4 

18 

20.9 

12.5 

19 

18.8 

13.1 

20 

13.8 

13.2 

21 

13.8 

13.4 

Day. 


May.  i  June. 


13.4 
15.4 
15.4 
15.4 
15.4 
13.2 
13.2 
12.6 
14.4 
13.2 


M 

15.0 

17.1 

15.0 

13.6 

13.2 

13.2 

14.4  | 

17.8 

13.1 


July. 


15.0 
15.4 
14.6 
13.8 


Day. 


22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 


May. 


12.9 
13.2 
13.4 
12.9 
12.3 
12.6 
13.4 
13.4 
12.2 
15.0 


June.  July. 

 1  

13.4  |  

15.0   

14.4   

13.2   

13.6  I  

13.6   

13.0 

20.1  I  

(«)   


a  Above  rating  table. 

The  drainage  basin  of  Sampawams  Creek  is  shown  on  the  Northport  and 
Babylon  sheets  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey's  topographic  map.  The 
surface  drainage  area  above  the  gaging  station  is  23  square  miles,  and  above  the 
mouth  of  the  stream  24  square  miles. 

The  ground-water  divide  crosses  the  basin  near  the  foot  of  the  upper  broad 
area.  The  surface  drainage  area  below  the  ground-water  divide  is  about  10  square 
miles.  Water  power  is  developed  at  tide  water;  an  earth  dam  affords  6  feet  head 
to  a  whip  factory  and  sawmill.  There  are  also  several  small  private  ponds  on  the 
stream.  At  one  of  these,  at  the  Unkeway  Nurseries,  a  small  turbine  is  in  use 
under  5  feet  head. 

OROWOC   AND    DOXSEE   CREEKS,  ISLIP. 

These  streams  drain  a  long,  narrow  area  extending  6  miles  inland  and 
comprising  topographic  areas  as  follows: 

Square  miles. 

Orowoc  Creek   7.  24 

Doxsee  Creek   1.  25 

Total   8. 49 

The  ground-water  divide  at  the  north  of  the  drainage  areas  of  these  streams 
probably  lies  some  distance  north  of  the  surface  divide.  Both  streams  flow 
through  swampy  valleys  crossed  by  fairly  impermeable  dikes  constructed  for 
highways.  A  temporary  gaging  station  was  maintained  on  Orowoc  Creek,  May 
9  to  July  16,  1903,  inclusive.  The  gage,  a  finely  divided  scale,  was  erected  at  the 
first  highway  bridge  above  the  Long  Island  Railroad  in  Islip. 

The  stream  passes  through  a  single  rectangular  span  4  feet  in  width,  having 
timber  sides  and  smooth  gravel  bottom.  The  section  was  rendered  suitable  for 
accurate  gaging  by  moderate  repair,  and  the  following  measurements  were  made 
with  a  specially  rated  current  meter,  velocities  being  taken  in  every  square  foot 
of  cross-sectional  area  or  less: 


OROWOC   AND    DOXSKK  CKKKKS. 


877 


Discharge  measurements  of  Orowoc  Creek  for  /.'/".; 


Date. 

Hydrographer, 

Huge  heigh!. 

Discharge. 

Mav  9"  

E.  P.  Roundev  

Feet. 
1.45 
1.  47 
1.38 

Second-feet. 
S.  86 
9.  (X) 

5.  93 

June  13  

A.  P.  Porter  

 do  

"  (inning  station  not  completed. 


Orowoc  Creek  is  utilized  as  a  supply  for  a  small  private  pond  at  the  South 
Shore  Highway.  A  second  small  pond  lies  above  the  gaging  station.  The  stream 
above  the  point  of  gaging  is  practically  uncontrolled. 

Doxsee  Creek  was  gaged  at  a  weir  forming  the  outlet  of  a  private  pond. 
The  regimen  of  the  stream  was  arbitrarily  controlled  at  times  as  required  for 
flooding  of  cranberry  flats. 

In  order  to  secure  a  record  as  early  as  possible  in  the  season,  a  gage  was 
erected  at  the  existing  weir  May  6,  1903.  A  metal  crest  weir  conforming 
essentially  to  fixed  standards  was  installed  June  6,  1903,  and  the  record  continued 
until  July  15,  1903. 


Combined  mean  daily  discharge,  in  second-feet,  of  Orowoc  ami  Doxsee  creeks  at  Islip,  Long  Island,  for  1903. 


Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

1  

11.82 
11.80 
11.15 
11.  15 
11.06 
10.97 
.  10.57 
9.07 
7.98 
7.57 
7.64  | 

12  

27.06 
26. 67 
26. 67 
26.67 
26.60 
25. 35 
24.61 
21.87 
18.17 
12.83 

17.30 
10.52 
14.74 
10.84 
10. 11 

7. 14 
8.67 
7.57 
6.99 
7. 14 

22  

'>6. 77 

0 

13  

!  23  

3  

14  

I  24  

4  

15  

25  



11.42 

10.72 

10.20 

10.05 

12.96 

12.42 

S  

16  

26  

6  

17  

27  

13.91 
14.36 
10. 11 
3.31 
3. 13 

18  

28  

S  

19 

29  

9  



29^70 
30.  99 
27. 19 

20  

30  

10  

11  

21  



o  May  7  to  21,  inclusive,  drawing  water  from  pond  above  gage  on  Doxsee  (  reek. 
6  May  22  to  June  6,  inclusive,  refilling  pond  above  gage  on  Doxsee  Creek. 


The  drainage  areas  of  these  streams  are  shown  on  the  Setauket  and  Fire  Island 
sheets  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey's  map. 

Champlin  Creek,  lying  immediately  east  of  Islip,  drains  a  surface  area  of  6.9 
square  miles  above  the  South  Shore  highway.  The  drainage  basin  is  long  and 
narrow  and  the  surface  stream  extends  well  inland,  the  lower  course  being  turned 
into  private  ponds. 

17116— No.  44—06  25 


378       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


CONNETQUOT  BROOK,  NEAR  GREAT  RIVER,  LONG  ISLAND. 


The  catchment  area  of  several  small  streams  entering  Connetquot  Bay  com- 
prises an  irregular  rectangle  2  miles  wide  at  tide  water,  extending  inland  7  miles, 
and  6  miles  wide  at  the  northern  divide.  The  topographic  area  is  19.6  square 
miles  above  tide  limit  at  the  South  Shore  highway.  Of  this  area,  5.6  square  miles 
is  tributary  to  Cutting  Creek,  on  which  a  separate  gaging  station  was  temporarily 
maintained  in  1903.    The  remainder  is  tributary  to  the  Connetquot  streams. 

Ponds  have  been  constructed  for  pleasure  parks  above  the  South  Shore  high- 
way, and  these  ponds  control  the  outflow  of  the  several  branches.  The  central 
branch  heads  near  the  northern  watershed  divide.  The  discharge  of  this  branch 
was  determined  as  follows,  at  the  South  Shore  highway  crossing: 

Gage-feet  and  hundredths 


Highway  embankment 


CROSS-SECTION 

1  o  i  2  feet 

Fig.  71. — Weir  on  private  pond.  Cutting  Creek,  near  Great  Rii-er,  Long  Island. 

Discfiarge  measurements  of  central  branch  of  Connetquot  Brook,  for  1903. 


Date. 

Hydrographer. 

Gage 
height. 

Discharge. 

Apr.  22.... 
June  20.  . . 
July  1 

R.  E.  Horton  

Feet. 

Second-jeet. 
69.5 
.58.3 
82.3 

E.  P.  Rounder  

A.  P.  Porter  

2.57 
2.  72 

LAKE  RONKONKOMA  AND  ADJACENT  STREAMS. 


The  results  of  gagings  of  Cutting  Crock  arc  given  in  the  following  table.  The 
regimen  is  rendered  artifical  by  pondage. 

The  discharge  was  obtained  at  an  existing  pond  weir  having  a  level  crest,  Free 
discharge,  four  complete  contractions,  and  no  velocity  of  approach.  The  discharge 
usually  varied  but  little  during  a  single  day,  and  the  mean  of  two  leadings  on  a 
finely  divided  scale  has  been  used  in  conjunction  with  the  Francis  formula  in 
calculating  the  discharge. 


Mean  daily  discharge  in  second-feet  of  Cutting  Creek  at  East  Islip,  Long  Island,  for  1903. 


Day.        1  May. 

June. 

Julys 

Day. 

May. 

June. 

.July. 

Day. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

1  

(<•) 
(°) 
(a) 

I") 

(«) 

(°) 

(°) 

5.58 

7.20 

8.04 

9.83 

6.19 
6.19 
6.01 
6.22 
6.01 

12  

4.12 
4.12 
3.41 
2.17 

13.60 
6.78 
13.60 
14. 17 
12.64 
9.52 
6. 19 
5.33 
5.58 
5.54 
6.01 

23  

0.84 
.32 
.64 
.32 
.64 
.64 
.46 
.64 

6  22 
6.40 
6.19 
6.40 
6.01 
6.01 
6.19 
6.22 

13  

24  

14  

25  

;  

15  

26  

16  

2.17 

27  

6  

17  

.32 
.32 

28  

18  

29  

g 

19  

30  

9  

20  

31  

10   5.58 

j  21  

.37 

11   5.58 

22  

a  Water  reserved  as  pondage,  June  1  to  7,  inclusive. 


LAKE  RONKONKOMA  AND  ADJACENT  STREAMS. 

The  inland  basin  of  Lake  Ronkonkoma  lies  immediately  north  of  the  topo- 
graphical catchment  area  of  the  Connetquot  streams.  It  appears  probable  that 
the  ground-water  divide  lies  considerably  north  of  the  surface  divide  between  the 
catchment  basins,  so  that  the  effective  catchment  tributary  to  the  Connetquot 
streams  is  thereby  increased. 

Lake  Ronkonkoma  has  a  surface  area  of  about  0.5  square  mile,  and  receives 
the  surface  run-off  from  a  total  area  of  8  square  miles.  This  remarkable  depression 
extends  somewhat  below  sea  level  and  represents  virtually  a  natural  well.  The 
range  of  surface  fluctuations  of  this  lake  has  not  been  reliably  determined. 

Lake  Ronkonkoma  lies  in  a  catchment  basin  topographically  tributary  to 
Nissequogue  River,  a  northward-flowing  stream  having  a  surface  drainage  basin 
of  44  square  miles.  This  is  the  largest  basin  on  the  north  slope  of  Long  Island. 
The  surface  stream  extends  inland  nearly  to  the  watershed  line. 

A  brief  reconnaissance  of  streams  east  of  the  Connetquot  area  was  made 
April  23,  1903.  Edwards  and  Tuttle  creeks  have  surface  drainage  basins  of  6.7 
and  9  square  miles,  respectively,  and  are  utilized  at  private  ponds.  Patchogue 
Creek,  in  addition  to  supplying  private  ponds,  is  utilized  to  furnish  water  power 
at  the  lace  factory  of  the  Patchogue  Manufacturing  Company,  under  a  head  of  14 
feet.    This  stream  drains  a  surface  area  of  14  square  miles. 

Swan  River  at  East  Patchogue  affords  a  fall  of  about  12  feet  at  tide  water, 
with  good  pondage.  This  stream  drains  a  surface  area  of  7.8  square  miles.  The 
visible  stream  extends  inland  4.5  miles.  Its  catchment  area  is  narrow  and  elongated, 
extending  7  miles  inland. 


380       UNDERGROUND   WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


The  South  Shore  highway  dike  is  utilized  as  a  dam  on  Mud  Creek,  affording 
a  pond  of  perhaps  10  acres  area,  and  about  6  feet  fall,  where  a  drag  sawmill,  with 
a  breast  water  wheel,  was  formerly  operated. 

The  estimated  discharge  of  Mud  Creek,  April  23,  1903,  was  6.7  second-feet, 
from  a  surface  drainage  area  of  5  square  miles. 


CARMANS  RIVER,  OR  CONNECTICUT  RIVER  OF  LONG  ISLAND. 

The  drainage  area  of  this  stream  is  an  irregular  triangle,  having  its  apex  at 
the  mouth  of  the  stream,  and  its  base,  which  is  about  10  miles  in  length,  extending 
parallel  to  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island,  at  an  average  distance  of  1.5  miles  there- 
from, and  at  elevation  150  to  200  feet.  The  surface  of  the  drainage  basin  slopes 
from  elevation  150  near  the  northern  divide  to  tide-water  elevation  at  the  mouth, 
in  a  distance  of  12  to  13  miles.  The  surface  stream  extends  inland  only  10  miles. 
There  are  no  perennial  streams  in  the  upper  catchment  area,  although  the  topo- 
graphic stream  valley  is  defined  nearly  to  the  northern  divide  of  the  basin.  The 
northwestern  portion  of  the  drainage  basin  lies  in  the  Saint  James  plateau,  north 
of  the  group  of  sand  hills  which  lie  near  the  center  of  the  island  at  Selden,  ami 
reaches  westward  nearly  to  Lake  Ronkonkoma. 

The  general  topography  is  moderately  rolling.  A  few  undrained  depressions 
of  one-fourth  square  mile  area  or  less  are  found  near  the  northern  divide,  and  the 
upper  2.5  miles  of  the  course  of  a  dry  tributary  valley  on  the  left  of  the  main  stream 
have  been  cut  off  and  form  a  depression. 

The  catchment  area  is  overlain  by  sand  and  gravel,  and  is  largely  covered 
with  scrub  oaks  and  conifers. 

From  South  Haven  to  the  mouth  of  the  stream,  a  distance  of  3  miles,  the  chan- 
nel is  bordered  by  marsh  and  the  current  is  sluggish.  Tidal  influence  extends  to 
South  Haven. 

A  temporary  gaging  station  was  established  at  South  Haven  Ma}"  8,  1903, 
but  was  discontinued  July  16,  1903,  before  an  opportunity  had  been  found  to 
determine  the  range  and  cycle  of  daily  tides  at  this  point.  The  gage  readings  are 
not  at  present  available.    Discharge  measurements  were  made  as  follows: 

Discharge  of  Carmans  River,  Lony  Island,  for  1903. 


Date. 


Hydrographer. 


Gage  height. 


Feet. 


Discharge. 


April  23". . . 

May  8  j  E.  P.  Roundey. 

July  8   A.  P.  Porter. .. 


1.86 
2.26 


Second-feet. 
74 
''108 
87.5 


a  Measured  by  floats.   Gristmill  not  running. 


*>  El>l>ing  tide. 


An  earthen  dike  at  South  Haven  affords  a  fall  of  6  feet  and  a  storage  pond 
that  is  utilized  by  a  gristmill  and  a  sawmill. 

An  earthen  dam  at  Yaphank  affords  extensive  pondage.  A  custom  saw 
and  grist  mill  operate  under  a  head  of  10  feet. 


FEOONIC  RIVKK.  38] 

One  mile  above  Yaphank  is  a  third  dam,  about  6  feet  high,  which  has  heen 
abandoned. 

Tlie  course  of  the  stream  intermediate  to  the  dams  is  through  a  swamp 
channel.    The  major  portion  of  the  fall  is  utilized  at  existing  dams. 

The  drainage  basin  is  shown  on  the  Moriches  and  Setauket  sheets  of  the 
I  nited  States  Geological  Survey's  topographic  map. 


Drainage  areas  of  Carman*  Kirn  ,  Limn  Inland. 


Location. 

Place  to 
place. 

Total. 

Sq.  miles. 

Sq.  miles. 

Above  upper  bridge,  Yaphank  

69 

69 

Yaphank  to  South  Haven  

10 

79 

South  Haven  to  mouth  "  

3.6 

83 

a  Tidal  section. 


PECONIC  RIVER. 

This  stream  has  the  most  extended  surface-drainage  basin  on  Long  Island. 
Its  drainage  comprises  an  irregular  rectangular  area,  of  which  the  northern  divide 
is  within  one-half  mile  to  H  miles  of  Long  Island  Sound  and  at  an  altitude  of 
150  to  200  feet  above  tide.  The  general  slope  of  the  basin  is  toward  the  south- 
east. The  surface  divide  on  the  west  is  not  sharply  defined,  but  is  at  an  average 
elevation  of  120  feet  above  tide. 

The  southern  watershed  is  about  5  miles  from  the  seacoast. 

The  drainage  area  above  Calverton  is  in  general  flat  and  contains  about  25 
undrained  depressions,  chiefly  of  but  a  few  acres  area.  Deep  Pond,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  23  feet,  lies  in  the  largest  depression  and  receives  the  drainage  from  an 
area  of  0.35  square  mile. 

Below  Calverton  the  drainage  on  the  north  is  comparatively  flat  and  is 
besprinkled  with  undrained  hollows. 

Farther  south  the  topography  of  the  drainage  basin  is  intricate  and  precipi- 
tous, the  river  valley  being  at  an  average  elevation  of  20  feet,  and  the  southern 
divide,  2.5  miles  distant,  at  elevations  of  200  to  300  feet.  Small  undrained 
depressions  are  very  numerous  on  this  slope  and  receive  a  large  proportion  of 
the  precipitation. 

The  drainage  basin  is  shown  on  the  Moriches  and  Kiverhead  sheets  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey's  topographic  map,  from  which  the  following 
areas  have  been  deduced : 


Drainage  areas  of  Peconic  Rirer,  Long  Island. 


Location. 

Place  to 
place. 

Total. 

Above  Long  Island  R.  R.  bridge,  near  Calverton  

Above  Riverhead  dam  

Sq.  miles. 
.59 
2.5 

Sq.  miles. 
.59 
84 

382       UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


Peconic  River  is  tributary  to  Peconic  Bay,  which  bifurcates  the  eastern 
end  of  Long  Island.  The  surface  stream  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  short 
branches  9  miles  from  Riverhead.  At  this  point  the  stream  is  40  feet  above  tide. 
Almost  the  entire  fall  from  its  source  is  taken  up  at  flood  dams  for  cranberry 
marshes  and  at  water-power  dams. 

Water  power  on  Peconic  River. 

Riverhead:  Earth  dike  of  usual  Long  Island  type.  Five  to  7  feet  head,  varying  with  tide.  Good 
pondage.    Water  privilege  divided  between  the  Tower  mill  and  the  Peconic  gristmill. 

Electric-light  plant:  One  and  one-half  miles  above  Riverhead.  Earth  dike.  Extensive  pondage. 
Formerly  a  woolen  mill,  stated  to  have  95  horsepower,  6.5  feet  head. 

Dam  No.  3:  Forge  and  gristmill.    Unused  for  many  years.    Earth  dike:  5.5  feet  fall. 

Calverton:  E.  L.  Brown  gristmill.  Five  feet  fall.  Also  unused  drag  sawmill.  Antiquated  "tul> 
and  flutter"  water  wheels. 

A  brief  reconnaissance  of  this  stream  was  made  April  24,  1903.  Slack  water 
exists  throughout  almost  the  entire  course  of  the  stream,  affording  no  opportunity 
for  the  erection  of  a  weir.  Sufficient  fall  exists  at  the  Long  Island  Railroad 
bridge  near  Calverton  to  afford  an  opportunity  for  gaging.  The  discharge  at  this 
point  was  roughly  estimated  at  45  second-feet  April  24,  1903,  and  as  measured 
by  E.  P.  Roundey  May  11,1903,  was  48  second-feet;  gage  height,  1.3  feet.  April 
24,  1903,  the  discharge  at  Manorville  highway  bridge,  estimated  from  surface 
floats,  was  33  second-feet.  April  24,  1903,  the  discharge  estimated  from  float 
measurements  at  the  junction  of  the  north  and  south  branches  1.5  miles  above 
Manorville  was  22.5  second-feet. 

The  stream  flows  in  a  flat  valley  of  the  usual  Long  Island  type.  The  channel 
is  bordered  by  marshes,  forming  a  flat  having  an  average  width  of  perhaps  1 ,000 
feet.  This  marshy  flat  is  subdivided  transversely  by  low  dikes  having  gates 
utilized  in  flooding  the  inclosed  cranberry  marshes.  The  soil  is  gravel,  with  sand  at 
the  surface  and  forming  the  hills.    Much  of  the  area  is  covered  with  scrub  oak. 

The  drainage  basin  extends  4  miles  westward  from  the  visible  heads  of  the 
two  main  branches,  including  an  area  of  25  square  miles  in  which  there  are  no 
visible  streams.  A  well-marked  dry  stream  valley  reaches,  however,  from  the 
junction  of  the  branches  to  the  westerly  watershed  line. 

The  drainage  south  of  Peconic  River  basin  comprises  numerous  small  water 
courses  in  marshy  valleys,  the  surface  streams  heading  at  but  little  distance 
above  the  limit  of  tide  water. 

The  two  eastern  prongs  of  Long  Island  are  comprised  chiefly  of  absorbent 
sandy  soils,  affording  very  little  surface  run-off,  and  consequently  having  scarcely 
any  surface  streams. 


HYDROLOOIC  CONDITIONS   IN  1903. 
Mean  daily  gage  height,  in  feel,  of  Peconir  River,  at  Caherton,  Luna  Island.  f»  /.'»'/.; 


383 


Day. 


May.     June.  July. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 


Day. 


1.10 

1.20 

12 

1.10 

1.  15 

13 

1.10 

1.  15 

14 

1.20 

1.15 

1.20 

1. 15 

s 

L  15 

1. 15 

1. 15 

1.15 

18 

1.37 

I.  10 

19 

1.40 

U  10 

20 

1.40 

1.  10 

21 

1.32 

1.  10 

May.     June.  July. 


1.22 

1.42 

L  15 

22 

1.25 

1.50 

L  15 

23 

1.30 

1.40 

L  15 

24 

1.27 

1.35 

1.15 

25 

1.25 

1.30 

1.  12 

26 

1.20 

1.30 

27 

1.20 

1.30 

28 

1.20 

1.225 

29 

1.20 

1.20 

30 

1.20 

1.30 

31 

Day. 


May.     June.  July. 


1.20 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

1.20 

1.28 

1.20 

1.225 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.  II 

1.20 

1.  15 

1.15 

1. 15 

L  IS 

1.22 

1.15 

HYDROLOGIC  CONDITIONS  ON  LONG  ISLAND  DURING  1903. 

At  the  time  the  stream  gaging  was  undertaken  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  in  April.  1903,  the  ground-water  level  was  very  high,  as  a  result  of  heavy 
precipitation  during  the  first  sixteen  days  of  April. 

Beginning  on  April  17  a  period  of  fifty-one  days  ensued  with  no  precipitation 
of  consequence.  During  this  period  the  ground-water  level  in  wells  on  Long 
Island  fell  steadily.  The  average  lowering  of  ground  water  in  a  number  of  wells 
was  as  follow  - ; 


Minimum  depth  to  ground  water. 

Depletion  of  ground 
water  during 
drought  of  April 
to  June,  1903. 

Feet. 

0  to  5  feet  

2.  17 

5  to  10  feet  

1.62 

10  to  15  feet  

1.42 

15  to  20  feet  

1.35 

20  to  25  feet  

.92 

Over  25  feet  

.  2  to  .  3 

Data  concerning  the  ground-water  stages  during  this  drought,  in  conjunction 
with  the  contemporary  gagings.  afford  an  opportunity  to  study  the  regimen  of  the 
streams  in  relation  to  ground  water.  The  rainfall  was  so  slight  that  little  or  no 
accretion  to  the  ground-water  supply  occurred  from  this  source.  The  condition  of 
the  soil  above  the  ground-water  table  appears  to  have  been  that  of  continually 
decreasing  saturation. 

June  7  to  15,  1903,  abnormally  heavy  rainfall  occurred  and  was  followed  In- 
considerable amounts  of  precipitation  at  frequent  but  irregular  intervals  to  the 
end  of  the  season,  a  condition  tending  to  produce  strata  of  differing  saturation  in 
the  soil  above  the  ground-water  table,  a  disturbing  factor  in  any  attempted  solution 
of  the  relations  of  rainfall,  ground  water,  and  run-off. 


384      UNDERGROUND  WATER  RESOURCES  OF  LONG  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK. 


In  order  to  facilitate  comparison  of  the  earlier  gagings  with  the  later  data, 
the  mean  annual  precipitation  on  Long  Island  and  its  departure  from  the  normal 
has  been  presented  in  the  following  table,  as  given  in  the  records  compiled  by  the 
New  York  Water  Supply  Commission  in  1903: 

Precipitation  on  Long  Island,  1903,  at  United  States  Weather  Bureau  stations. 


Date. 


March  precipitation. . 
April  1-16,  inclusive. 

April  24  

May  3  

May  4  

May  5  

May  ,6  

May  7  

May  8  

May  20  

May  21  

May  22  

May  23  

May  24  

May  28  

May  30  

May  31  


Cutchogue. 


Inches. 
1.26 
4.26 

Tr. 


Tr. 
Tr. 
Tr. 


Setauket. 


Southamp- 
ton. 


Inches. 
1.05 
3.61 

Tr. 
Tr. 
.08 
.07 


.05 


.25 
.  15 


Total,  April  17  to  June  6,  inclusive 

June  7-25,  inclusive  

June  29  

July  -  

August  

September  

October  


.01 
.48 


.94 
5.  17 

.91 
1.89 
7.  77 
1.25 
4.53 


.02 


Inches. 
1.20 
4.  19 


14 
.01 
09 
06 


14 


Tr. 
.  19 


Tr. 
.  15 
.03 
Tr. 


..50 
6.49 
1.35 
2.26 
6.28 
2.  61 
3.66 


.78 
Tr. 


1.26 
4.47 
.20 
1.66 
7.  37 
1.24 
3.  42 


I 


HYDBOLOGIC  CONDITIONS  IN  1903. 
Mean  annual  precipitation  on  Long  Island." 


885 


Yea  r. 

Precipi- 
tation. 

De- 
par- 
ture 
from 
nor- 
mal. 

Aggre- 
gate 
de- 
par- 
ture. 

inches. 

Inches 

Inches 

1826  

54. 

31 

+  11 

75 

+  11.  75 

1827  

50 

79 

+  8 

23 

+ 19. 48 

1828  

43. 

95 

+  1 

39 

+21.37 

1829  

45 

07 

+  2 

51 

+  23.88 

1830  

45 

4  1 

+  2 

85 

+26.73 

1831  

39. 

16 

—  3 

40 

+23.33 

1832  

40 

37 

—  2 

19 

+21.14 

1833  

38 

45 

—  4 

11 

+  17.03 

1834  

39. 

24 

-  3 

32 

+  13.71 

30 

37 

-12 

19 

+  1.52 

1836  

37 

23 

—  5 

33 

-  3.81 

1837  

35 

29 

-  7 

27 

-11.08 

1838  

34 

19 

-  8 

37 

-19.45 

1839  '  

38 

90 

-  3 

66 

-23.11 

1840  

37. 

34 

-  5 

22 

-28.33  ; 

1841 

44 

94 

+  2 

38 

—  25. 95 

1842  

39 

47 

-  3 

09 

-29.04  ' 

36 

69 

—  5 

87 

-34.91 

1844  

39 

02 

-  3 

54 

-38. 45  i 

33 

68 

-  8 

88 

-47.33 

1846  

38 

50 

-  4 

06 

-51.39 

1847  

46 

77 

+  4 

21 

-47. 18 

1848  

33 

14 

—  9 

42 

-56.60 

1849  

30 

40 

-12 

16 

-68.76 

18S0  

45 

39 

—  2 

83 

-65.93 

1851  

39 

05 

-  3 

51 

-69. 44 

Year. 


De- 
pa  r- 

Preeipi-  ture 
tation.  from 
nor- 
mal. 


Inches. 

1852    36.91 

1853    47.88 

1854    47.23 

1855    43.03 

1856  1  38.26 

1857    41.39 

1858    39.37 

1859    58.29 

1860  !  30.43 

1861  

1862  

1863  

1864  

1865  


39.  27 
43.35 
41.18 
38.10 
43.49 
45.79 
45. 80 
45.01 
45.67 

1870  1  35.02 


1867. 


1869. 


1871. 
1872. 
1873 . 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 


43.  72 
42.31 
39. 27 
41.47 
44.43 
45.67 
41. 12 


Inches 
-5.65 
+  5.32 
+  4.67 
+  .47 

-  4.30 

-  I.  17 

-  3.  19 
+  15.73 
+  12.13 
-3.29 
+  .79 

-  1.38 

-  4.46 
+  .93 
+  3.23 
+  3.24 
+  2.45 
+  8.  11 

-  7.54 
+  1.16 

-  .25 

-  3.29 

-  1.09 
+  1.87 
+  3.11 

-  1.44 


Aggre- 
gate 
de- 
par- 
ture. 


Inches 
-75.09 
-69.  77 
-65.  10 
-64.63 
-68.93 
-70.  10 
-73.29 
-57.56 
-69.69 
-72.98 
-72. 19 
-73.57 
-78.03 
-77.  10 
-  73. 87 
-70. 63 
-68. 18 
-65.07 
-72.61 
-71.45 
-71.70 
-74.99 
,-76.08 
-74.21 
-71.10 
-72.  .54 


Year. 


IS7S 
1879 
1880 
1S81 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Inches. 
46.91 
40.07 
39. 19 
35.  .53 
39.40 
36.95 
46.81 
39.09 
48.64 
47.07 
.50.  48 
55.  66 
52.  19 
45.61 
40. 32 
46.81 
44.30 
38.33 
39.  79 
50.95 
57.89 
43. 10 
45.  19 
50.62 
.50.49 
73. 23 


De- 
pa  r- 
ture 
from 
nor- 
mal. 

Inches 

+  3.35 

-  2.49 

-  3.37 

-  7.  tt3 

"  >•» 

-  5.61 
+  4.25 
j-  3.47 
+  6.  OS 
+  4.51 
+  7.92 
+  13.  10 
+  9.63 
•+  3.05 
-2.24 
+  4.25 
+  1.74 

-  4.23 

-  2.77 
j+  7.39 

+  15.33 

+  ..54 
;+  2.63 
'+  8.06 

+  7.93 


Aggre- 
gate 

(le 
pa  r- 
turr. 


I  III  hi  .  . 

-  69. 19 
-71.68 
-75.04 

-  82. 08 
-85.24 

-  90.  85 

-  86.  60 
-<!0.07 

-  X3. 00 
-79.48 
-71.56 
-.58. 46 
r48.83 
-45.  78 
-48.02 
-43.77 
-42.03 
-46.26 
-49.03 
-41.64 
-26.31 
-25.77 
-23.14 
-15.08 

-  7.15 


«  From  records  of  U.  S.  Signal  Service,  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  U.  S.  Army  posts,  New  York  State,  etc. 
Xew  York  Water  Supply  Commission. 


as  compiled  by' 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


[An  Index  of  wells  by  names  of  owners  is  given  on  pp  391-394  ] 
Page.  ! 


Agawam  pumping  station,  underflow  at,  diagrams 

illustrating  99-100 

Vmityville  Waterworks  Co.,  system  of.  data  concern- 
ing  82-83,150-151,287 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix,  in  pocket. 

Ammeter.    See  Meter,  recording. 

Analyses  of  well  waters   68-09,169-170, 

183,  185,  190-193,  199,  202-203,  206-207,  211,  213- 
214,  226,  228,  231-233,  244,  247-248,  267,  271,  282- 
284,  288-291,  293.  298,  301,  303,  305,  333,  335,  337 

Assistance,  acknowledgmen  t  to  those  rendering   116-117 

Babylon  Sumpwams  Water  Co.,  water  system  of.  data 

concerning   82-83, 154-155, 303-304 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket 

Bajada.  definition  of   30 

diagram  showing   29 

Barometic  changes,  effect  of.  on  ground  water   72,74 

effect  of.  on  ground  water,  diagram  showing   72 

Basement  rocks,  occurrence  and  character  of   16-17 

surface  of   17 

Bayshorc,  water  system  of,  map  showing.  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Bayside.  water  system  of,  data  concerning   80-81 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Bayside  pumping  station,  borings  at,  location  of,  map 

showing   217 

Bed  rock,  character  and  occurrence  of   16-17 

position  of.  map  showing   16 

sections  showing   17,36 

Belleview  road  stations,  underflow  at,  figures  show- 
ing  106,107,108 

Berry.  E.  W.,  on  Matawan  formation   24,25 

Bibliography  of  Long  Island   16 

Blythbourne  Water  Co..  water  system  of,  data  con- 
cerning   80-81,118-119,168 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Bowery  Bay  Building  and  Improvement  Co..  system 

of.  data  concerning   82-83,130-131,197 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix.  in  pocket. 

Bowman,  Isaiah.  Veatch,  A.  ('..and,  well  records  by.  126-337 

Broken  Grounds,  view  of   38 

Brooklyn,  sewer  tunnel  in  south,  plan  and  sections  of. .  168 

Brooklyn  Borough,  water  supply  of   71-81  363-364 

water  supply  of,  map  showing  systems  of  

PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 
Brooklyn  Department  of  Water  Supply,  data  con- 
cerning   74-79 

pumping  stations  of   74-79 

map  showing  systems  of   PI  xix,  in  pocket. 

storage  reservoirs  of   74  79 

map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

water  level  in  watershed  of   73 

effect  of  pumping  on   73 

diagram  showing   72 

wells  of,  in  lex  to   391 

Browns  Point,  section  at.  diagram  showing   49 

Burgess  well,  Oyster  Bay,  view  of   64 

CarTIs  River,  data  concerning   373-374 

Carmans  River,  data  concerning   380-381 

Cedar  Brook  station,  underflow  at,  figure  showing   103 

Center  Island,  section  at.  diagram  showing   38 

Cherry  Hill  Point,  section  near,  diagram  showing   37 


Citizens  Water  Supply  Co.,  water  system  of.  data  con- 
cerning ..  80-81,82-83, 128-129, 132-133, 194, 195,211 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix.  in  pocket. 

well  of.  effect  of  tides  on.  figure  showing   71 

Clark,  W.  B.,  on  New  Jersey  geology   21,23 

Coastal  plain,  drainage  of,  development  of.  diagram 

showing   32 

Cold  Spring  Harbor,  well  at,  view  of   64 

College  Point,  water  system  of,  data  concerning   "8-79 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix.  in  pocket 

Commutator  clock,  views  of   92,98 

Connecticut,  well  water  from,  analyses  of   68-69 

Connecticut  Kiverof  Long  Island.  See  Carmans  Kiver. 

Connetquot  Brook,  data  concerning   378-379 

Cook,  G  H  .  on  N'ew  Jersey  geology   21 

Creedmoor.  moraine  near,  view  of   44 

Cretaceous  rocks  of  Long  Island,  artesian  area  of.  map 

showing   68 

character  of   18 

comparison  of  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  and  21-25 

distribution  of   19-20 

maps  showing   i8,20,68 

position  of.  diagrams  showing   34-39 

relations  of   21-25 

map  showing   18 

structure  of   18-19 

maps  showing   18, 19,6s 

summary  of   26 

view  of,  at  Melville   22 

water  supply  in   55-56,65-67 

wells  to   65-67 

Cretaceous  rocks  of  New  Jersey,  comparison  of  Long 

Island  Cretaceous  and   21-23 

map  showing   18 

section  of   22 

Cretaceous  sand,  view  of   22 

Crosby.  W.  O.,  sizing  and  filtration  tests  by   338-360 

Cuesta.  definition  of   30 

diagram  showing   29 

Cutting  Creek,  weir  on.  view  of   378 

Dams,  effect  of,  on  ground  water   62,73-74 

seepage  from   106-110 

Darton,  N.  II..  on  deflection  of  rivers  in  Hightstown 

Vale   31,32 

Davis,  W  M    on  escarpment  and  cuesta   29-30 

Douglaston.  well  at.  effect  of  tide  on   7. 

well  at,  effect  of  tide  on,  diagram  showing   7! 

view  of   66 

Doxsee  Creek,  data  concerning   376-377 

Drainage  of  North  Atlantic  coastal  plain,  develop- 
ment of.   31-32 

diagram  showing!   32 

Drillers  of  wells,  list  of   116-117 

Dunton.  well  at,  diagram  of   213 

East  Meadow  Brook,  data  concerning   368-369 

underflow  at,  figure  showing   101 

East  Meadow  Pond,  seepage  from   107-108 

Easthampton  WaterCo..  system  of.  data  concerning. .  84-85, 

166-167,335 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix,  in  pocket. 

Electrolyte,  spreading  of,  figures  showing  93,94 

387 


388 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

28 
27 
365 
29 
29 


England,  wolds  and  vales  in,  diagram  showing  

Eocene  erosion,  occurrence  of  

Erasmus  Hall,  rainfall  at  

Escarpment,  definition  of  

varied  meanings  of,  diagram  showing  

Farmingdale,  water  system  of,  map  showing  

PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Filtration  tests  of  different  sands, results  of   354-360 

Flathush  Waterworks  Co.,  system  of,  data  concern- 
ing  80-81,118-119 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket 

Fleischman  Manufacturing  Co.,  wells  of,  location  of, 

map  showing   180 

Flushing,  water  system  of,  data  concerning  80-81 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Folding,  occurrence  and  cause  of  37-40 

Fordham  gneiss,  occurrence  and  character  of   16 

Freeport.  underflow  measurements  near   86 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix,  in  pocket. 

waterworks  of,  data  concerning   82-83,142-143 

Harden  City  Water  Supply  Co.,  system  of,  data  con- 
cerning   82-83, 142-143, 254 

Gardiner  erosion,  occurrence  and  character  of   40 

Gardincrs  Island,  erosion  on   40 

sections  of,  diagrams  showing  37,39 

Gay  Head,  folding  at,  character  and  cause  of  37-40 

section  at,  diagram  showing   39 

Geologic  history  of  Long  Island   48-50 

Geology,  outlines  of   15-52 

German-American  Improvement  Co..  waterworks  of. 

data  concerning   80-81,126-127,189 

Glaciation  on  Long  Island,  conditions  of   33-48,50-52 

Glen  Cove,  water  systems  of,  map  showing  

PI.  xix,  in  pocket, 
(irand  avenue  and  Newbridge  Brook  station,  under- 
flow at,  diagram  showing   105 

Great  South  Bay  Water  Co.,  water  system  of.  data 

concerning   82-85, 154-155, 160-161,304 

water  system  of.  map  showing  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Greenport,  water  system  of,  data  concerning   84-85, 

166-167, 331-332 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Ground-water  table.   See  Water  table. 

Harbor  Hill  glacier,  moraine  and  outwash  plain  of, 

views  of   44 

Harbor  Hill  stage,  position  of  ice  during,  map  showing.  44 
Hempstead,  watersystem  of,  data  concerning. .  82-83, 142-143 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Hempstead  Brook,  flow  of   58-59 

flow  of,  increase  of,  map  showing   59 

Hempstead  reservoir,  discharge  of   62 

Hicksville,  watersystem  of,  map  showing.  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 
Hightstown  Vale,  deflection  of  rivers  in   31-32 

deflection  of  rivers  in,  figure  showing   32 

map  showing   32 

location  and  character  of   30-31 

section  showing   30 

Hollick,  A.,  on  Long  Island  geology   16,48 

Holliswood.  water  system  of,  data  concerning  80-81 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI  xix,  in  pocket. 

Horton,  R.  F. . ,  on  surface  streams  of  Long  Island...  361-385 

Huntington,  outwash  plain  near,  view  of   44 

Huntington  Water  Works  Co.,  water  system  of,  data 

concerning   82-83, 154-155, 299-300 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Ice  sheet,  folding  due  to  39-40 

Islip.  gaging  station  at,  view  of   367 

gagings  near   376-377 


l'age. 

Islip,  water  system  of,  map  showing          PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Jamaica  Water  Supply  Co.,  water  system  of,  data  con- 
cerning  80-81,132-133,210-211 

water  system  of,  map  showing..-,  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Jameco  gravel,  artesian  area  of,  map  showing   66 

deposition  and  occurrence  of   34-35, 55 

position  of.  diagrams  showing   34-39,56 

water  supply  in   55-56,64-65 

wells  to   64-65 

Jones  well.  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  view  of   64 

King's  sand  pit,  view  in   40 

Knapp,  G.  W.,  on  Long  Island  Miocene   25 

Lafavette  submergence,  occurrence  of   28 

Lakes,  effect  of,  on  ground  water   106-110 

occurrence  and  causes  of   61-63 

Landslip  phenomena,  view  of   38 

Lindenhurst,  fire  department  wells  of,  data  concern- 
ing  154-155 

fire  department  wells  of,  map  showing.  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Lloyd  sand,  depth  to,  maps  showing   18,68 

position  and  importance  of   19,23,26,65-67 

diagram  showing   56 

water  of.  analyses  of   68-69 

water  supply  in   65-67 

wells  to   65-66 

Long  Beach,  well  at.  relation  of  tide  and. figure  show- 
ing  70 

Long  Beach  Association,  waterworks  of.  data  concern- 
ing  82-83,140-141,248 

Long  Island  City,  water  system  of,  data  regarding. . .  78-79 

map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Long  Island  City  pumping  station  No.  8,  borings  at. 

diagram  showing   188 

Mackay.  C.  H.,  waterworks  of,  data  concerning  82-83 

watersystem  of, map  showing   PI. xix, in  pocket 

McAlpine.  W.  T.,  stream  measurements  by   365 

McGee.W.J..  on  deflection  of  rivers  in  Hightstown  Vale.  31-32 

Manhasset.  well  at,  figure  showing   64 

Manhasset  bowlder  bed,  view  of   40 

Manhasset  gravel.   See  Tisbury  gravel. 
Manhanset  House,  water  system  of,  data  concerning.  84-85, 

164-165,331 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Manhattan  Island,  sections  of,  figure  showing   17 

Mannetto  gravel,  deposition  and  distribution  of   33-34 

view  of   22 

Map  showing  Cretaceous  artesian  well  area   86 

showing  depth  of  Lloyd  sand   68 

showing  distribution  of  Cretaceous   18,20,68 

sliowing  distribution  of  Miocene   27 

showing  distribution  of  water-power  development.  60 

showing  deflection  of  streams   32 

showing   development   of    drainage    on  North 

Atlantic  coastal  plain   32 

showing  increase  of  flow  of  Hempstead  Brook   59 

showing  Jameco  artesian-well  area   66 

showing  location  of  borings  for  Pennsylvania.  New 

York  and  Long  Island  Railroad   182,184,186 

showing  location  of  underflow  stations   87, 

91,92,99-103,105-114 

showing  location  of  wells   180,217,223,281 

PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

showing  north  shore  artesian-well  area   66 

showing  position  of  bed  rock   16 

showing  position  of  ground-water  table  

PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

showing  relative  position  of  ice  at  different  stages. .  44 
showing  structure  of  Cretaceous  beds   18, 19 


GKNKRAL  INDKX. 


:'tigv. 

Map  Showing  waterworks  systems  of  Long  Island  

PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Marl  series  of  New  Jersey,  occurrence  and  character  of  .  22 

Marthas  Vineyard,  section  of.  diagram  showing   39 

Massapcqiia.  underflow  measurements  near   8fi, 9.5-96 

Massapequu  (  reek,  data  concerning   371-373 

Matawan  formation,  occurrence  and  character  of   22 

Mather.  W.  W..  figure  cited  from   39 

Melville.  N.  Y..  section  near   20 

views  of  Cretaceous  and  Manetto  deposits  near. . .  22 
Merrick  pumping  station,  underflow  at.  figure  showing.  102 
Merrick  Water  Co.,  water  system  of,  data  concern- 
ing  82-83,14(1-147,273 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Merrill.  K.  J.  11..  on  geology  of  Loir*  Island   16 

Meter,  direct-reading,  description  and  use  of   90-97 

use  of.  figure  showing   92 

view  of   92 

Meter,  self-recording,  charts  of.  view  of   100 

clock  for.  views  of   92,98 

description  and  use  of   97-99 

view  of   98 

Meter.?,  ty|>es  of  for  underflow  measurements   90 

Miocene  rocks,  distribution  of   27-28 

distribution  of.  map  showing   27 

Miocene  submergence,  occurrence  of  27-28 

Mont  auk  Water  Co.,  water  system  of.  data  concerning.  80-81. 

132-133,213-214 

well  of,  figure  of   213 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Mountain  Mist  Springs,  character  of   58 

water  table  producing,  figure  showing   57 

Nash.  I,.  S..  stream  measurements  by   365 

Nassau  County  Water  Co..  water  system  of,  data  con- 
cerning  82-83, 144-145, 148-151, 262-276,279-280 

New  Jersey,  Cretaceous  rocks  of.  position  of.  map 

showing   18 

sections  of   22,30 

location  of,  map  showing   30 

Newbridge  Brook,  underflow  at .  figure  illustrating   105 

Newbridge  streams,  data  concerning   370 

Newtown,  water  system  of,  map  showing.  .PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 
New  York  City  department  of  water  supply,  water 

systems  of   76-81 

water  system  of,  map  showing  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

wells  of.  index  to   393 

New  York  City  commission  on  additional  water  sup- 
ply, acknowledgements  to   87,116 

maps  and  diagrams  from   70.  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

test  wells  of,  index  to   391 

North  shore,  artesian  area  of,  map  of   66 

valleys  of  .origin  of   43-44 

wells  on.  views  of   64 

'  Northport  Water  Works  Co..  water  system  of,  data 

concerning   82-83. 1.54-155,300-301 

water  system  of, map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Oak  Park,  water  system  of,  map  showing .  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Orowoc  (  reek,  data  concerning   376-377 

gaging  station  on,  figure  of   367 

Oyster  Bay  .water  system  of.  map  showing.  PI.  xix. in  pocket. 

well  at,  view  of   64 

wells  at,  location  of,  map  showing   281 

records  of,  diagram  showing   38 

Patchogue,  water  system  of,  map  showing.  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 
Pennsylvania. New  York  and  Longlsland  Railroad.bor- 

ings  of,  maps  and  diagrams  showing.  182, 184, 186 

Perrineville  Wold,  location  and  character  of   31 

sections  showing   30 


race. 

Pfalzgraf.  II.  C.  estate,  waterworks  of.  data  concern- 
ing  80-81,118  119,  ]tW 

Pleistocene  time,  glaciation  in   ti  f. 

Pliocene  erosion,  occurrence  of   •>* 

Ponds,  effect  of,  on  ground  water   62  83,  KM  1 10 

effect  of,  on  ground  water,  figure  showing   62 

leakage  from,  figure  showing   62 

occurrence  and  cause;  of   61-61 

Porosity.   See  Filtration  tests. 

Port  Jefferson  Water  Co..  water  system  of.  data  con- 
cerning  84-85,  UO-101 . 310-830 

Pratt  estate,  water  system  of.  data  concerning   82-83, 

UI-14.5,264-20.5 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket . 

Pumping,  effect  of.  on  ground  water   73-74,  II 1  114 

effect  of.  on  ground  water,  figure  showing   72 

Pumping  stations. underflow  at.  diagrams  showing. .  98  103. 

105-113 

Quantuck  Water  Co..  water  system  of,  data  concern- 
ing  84-85,164-165,327 

Quaternary  time  glaciation  in   33-48,  Id  82 

Queens  Borough,  waterworks  of.  data  concerning. . ..  78-81 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Queens  County  Water  Co..  water  system  of.  data  con- 
cerning  82-83, 136-137, 224-226 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

wells  of.  location  of,  map  showing   223 

sections  of.  figure  showing   225 

Quogue,  water  system  of,  map  showing. .  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Rainfall,  effect  of,  on  ground  water   69-71,104-106 

Ra  nfall  in  1903,  data  of  41.5-417 

Rapid  transit  commission,  borings  of,  diagrams  show- 
ing  170,172 

Raritan  formation,  age  of   25-26 

occurrence  and  character  of   22 

Rathbun,  F.  D.,  record  of  well  fluctuations  furnished 

by   70 

Recent  time,  submergence  in   48 

Reservoirs,  data  concerning   76-86 

Riverhead  waterworks,  water  system  of,  data  concern- 
ing  84-85,164-165,327-328 

water  system  of,  map  showing  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Rockaway  Ridge,  folding  at.  section  showing   38 

Rockville  Center,  water  system  of,  data  concerning. .  82-X3, 

140-.41.250 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI. xix, in  pocket. 

Ronkonkoma,  Lake,  character  of   63,379-380 

character  of.  figure  showing   63 

Ronkonkoma  stage,  position  of  ice  in,  map  showing. . .  44 
Sag  Harbor  Water  Co.,  water  system  of.  data  concern- 
ing  84-85,1(36-167,334 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 

Sal  ammoniac,  use  of   9tW>7 

Salisbury,  R.  D.,  on  New  Jersey  geology   16,21 

Sampawams  Creek,  data  concerning   37.5-376 

San  Gabriel  River,  Gal.,  underflow  measurements  on, 

figure  illustrating   91 

Sand  grains,  effectivo  size  of,  definition  of   338 

filtration  tests  with  different  sizes  of   354-360 

sizing  tests  of   338-353 

Sand  spit,  view  of   52 

Sankaty  formation,  deposition,  character,  and  distri- 
bution of   3(^-37 

position  of,  diagrams  showing   34-39 

Sayville,  water  system  of.  map  showing. .  PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 
Seacliff  Water  Co.,  water  system  of,  data  concerning.  82-83, 

144-145. 262 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  xix,  in  pocket. 


390 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


fage. 

Section,  cross,  showing  underground  water  conditions.  56 

Section,  generalized,  of  pre- Pleistocene  rocks  20-21 

Sections,  geologic,  of  Long  Island   20.33. 35. 

diagrams  showing   17,34.35.36.37,38.39,56 

Sections,  geologic,  of  Long  Island  and  Xew  Jersey,  lo- 
cation of.  diagram  showing   30 

Setauket.  structure  near,  diagram  showing   19 

Shelter  Island  Heights  Association,  water  system  of. 

data  concerning   84-85,166-167 

water  system  of.  map  showing  PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Slichter,  C.  S-.  on  velocity  of  underflow  on  Long  Island .  86-115 

Smithtown  Harbor,  sand  spit  at.  view  of   52 

Southampton  Water  Co..  water  system  of.  data  con- 
cerning  84-85, 164-165, 329 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Springs,  discharge  of   59 

origin  of  58-^59 

Springs,  mineral,  occurrence  of   59 

Steinway  and  Son.  water  system  of.  data  concerning.  82-83. 

128-129 

water  system  of,  map  showing   PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Stockbridge  dolomite,  occurrence  and  character  of   16 

cross  section  showing   17 

Streams,  channels  of.  analogy  of  wells  and   58 

character  of   60. 361-362, 36S-&3 

measurements  of   58-59,365-383 

occurrence  of   60,361-383 

origin  of   60 

profile  of.  ideal   362 

utilization  of   60-61.74.76-78.84,362 

Success.  Lake,  character  of   61 

character  of.  figure  showing   61 

Temperature,  effect  of.  on  ground  water   72 

effect  of.  on  ground  water,  diagram  showing   72 

Tertiary  rocks,  section  of  20-21 

Tertiary  rocks  of  Xew  Jersey,  comparison  of  Long  Is- 
land Tertiary  and   21-25 

section  of  .   21 

Tertiary  time,  history  of.  on  Long  Island  26-32 

Test  wells  for  underflow  measurements,  description 

of  88-00 

.    plan  of.  figure  illustrating   88 

Texas  bars,  theoretical  deflection  of  rivers  by   32 

theoretical  deflection  by.  figure  showing   32 

Tides,  effect  of.  on  ground  water    71-72 

effect  of.  on  ground  water,  diagrams  showing  64,70. 71 

Tisbury  gravel,  deposition  and  occurrence  of  41-43 

position  of.  diagrams  showing  34.38 

Tobacco  Point,  section  at.  diagram  showing   37 

Topography,  development  of   28-32,46-48,50-52 

sketch  of   15-16 

Underflow,  existence  of   100-104 

measurements  of   86-104 

figure  illustrating   89 

velocity  of   92-94,66-88.104-113 

figures  illustrating   91-92,98-103.105-113 

Underflow  apparatus,  character  of. . .'.  .'   88-98 

principles  involved  in   99 

views  of   90,92,98,100 

I'nderflow  stations,  location  of.  maps  showing  87.91, 

92. 98-103.  lOVl  14 

Underground  water.    See  Water,  underground. 

Vale,  definition  of   29 

diagrams  of  -  28-30 

occurrence  of  28-32 

Veateh.  A.  C.  on  geology  of  Long  Island   15-52 


Page. 

Veatch.  A,  C.  on  underground  water  of  Long  Island  .  53-85 
Veatch.  A.  C  and  Bowman.  Isaiah,  well  records  by.  116-337 

Vineyard  interval,  character  of  _   43-44 

Wantagh  Pond,  seepage  from   108-110 

underflow  near,  figure  illustrating   109-112 

Wantagh  pumping  stations,  location  of.  figures  show- 
ing 87,114.  PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

underflow  at.  diagram  illustrating   98 

Wantagh  streams,  data  concerning   370-371 

Ward.  L.  F..  on  Island  series   22 

Water,  underground,  conditions  of  53-85 

underground,  general  principles  of  53-55 

geologic  conditions  of  55-59 

source  of   53,67-69 

transmission  of  53-54 

Water,  well,  analyses  of.   See  Analyses  of  well  waters. 

Water  powers,  development  of  60-61.362 

distribution  of.  map  showing   60 

Water  table,  definition  of   54 

fluctuations  of   69-74. 3N3-384 

figures  showing   70,72 

perched  type  of   57-58,61-62 

figures  showing  56-58,61 

position  of  57-59 

figures  showing   54.56.57.58.61-63,70 

map  showing   PL  xix.  in  pocket. 

springs  dependent  on  _  58-59 

figure  showing   56 

Waterworks,  data  concerning  74-85 

map  showing   PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Well  drillers,  list  of  those  assisting    116-117 

Well  owners,  list  of   391-394 

Wells,  analogy  of  deep-cut  channels  and,  diagram 

showing   58 

records  of  118-337 

specific  capacity  of   114 

Wells,  artesian  and  deep,  conditions  requisite  for  54-55,67 

artesian  and  deep,  distribution  of   63-67 

location  of.  maps  showing. .  70-72. 1>*».P).  xix. in  pocket. 

recorcs  of   118-337 

views  of   64,66 

waters  of.  analyses  of    See  Analyses. 

Wells,  blowing,  occurrence  of   74 

Wells  in  Connecticut,  water  of.  analyses  of  68-69 

West  Hills,  section  in   19-20 

strata  in.  views  showing   22 

water  conditions  in.  diagram  showing   57 

White.  David,  on  Raritan  formation   26 

Whitestone.  water  system  of.  data  regarding   80-81 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  xix.  in  pocket. 

Whitlock.  Artemus.  stream  measurements  by   366 

Whitney.  F  L..  record  of  well  fluctuations  furnished 

by   71 

Wisconsin  deposits,  deposition  and  occurrence  of  44-4S 

Wolds,  definition  of   29 

diagrams  showing  2S.29 

occurrence  of  30.31 

Woodhaven  Water  Supply  Co..  water  system  of.  data 

concerning   80-81.126-127.192 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  six.  in  pocket. 

Woodside  Water  Co..  water  system  of.  data  concern- 
ing  80-81,128-131.194 

water  system  of.  map  showing   PI.  xtx.  in  pocket. 

Woodworth.  J.  B..  on  Tisbury  gravel  37.41 

figure  cited  from   39 

Woolman.  Lewis,  on  wells  and  geology  of  Long  Island 

and  Xew  Jersey   23-24 


[NDEX  <)F  MIL  DATA. 


(  By  names  of  owners.) 

[For  wells  by  locality,  see  map  (PI.  XXIV, in  pocket),  from  which  numbers  used  in  tablet  and  notes,  pp.  123-388,  can  i- 
obtained.] 


Page. 

Abrames,  Jirdeu   136,220 

diagram  showing   36 

Ackerly,  Hiram   154-155 

Adams,  Maude   154-155 

Albertson,  J.  A   142-143,256 

Allard  &  McGllire   148-149.278-279 

Amagansett   166-167 

American  Cordage  and  Manufac- 
turing Co   122-123 

American  Hard  RnbberCo.  130-131. 198 
Amity  ville  Water  Co.  82-83, 150. 151,287 

Anderson,  H.B   138-139.242 

Anderson,  W.  B   134-135,224 

Arbuckle  Brothers   120-121,175 

Army,  V.  S   118-119,134- 

135, 146-147. 166-169. 220, 275, 336 

Arnold,  Wm.  H   134-135,222 

Astoria  Silk  Works   128-129.196 

Astoria  Steel  Co   126-127, 187 

Babylon  Sumpwams  Water  Co..  82-83, 
154-155,303-304 

Baker,  C.  A   162-163 

Baker,  W.  C   134-135,224 

Baldwin,  Gilbert   134-135 

Baldwin,  W.  H.,jr   146-147,267 

diagram  showing   58 

Barrett  Manufacturing  Co.  118-119.169 

Bartlett,  Judge  —   162-163,321 

Bayside.  See  Xew  York  City  de- 
partment of  water  supply 
(Queens  Borough). 

Becker,  J.  F   164-165,330 

Bedford,  A.  C   146-147 

Bell,  L.  V   152-153.294 

Benjamin,  Dr.  —   166-167,334-335 

Benner,  Charles   158-159,315 

Berger,  —   146-147 

Bernheim,  Frank   144-145 

Bevin.  L.  A   21, 154-155,302-303 

Bickerman.  Charles   126-127,187,198 

Biddle,  J   160-161,320 

Bleeker,  —   152-153 

Blyndenburgh,  Charles   156-157,308 

Blythbourne  Water  Co   80-8J, 

118-119, 168 

Booth,  BE.  B   13S-139,242 

Borden  Condensed  Milk  Co.  118-119, 173 

Bosch,  Fred   72,152-153.290 

Bottjer,  H   128-129.194 

Bourne,  F.  G   158-159 

Bowen,  James   152-153,293-294 

Bowery  Bay  Building  and  Im- 
provement Co   82-83, 130-131, 197 

Brady,  J.  F   142-143,255 

Bragnaw  estate   124-125.183 

Brentwood   156-1.58,307 


Page. 

Breslau  fire  department   154-155 

Bridgehampton   186-178 

Brightson.  G.  E   152-153,292 

Brookhaven   162-163 

Brooklyn  Borough  Gas  Co   118-119 

Brooklyn  department  of  water 
supply.    See  Xew  York  City 
department  of  water  supply 
(Brooklyn  Borough). 
Brooklyn  Rapid  Transit  Co.  118-119. 1(8 

Brooklyn  sewer  department   118- 

•  119,168 

Brooklyn  Union  Gas  Co   118- 

123, 172, 177, 178 
Brooklyn  waterworks.   See  Xew 
York  City  department  of  water 
supply  (Brooklyn  Borough). 

B rower.  Samuel   134-135,224 

Brower.  Warren   134-135 

Brown,  H.  C   156-157 

Brown,  J.  W   160-161,320 

Brown,  Xicholas.   164-165 

Burger  Brewing  Co   120-121 

Burgess,—   150-151.284 

Burke,  S   144-145,263 

Burr,  C.  S   156-157, 304 

Bush,  D.  F   146-147.265 

Butterfield.  Justin   156-157 

Byrne,  J.  F   160-161,318 

Caffery,  James   130-131.198,199 

Calvary  Cemetery   122-123.181 

Calverton   162-163 

Carll,  George   154-155,299 

Carmen,  R.  F   154-155,300 

Carr,  William   162-163,  322 

Carroll,  B.  L   130-131.199 

Casino  Lake  Ice  Co   132-133.215 

Chapman.  T.  R   130-131.200 

Childs,  Elversley   160-161.315 

Childs,  H.  C   134-135.221 

Christ  Church,  Manhasset  Hill.  138-139 

Chrome  Steel  Works   120-121 

Citizens  WaterSupply  Co   71. 

80-81,128-129,  132-133, 
138-139,194,195.214.238 

diagrams  showing   36,58 

Clark,  J.  H   140-141.248-249,267 

Clark,  William   160-161,318 

Clarke,  Captain —   156-157.304 

Clarke,  William   158-159,314,324 

Clots,  Mrs.  M.  H   152-153, 296 

Cockran,  Bourke   140-141,245 

Cold  Spring  Creamer}-   152-153.290 

Cold  Spring  Hatchery   152-153 

Cole,  Dexter   154-155.301 

Cole,  W.  W   134-135,220 


Page. 

College  Point.  See  Xew  York 
City  depart  meat  of  water 
snuply  (Queens  Borough). 

Collier.  Richard   152-153,290 

Colonial  Springs   154-155,298 

Columbia  farm   152-153,291 

Commack   156-157 

Commission  on  additional  water 
supply.   See  New  York  City. 

Congress  Brewing  Co   120-121 

Conklin,  Fred   152-153,295 

Conklin,  R.  B   152-153,297 

Consolidated  Gas  Co   126-127,187 

Consolidated  Ice  Co   64,152-153,295 

Consumers  Hygeia  Ice  Co.  .  124-125,184 

Cottnet,  R.  1   142-143,255-256 

Cox,  Irving   21,66,150-151,286 

Cox,  Robert   140-141,242,260 

Cox,  W.  T   19,158-159,314 

Coyson,  A.  &  S.  B   122-123,182 

Cravath.  P.  D   146-147,268 

Crescent  Chemical  Co   118-119 

Crystal  Springs  Ice  Co   64, 

1 44-145, 264. 285 

Darling,  C.  T   158-159,313 

Darling,  J.  1   160-161,319 

Darlington.  J.  H   162-163,324 

Davis,  J.  Ii   160-161 

Davis,  X.  W   160-161,320 

Davis.  William.   162-163 

Dayton.  R.  B   162-163,325 

De  Forrest,  Henry   152-1.53, 293 

De  Forest,  R...  152-153,293,295,317,319 

De  Groat.  Mrs.    162-163,322 

Debevoise,  W.  M   120-121,174 

Decker  Bros   74,152-153,290 

Dedrick,  C.  B   160-161 

Denton.  Alex   152-153,295 

Dillman.    128-129.196 

Diver,  Judge   134-135,223-224 

Dodge  estate   140-141,244-245 

Dollard,  Henry   150-151,284 

Downs,  James   164-166,328 

Dryer.  —   160-161 

Dryfuss  &  Nibbe   150-151,288 

Dubois,  H.J   152-153,295,320 

Ducey,  Father    158-159,312 

Dunton.  F.  W   132-133 

Duryea.  H.  B   67,142-143,256-257 

diagram  showing   58 

Eagle  Dock   152-153,293.318 

East  Marion  life-saving  station. .  IM- 
167,333 

East  Marion   166-167 

East  River  Gas  Co   124-125 

Eastern  Brewing  Co   120-121,178 

391 


392 


INDEX  OF   WELL  DATA. 


Easthampton  Home  Water  Co. .  84-85, 
166-167,335 

Edison,  Charles   142-143,254,274 

Elliott,  J   154-155,299 

Emerson,  Dr.    160-161,318 

Eroken  Chemical  Co   124-125 

Emmett,  D   19,158-159,313 

Empire  Oil  Refinery   122-123 

Epping,  Joseph   120-121 

Eriand,  George,  sr   158-159,314 

Excelsior  Brewing  Co   120-121,173 

Fahy  Watch  Case  Co   166-167,334 

Farmingdale   150-151,288 

Fassbender  &  Stande   148-149 

Ferguson,  E.  M.  &  W..  146-147,337,368 

Flatbush  Waterworks  Co   80-81, 

118-119 

Fleishman  Manufacturing  Co.  122-123, 
180-181 

Fleming,  Mrs.    126-127,187 

Fletcher,  G.  M   66,150-151,285 

Flower.  Mrs.  Julia   136-137,227 

Flower  estate   122-123,181 

Flushing.    See  New  York  City 

department   of  water  supply 

(Queens  Borough). 

Frank  Brewery   128-129 

Franz,  Frank   160-161,318 

Freeport  waterworks   82-83,142-143 

Freestone,    138-139 

Friends  Academy   144-145. 262-263 

diagram  showing   58 

Froellieh,  Frank   124-125,185 

Fuch,  August   160-161,317 

Furst,  W.  F   166-167,333 

Gallienne,  F   154-155,299 

Gardner,  A.  S   154-155 

Gardner  City  Water  Supply  Co . .  82-83, 
142-143,254 

Gates,  CO   66,146-147,265-266 

Geissenhainer.  F.  W   144-145 

General  Chemical  Co   122-123 

German-American  Improvement 

Co   80-81,126-127,189 

Gilbert,  H.  B   134-1*5,221 

Gildersleeve,  H.  0   154-155,301 

Gill,  P.  H.,  &  Sons   118-119 

Gillette,  Dr.    156-157,305 

Gillis,  Jas.,  &  Sons   122-123,182 

Gilsey  estate   164-165 

Godfrey,  Mrs.  E   150-151 

Goldsmith,  Donald   164-165 

Good  Ground   164-165 

Gould,  Howard   140-141,245 

Grace,  W.  R   138-139,242 

Graf,  Anthony   138-139 

Great  Neck  school   138-139,242 

Great  South  Bay  Water  Co   82-85, 

154-155, 160-161, 304-300 

Greenport  waterworks   84- 

85, 166-167. 331-332 

Griffin,  C.  L   134-135,221-222 

Groty.Mrs.    162-163,321 

Guthcrie,W.  D..  66,146-147,200,267,268 

Hageman,  (!.  E   162-163,321 

llallock,  A.  B   20, 164-165, 326-327 

Uallock,  B.  F   158-159 

llallock,  ('.  A   154-155,300 


Page 

Hallock,  F.  Q   158-159 

llallock,  William   162-163,323 

Hallock  &  Small   20, 164-165, 326 

Hamilton,    150-151,284 

Hamilton,  J.  F   138-139,241 

Hamilton,  W.  J   138-139,240 

Harek,  Rudolph   124-125,186-187 

Harms  estate   150-151,289 

Harnier,  Dr.    126-127, 187 

Harriman,  J.  H   148-149,277 

Harris,  George   162-163 

Harris,  L   158-159,310 

Hart,  A.  W   134-135,223 

Hawman  Brothers   102-163,321 

Heckscher,  August   152-153,296 

Hecla  Iron  Works   122-123 

Hedges,  J.  W   166-167,334 

Heinz,  H.  J.,  Co   148-149,276 

Hempstead  poorhouse.  140-141,247-248 

diagram  showing   36 

Henipstead  Water  Co. . . .  82-83, 142-143 

Herod,  Win   150-157,304 

Hewlett,  Walter   152-153 

Hixon,  J.  B   138-139,327 

Hodges,  Axel   100-161,318 

Hoenighausen,  Peter   74,152-153,290 

Holt,  G.  B   134-135 

Hopkins,  J.  H   160-101,321 

Howard  &  Fuller  Brewing  Co..  120-121 

Howell,  Porter   162-163,323 

Hoyt,  Colgate   66,1.50-151,285-280 

diagram  showing   38 

Huber,  Henry   138-139 

Humbert  A  Andrews   118-119,172 

Hummel,  Martin   124-125 

Huntington  Gas  Co   154-155 

Huntington  Light  and  PowerCo  .  154- 
155, 300 

Huntington  Water  Works  Co. . .  82-83, 
154-155, 29V-300 

Hutchinson,  A.  S   148-149,281-304 

Hutchinson,  E.  K   148-149,281 

Hutchinson,  A.  J  &  A.  S   148-140,282 

Idlewild  Hotel   130-131 

Imhauser,  W.,  estate   158-159,311 

India  Rubber  Comb  Co  130-131, 198 

Isenburg,  1   128-129,195 

Islip   156-157 

Jackson,  Jacob   148-149,  278 

Jackson,  Oscar   150-151,289 

Jacobs,  N.  II   140-141,244 

Jagnow  Brothers   138-139,238 

Jamaica  Water  Supply  Co  80-81, 

132-133,210-211 

diagram  showing   36 

Jennings,  Walter   152-153,294 

John  Good  Cordage  and  Machine 

Co   124-125 

Johnson,    120-121,174 

Jones,  Edwin   152-153,291 

Jones,  J.  T   152-153,292 

Jones,  Mrs.    162-163,324 

Jones,  O.  L   65, 

66, 148, 155, 282, 286, 297,  302 

diagram  showing   38 

Jones,  W.  E   152-153,291 

Jones,  W.  R   152-153, 291 

Jones  Brothers   120-121.175 


Page. 

Kasteard ,  1   1 40- 1 4 1 , 244 

Keene,  Foxhall   142-143,250 

Keene,  James   134-13") 

Keil,  Charles   150-151.289 

Keller,  J.,  &  Sons   150-151,288-289 

Kelsey,  W.  P   142-143, 255 

Kennedy,  John   74,148-149,279 

Kenyon,  W.  W   1.58-159,309 

Kersona,    144-145,262 

Kiefer,  A   138-139,239 

Kimmerly.  Stephen   140-141 

King,  J.  B.,  Co   144-145 

King,  Mary  E   138-139,242 

Kirk,  T.  J   160-161,316 

Klabfleisch,  F.  H.,  Co   120-121 

Klaiber,  John   158-159,310 

Klothe,  Herman   138-139 

Knierum,  Edward   150-151 

Knowles,  A.  A   144-145,261-282 

Knox  Hat  Co   118-119,172 

Kroln,     162-163 

Kruger,    286 

Kurz,  Jules   148-149,278 

Lalance  &  Grosjean  Manufactur- 
ing Co   128-129, 192-193 

Lanier,  J.  F.  D   142-143,256 

Lattiug,  E   146-147,268 

Lauraman,  Otto   162-163,323 

Lawrence,  John   134-135,222 

Lawrence  Beach  Bathing  Asso- 
ciation  134-135.222 

Layton,  P.  N   148-149 

Lee,    150-151,283 

Leeman,  C.  F   158-159,309 

L'Hommedieu's,J.H.,Sons  138-139,241 

diagram  showing   64 

Liebmann,  S.,  Sons  Brewing  Co.  120- 
121, 173 

Lindenhurst  fire  wells   154-155 

Long  Beach  Association   24, 

70,82-83, 140-141,246-248 

Long  Island  Railroad   118-119, 

124-125, 130-131, 134-143. 148- 
149,154-155,160-167,  169,183, 
198-199, 220, 231, 241,  244, 303, 
315, 322, 324. 328, 332-333, 336 

Long  Island  Sand  Co   152-153 

Long  Island  State  Hospital.  158-159, 336 

Lord,  D.  D   134-135,223 

Ludlum,  .'   148-149,279 

Ludlum,  Alfred   148-149,281 

Lupton,  F.  M   164-165 

Lustgarten,  Henry   138-139,241 

McCrary,  R.  S   154-155.300 

McDonald,  Mrs.  S.  F   164-165,329 

McGee,  Walter   162-163,321 

McGifl,  J.  F   156-157,304 

MacKay,  C.  H   82-83,144-145 

MacKenzie,  G.  C   66,150-151,285 

diagram  showing   38 

McKilvery,    126-127, 187 

McLaughlin,  J.  J   164-165,328 

Mc Williams  Coal  Co   134-135,  220 

Malcolm  Brewing  Co   120-121 

MaltineCo   118-119,169-170 

Man,  Edward   134-135.223 

Manhanset  House  ...  84-85,164-165,331 
Manhattan  Boach  Hotel   118-119 


INDEX  OF  WELL  DATA. 


393 


Page 

Manhattan  State  Hospital   1.50-157 

Marsh,  Mrs.  A.  \V   152-163,297 

Marsh,  Theodore   160-161 

Martin,  J.  E   134-186,221 

Mason,  C.  II   140-141.244 

Massapcqua  Hotel   150-15] 

Masury,  J.  W.,  &  Son   120-121.175 

Matherson.  W.  T   158-159.  309 

m.i  t  hereon,  w.  T.  &  Co .  124-125.  iS5-i8t> 

Mattituck   164-165 

Melville,  Frank,  jr   160-161 

Merger  &  Thrall   120-121,174 

Merrick  Water  Co. . ..  82-83, 146-147,273 

Metzner,  M.  A   1.58-159 

Miller,  Mary   102-103 

Milliken  Bros   118-119 

Mineola  Court-house   142-14.1 

Minmken,  John   144-145.204 

Mohannes  Casino   1.50-151.283 

Mo-Mo-Ne  Spring   298-299 

Monecke,  Dr.    158-159.312 

Monfort,  H.  A   152-153.290 

Mont  auk  Brewing  Co   128-129.193 

Montauk  Water  Co   80-81, 

132-133,213-214 

Morgan,  Charles   138-139 

Morgan,  E.  D   67,142-143.257-259 

diagram  showing   58 

Morrell,    1.54-155 

Morris,  J.  K  !   100-107.334 

Morrison.  D.  G   124-125 

Morrissey,  John   158-159.312 

Mortimer.  Stanley   144-145.259 

Moss,  D.  B   1.54-155.301,327 

Mountain  Mist  Springs   1.52-1.53.291 

Muneie.  E.  II   154-15.5. 303 

Nassau  County  poor  farm  .  148-149.279 

Nassau  County  Water  Co   82-83, 

144-145. 148-151, 202. 270. 279-280 
Nassau  Electric  Light  and  Power 

Co   144-145.200 

Nassau  Oyster  Co   100-161.316 

Navy,  U.  S   120-121,176-177 

Neptune  Consumers  Ice  Co   122- 

123. 178-179 

Nevins,  Fred   154-155.301 

New  Calvary  Cemetery  128-129, 195 

New  York  and  Queens  County 

Railroad   128-129,195 

New  York   Architectural  Terra 

Cotta  Co   124-125.  ISO 

New  York  Asbestos  Co   124-125,186 

New  York-Brooklyn  Rapid  Tran- 
sit Co   118-119,169 

New  York  City  commission  on 

additional  water  supply   120-151, 

150-161. 187. 193-198.  209.  211-220, 
235-241, 243, 249-255, 201-202, 273- 
277,  279.  287-289, 297-298. 300-308, 
310,312-313,  310-317,  319,  339-300 
New  York  City  department  of  wa- 
tersupply  (Brooklyn Borough): 

Agawam  78-79, 146-147, 269-270 

Baisleys   76-77,130-131,203 

diagram  showing   34 

Clear  Stream   76-77,136-137,288 

17116 —  Xo.  44—06  : 


Page 

New  York  City,  department  of 
water  supply  (Brooklyn  Bor- 
ough): Forest  Stream   76-77, 

136-137,-33-234 

diagram  showing   34 

Freeport   146-147,270-271 

Grevcsend   76-77,118-119,169 

Jameeo   76-77,130-131,204-206 

dilgram  showing   34 

Massapequa   78-79.150-151,287 

Matowa   78-79,146-147,273 

Merrick   78-79,146-147,271-273 

New  Lots   76-77,126-127,189 

diagram  showing   34 

New  Utrecht   76-77,118-119 

Oconee   76-77, 130-131 

Shetucket   76-77,130-131 

Spring  Creek  .  76-77, 126-127, 190-191 
Springfield  . . .  76-77, 130-131,201-202 

Test  wells   126-127 

130-133,136-137,140-141, 189  190, 
.  00.202-210, 212-213, 228-235, 249 
diagrams  showing. .  34,. '16, 58 
Watts  Pond..  76-77. 136-137. 231-232 

Wantagh   78-79,146-147,274 

New  York  City  depart  merit  of 
watersupply  (Queens  Bo  rough), 

Bayside   80-81,134-135,218-219 

College  Point.   See  Fresh 
Meadow. 

Flushing    See  Bayside. 

Fresh  Meadow   78-79, 

132-133-215-216 

Long  Island  City  No.  1   78-79. 

122  123 

Long  Island  City  No.  2    78-79. 

130-131 

Long  Island  City  No.  3    78-79. 

124-125, 184-185 

Whitestone  No.  1  80-81, 

134-  35,220 

Whitestone  No.  2  80-81, 

134-13.5,220 

New  York  Quarantine  Station. . .  11S- 
119.168 

New  York  Quinine  and  Chemical 

Co   122-123, 179 

New  York  Sanitary  Utilization 

Co   66,126-127.188 

Newton,  E.  H   158-159 

Newton,  Nelson   1.58-159.312 

Newton,  R.  W   158-159,311 

Newwitter  &  Migel   126-127 

Nichol,  J.W   162-163.324,353 

Nichols  Chemical  Co   122-123 

Nobaek,  Frederick   156-157,309 

Nort  House   158-159.314 

North  Country  Club   144-145,263 

North  Shore  Industrial  Co.  322. 302-363 

Northport  Waterworks  Co   82-83, 

1.54-155.300-301 

Norton,  A.  T   160-161,349 

Norton,  Jas   148-149.281 

Nostrand.  Frank   144-145 

Obermeyer  &  Liebmann   120-121 

O'Kiefe,  Ed   124-125 


Page 

Old  Field  Point   160-161,. 328 

O'Leary,  D   138-136,240 

Orient  Manufacturing  Co. .  160-107.335 

Overton,  Irving   1.58-1.59,312.319 

Overton.  J.  J   160-161.319 

Oystennan's  Dock  Co   148-149 

Parker,  J.  E   166-167.335 

Parks,  W.  G   142-143.255 

Parsons.  Fred   156-157 

Payne,  C.  W   164-167. 328, 334 

Payne,  J.  B   156-157,308 

Pedriek,  C.  B   150-1.57. 308 

Pennsylvania,   New   York  and 
Long  Island  Railroad....  122-123.182 

Peter  Cooper  Glue  Co   122-123. 178 

Pfalzgraf.  H.  C,  estate  80-81 

118-119. 109 

Pfeizer  Chemical  Co  120-121. 173-174 

Pierce,  Winslow   150-151,286 

Place,  Howard   140-141 

Plunkett,  G.E   158-1.59,311 

Port  Jefferson  Co   19,160-161.320 

Port  Jefferson  Fire  Co   160-161,320 

Port  Jefferson  Water  Co   84-85, 

160-101.319-320 
Port       Washington  Catholic 

Church   140-141.244,262 

Post.  W.J   144-145.261,282 

Post,  Mrs.  —   164-165 

Powell.  L.  F   144-145 

Pratt  estate  ..  64,82-83,144-14.5.204-205 

Price,  William   140-147.267 

Provost,  D.  C   134-135 

Quantuck  Water  Co..  84-85, 164-106.327 
Qui  ens  Borough    See  New  York 
City  department  of  water  sup- 
ply (Queens  Borough). 

Queens  County  Water  Co   24,66, 

77, 82-83, 130-131 , 130-137, 200, 224-228 

diagram  showing   36 

Quinan,  —   148-149.279 

Ralston,  William   158-159.311 

Rassapeaque  Club   1.56-157.  TO 

Raynor,  Benjamin   162-163,323 

Ray  nor,  Ellsworth   162-163,325 

Raynor.  Jacob   162-163,325 

Raynor,  M.  E   162-163,324 

Raynor,  Preston   162-163,324 

Raynor,  Wallace   162-163,323 

Reboul,  H.  W   158-159.310 

Recknagle,  C.  F   138-139 

Reed,  J   140-141 

Reid,  —   164-165,328 

Reynolds,  —   160-161.317 

Rice,  J.  li   138-139 

Richter,  Mrs.  Max   100-161,318 

Rivercrest  sanitarium   128-129.196 

diagram  showing   58 

Riverhead  waterworks   84-85.. 

164-165,327-328 

Rol>erts,  C.  R   158-159,310 

Robinson,  J.J   154-155,300 

Robinson.  Mrs.—   162-163 

Robinson  Bros   122-123 

Rockville  Center   82-83,140-141.250 

Rogers,  W.  C   162-163.325,355 


394 


INDEX  OF  WELL  DATA. 


Page. 

Ronkonkoma   158-159 

Roosevelt,  E  66,1.50-151,285 

Roosevelt,  Theodore   152-153,294 

Rowland,  WoodhuU   19,1.58-159,314 

Rowley.  Edward   156-157 

Rushmore,  Henry   148-149.279 

Ryan,  Mrs.  Mary   124-125 

Ryder,  A.  O   164-165,330 

Sag  Harbor  Waterworks  Co   84-85, 

166-167, 334 

Sagaponak   166-167 

St.  John's  Protectory   148-149,276 

St.  Joseph's  in  the  Pines...  156-157.307 

St.  Paul  School   142-143 

Sammis,  J.  M   148-149,280 

diagram  showing   38 

Sandford,  Howell   164-165,325 

Sanford,  J.  A.,  &  Sons   20, 

166-167.333-334 

Saxe,  Jerome   158-159,313,340 

Sayville   160-161,315 

Scharman,  H.  B.,  &  Sons   120-121 

Schreiber,  A   142-143, 251 

Schreiber,  C   136-137,231 

Schwarting,  D   160-161,317 

Scott,  Mrs.  M.  E   134-135.222,237 

Sea  Cliff  Hotel   160-161,315 

Sea  Cliff  Water  Co . . .  82-83, 144-145, 262 

Seaman,  L.  A.,  estate   138-139 

Seeman,  S   144-145,263 

Seitz,  N.,  Sons   122-123,178 

Seizer,  Robert   140-141,243 

Sembler,  Adolf   160-161,318 

Shaw,  J.  M   160-161,321 

Shaw,  S.  T   66, 150-151,285,309 

Shaw,  Sydney   164-165,326 

Shelter  Island  Heights  Associa- 
tion  84-85,164-165,330-331 

Sherman,  C.  S   66, 150-151,285 

diagram  showing   38 

Shipman,  William,  estate   158-159 

Shultz,  J.H.,  Co   120-121 

Siebrecht,  Wm   124-125,186 

Simpson,  T.  J.,  Co   136-137 

Small,  Lorenzo   140-141 

Smith,    124-125,183 

Smith,  Brewster   156-157 

Smith,  CD   156-157,309 

Smith,  D.W   148-149,281 

Smith,  E.  M   156-157,309 

Smith,  F.  J   154-155,301,327 

Smith,  F.  W   166-167 

Smith,  J.  M   140-141,267 

Smith,  J.  Otis   156-157 

Smith,  R.  H   158-159,310 

Smith,  Victor  F   156-157 

Smith,  W   150-151 

Smith,  W.  Frank   162-163,323 

Society  of  St.  Johnsland  ...  158-159,309 
Soper,  A.  C,  &  Co   154-155,299,325 


Page. 

Southampton  Water  Co   84-85, 

164-165,329 

Southard,  C.  II   142-143,251 

Standard  Oil  Co ... .  122-123, 180, 181 , 191 

Stearns.  J.  X   164-115,330 

Steele,  Alfred   162-163,323 

Steinart,  Joseph   148-149,276  [ 

Steinhert,  Augustus....  124-125,183,276 

Steinway  &  Son   82-83, 128-129 

Still,  E.  S   162-163 

Stimpson.  H.  1   1.50-151,289-290 

diagram  showing   57 

Stonebanks,    130-131 

Stowe,  W   144-145,259-260 

Streeter  &  Dennison   122-123 

Strong,   15'-157,306 

Sumpwams  Water  Co   82-83, 

154-155,303-304 

Swan,  Edward   150-151,284 

Sweeney  Manufacturing  Co  120-121 

Talmon,  Sarah   152-153 

Tangeman,  J.  P   144-145,264 

Tartar  Chemical  Co  118-119,170-171 

Terry,  A.  P   160-161,317 

Tesla,  Nikola   162-163,321-322 

Thane,    164-lf.5,328 

Thatcher,  John   160-161,315 

Thomas,  M.  8   142-143,251  1 

Thompson,  Edward   154-155,304 

Thompson,  W.  P   148-149,277 

Tiffany,  L.  C   152-153,292,294 

Titus,  John   1.50-151,289  ! 

Totten,  II.  G   156-157 

Touscher,  L   134-135,224 

Townsend,  E.  M   150-151 

Townsend  heirs   72,148-149,281 

diagram  showing   38 

Transit  Development  Co   118-  j 

119,171-172 

Travis,  V.  P   138-139,242 

Trotter,  William   150-151,284 

Ulmer,    164-165,330,360 

Underhill,  Townsend   72. 

148-149,280.283 

Valentine,  W.  M   144-145,264 

Valentine,  Theodore   140-141, 

144-145,243,260-261 
Van  Iderstine,  P..  Sons. . . .  154-155,302 

VanSise&Co   148-149,280-281 

Van  Wyke  heirs   152-153,291 

Vanderbilt,  Charles   140-141,243 

Vanderbilt,  W.  K   158-159 

Vanderbilt,  W.  K.,  jr   21, 

66,67, 138-139,238-239 

diagrams  showing   58,61 

Vanoski,  Frank   140-141,244 

Vowman,  Mrs.  1   144-145,260 

Wakeman,  E.  L   132-133,214 

Wallace,  Howard   158-159,314 

Walsh,  F.  K   134-135  I 


Page 

Walthers,  Max   164-165 

Ward,  Barclay  ..  21,24,152-153,295-296 

Ward's  shipyards   126-127 

Warden,  J.  S   162-163,351 

Wardenclyffe  Brick  and  Tile  Co . .  162- 
163,322 

Warner,  Charles   162-163,325 

Warner,  W.  II   158-159, 312 

Water  Mill   164-165, 329 

Watt,  T.  C   144-155,282 

Webb,  T.  E   140-141,244 

Weber,  J   158-159,311 

Weber,  John   164-165,330 

Weeks,  Charles   148-149,280 

Wells,  C.  H   162-163,325 

Wells,  J.  M   164-165,331 

Wendell,  J   164-165, 327 

West  Brooklyn  Water  Co. .  118-119, 178 

West  Sayville   158-159 

Westbury     Colored  Childrens' 

Home   148-149,276 

Westcott  Express  Co   124-125,183 

Westinghouse  Electric  Co. .  122-123, 182 

Wetmore,C.  W   65,150-151,286 

Wheeler,  S.  W   162-163, 322 

Whitaker,  E.  G   164-165,329 

White,  Mrs.  Coles   148-149 

White,  Thomas  F.,  Co. .  66, 126-127, 188 

White,  Wm   152-153,292 

White  Lead  Co   126-127,188 

Whitestone.  See  New  York  City 

department  of  water  supply 

(Queens  Borough). 

Whitney,  W.  C   144-145,259 

Wier,  L.  C   146-147,268 

Willets,  E.  C   138-139,239 

Willetts,  F.  E   144-145,263 

Willetts,  Walter   144-145,261 

Willey,  C.  A.,  &  Co   124-125, 183 

Williams,  T.  S   65,152-153,294 

Willis,  T   148-149,278 

Wilson,  G.  B   134-135,222 

Winthrop,  H.  R   148-149 

Winthrop,  Robert   148-149 

Witherspoon  iCo   124-125 

Wonder,  Mrs.    124-125,185 

Wood,  Mrs.  Welton   152-153,291 

Wood,  Wilton   152-153,295 

Woodhaven  Water  Supply  Co. . .  80-81. 

126-127, 192 

Woodruff,  A.  J  162-163 

Woodside  Water  Co  80-81, 

128-129, 194, 195, 197 

Wortman,  H   142-144,251 

Wright,  W.  De  F   140-141 

Yetter  &  Moore   164-165,328 

Voung,  Wesley   162-163,323 

Young  &  Metzner   124-125 

Young  Bag  Co   124-125 

Zabriskie,  Augustus   164-165,326 

Zabrislrie.  George   140-141,245 


CLASSIFICATION  (IF  THE  PUBLICATIONS  OF  TIIK  UNITED  STATES  HEnLOiili'AL  SURVEY. 


[Professional  Paper  No.  44.) 

The  serial  publications  of  the  United  .States  Geological  Survey  consist  of  (1)  Annual  Report.*, 
(2)  Monographs,  (3)  Professional  Papers,  (4)  Bulletins,  (5)  Mineral  Resources,  (ij)  Watcr-Suppl  v 
and  Irrigation  Papers,  (7)  Topographic  Atlas  of  the  United  States— folios  aii'l  separate  sheets 
thereof,  (8)  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  United  States— folios  thereof.  The  classes  numhered  2,  7,  and  8 
are  sold  at  cost  of  publication;  the  others  are  distributed  free.  A  circular  giving  complete  lists  may 
be  had  on  application. 

Most  of  the  above  publications  may  be  obtained  or  consulted  in  the  following  ways: 

1.  A  limited  Dumber  are  delivered  to  the  Director  of  the  Survey,  from  whom  they  may  lx- 
obtained,  free  of  charge  (except  classes  2,  7,  and  8),  on  application. 

2.  A  certain  number  are  delivered  to  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress,  for  distribution. 

3.  Other  copies  are  deposited  with  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Washington,  D.  C,  from 
whom  they  may  be  had  at  practically  cost. 

4.  Copies  of  all  Government  publications  are  furnished  to  the  principal  public  libraries  in  the 
large  cities  throughout  the  United  States,  where  they  may  be  consulted  by  those  interested. 

The  Professional  Papers,  Bulletins,  and  Water-Supply  Papers  treat  of  a  variety  of  subjects,  and 
the  total  number  issued  is  large.  They  have  therefore  been  classified  into  the  following  series:  A, 
Economic  geology;  B,  Descriptive  geology ;  C,  Systematic  geology  and  paleontology:  D,  Petrography 
and  mineralogy;  E,  Chemistry  and  physics;  F,  Geography;  G,  Miscellaneous:  II,  Forestry:  I.  Irriga- 
tion; J,  Water  storage;  K,  Pumping  water;  L,  Quality  of  water;  M,  (ieneral  hydrographic  investi- 
gations; X,  Water  power;  0,  Underground  waters;  P,  Hydrographic  progress  reports.  This  paper 
is  the  seventy-first  in  Series  B  and  the  thirty-ninth  in  Series  O,  the  complete  lists  of  which  follow. 
(PP=Professional  Paper;  B=Bulletin;  W8=  Water-Supply  Paper.) 

SERIES  B.  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOLOGY. 

B  23.  Observations  on  the  junction  between  the  Eastern  sandstone  and  the  Keweenaw  series  on  Keweenaw  Point.  Lake 

Superior,  by  R.  D.  Irving  and  T.  C.  Chamberlin.    1885.   124  pp..  17  pis.    (Oat «f  stock.) 
B  33.  Notes  on  geology  of  northern  California,  by  J.  S.  Diller.   1886.   23  pp.    (Out  of  stock. ) 

B  39.  The  upper  beaches  and  deltas  of  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz.  by  Warren  I'phain.    lv<7.    M  pp..  ]  p).    iimii  of  stock,  i 
B  40.  Changes  in  river  courses  in  Washington  Territory  due  to  glaciation.  by  Bailey  Willis.    1887.    10  pp.,  4  pis.    lOut  of 
stock.) 

B  45.  The  present  condition  of  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  Texas,  by  R.  T.  Hill.    1X87.   94  pp.    (Out  of  stock.) 

B  53.  The  geology  of  Nantucket,  by  N.  S.  Shaler.   1889.   55  pp.,  10  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 

B  57.  A  geological  reconnaissance  in  southwestern  Kansas,  by  Robert  Hay.    1890.    49  pp..  2  pis. 

B  58.  The  glacial  boundary  in  western  Pennsylvania.  Ohio.  Kentucky.  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  by  G.  F.  Wright,  with  intro- 
duction by  T.  C.  Chamberlin.    1890.   112  pp..  8  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 

B  67.  The  relations  of  the  traps  of  the  Newark  system  in  the  New  Jersey  region,  by  N.  II.  Darton.  1K90.  82  pp.  (Out  of 
stock.) 

B  104.  Glaciation  of  the  Yellowstone  Valley  north  of  the  Park,  by  W.  H.  Weed.   1893.   41  pp.,  4  pis. 

B108.  A  geological  reconnaissance  in  central  Washington,  by  I.  C.  Russell.    1893.    108  pp..  12  pis.    it  mt  of  stock. ) 

B  119.  A  geological  reconnaissance  in  northwest  Wyoming,  by  G.  H.  Eldridge.    1*94.   72  pp..  4  pis. 

B  137.  The  geology  of  the  Fort  Riley  Military  Reservation  and  vicinity.  Kansas,  by  Robert  Hay.    1896.    35  pp..  8  pis. 

B  144.  The  moraines  of  the  Missouri  Coteau  and  their  attendant  deposits,  by  J.  E.  Todd.    18%.    71  pp..  21  pis. 

B  158.  The  moraines  of  southeastern  South  Dakota  and  their  attendant  deposits,  by  J.  E.  Todd.    1899.   171  pp.,  27  pis. 

B  159.  The  geology  of  eastern  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  by  B.  K.  Emerson.   1899.   139  pp..  9  pis. 

B  165.  Contributions  to  the  geology  of  Maine,  by  H.  S.  Williams  and  H.  E.  Gregory.    1900.   212  pp..  14  pis. 

WS  70.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  the  Patrick  and  Goshen  Hole  quadrangles  in  eastern  Wyoming  and  western 
Nebraska,  by  G.  I.  Adams.   1902.   50  pp..  11  pis. 

B  199.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  the  Snake  River  Plains  of  Idaho,  by  I.  C  Russell.   1902.   192  pp..  25  pis. 

PP  1.  Preliminary  report  on  the  Ketchikan  mining  district.  Alaska,  with  an  Introductory  sketch  of  the  geology  of  south- 
eastern Alaska,  by  A.  H.  Brooks.    1902.    120  pp..  2  pis. 

PP  2.  Reconnaissance  of  the  northwestern  portion  of  Seward  Peninsula.  Alaska,  by  A.  J.  Collier.    1902.   70  pp..  11  pis. 

PP  3.  Geology  and  petrography  of  Crater  Lake  National  Park,  by  J.  S.  Diller  and  H.  B.  Patton.    1902.    167  pp..  19  pis. 


[I 


SERTES  LIST. 


PP  10.  Reconnaissance  from  Fort  Hamlin  to  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska,  by  way  of  Dall,  Kanuti,  Allen,  and  Koivak  rivers, 

by  W.  C.  Mendenhall.    1902.    68  pp.,  10  pis. 
PP  11.  Clays  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  by  Heinrich  Ries.    1903.   298  pp.,  9  pis. 
PP  12.  Geology  of  the  Globe  copper  district.  Arizona,  by  F.  L.  Ransome.    1903.    108  pp.,  27  pis. 

PP  13.  Drainage  modifications  in  southeastern  Ohio  and  adjacent  parts  of  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  by  W.  G.  Tight. 
1903.    Ill  pp.,  17  pis. 

B  208.  Descriptive  geology  of  Nevada  south  of  the  fortieth  parallel  and  adjacent  portions  of  California,  by  J.  E.  Spurr. 

1903.  229  pp.,  8  pis. 

B  209.  Geology  of  Ascutney  Mountain,  Vermont,  by  R.  A.  Daly.   1903.    122  pp.,  7  pis.  ' 

WS  78.  Preliminary  report  on  artesian  basins  in  southwestern  Idaho  and  southeastern  Oregon,  by  I.  C.  Russell.    1903.  51 
pp.,  2  pis. 

PP  15.  Mineral  resources  of  the  Mount  Wrangell  district,  Alaska,  by  W.  C,  Mendenhall  and  F.  C.  Schrader.   1903.    71  pp., 
10  pis. 

PP  17.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  water  resources  of  Nebraska  west  of  the  one  hundred  and  third  meridian, 

by  N.  H.  Darton.   1903.   69  pp.,  43  pis. 
B  217.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  southwestern  Idaho  and  southeastern.Oregon,  by  I.  C.  Russell.    1903.   83  pp.,  18  pis. 
B  J 19.  The  ore  deposits  of  Tonopah.  Nevada  (preliminary  report),  by  J.  E.  Spurr.    1903.   31  pp.,  1  pi. 
PP  20.  A  reconnaissance  in  northern  Alaska  in  1901,  by  F.  C.  Schrader.    1904.    139  pp.,  16  pis. 
PP  21.  The  geology  and  ore  deposits  of  the  Bisbee  quadrangle,  Arizona,  by  F.  L.  Ransome.    1904.    168  pp.,  29  pis. 
WS  90.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  part  of  the  lower  James  River  Valley,  South  Dakota,  by  J.  E.  Todd  and  C.  M.  Hall. 

1904.  47  pp.,  23  pis. 

PP  25.  The  copper  deposits  of  the  Encampment  district,  Wyoming,  by  A.  C.  Spencer.    1904.    107  pp.,  2  pis. 

PP  26.  Economic  resources  of  the  northern  Black  Hills,  by  J.  D.  Irving,  with  contributions  by  S.  F.  Emmons  and  T.  A. 

Jaggar.  jr.    1904  .   222  pp.,  20  pis. 
PP  27.  Geological  reconnaissance  across  the  Bitterroot  Range  and  Clearwater  Mountains  in  Montana  and  Idaho,  by 

Waldemar  Lindgren.    1904.    122  pp.,  15  pis. 
PP  31.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  of  the  Arbuckle  and  Wichita  mountains  in  Indian  Territory  and  Oklahoma,  by 

J.  A.  Taff,  with  an  appendix  on  reported  ore  deposits  in  the  Wichita  Mountains,  by  H.  F.  Bain.  1904.  97  pp.,  8pls. 
B  235.  A  geological  reconnaissance  across  the  Cascade  Range  near  the  forty-ninth  parallel,  by  G.  O.  Smith  and  F.  C.  Calkins. 

1904.  103  pp.,  4  pis. 

B  236.  The  Porcupine  placer  district,  Alaska,  by  C.  W.  Wright.    1904.   35  pp.,  10  pis. 

B  237.  Igneous  rocks  of  the  Highwood  Mountains,  Montana,  by  L.  V.  Pirsson.   1904.   208  pp..  7  pis. 

B  238.  Economic  geology  of  the  lola  quadrangle,  Kansas,  by  G.  I.  Adams,  Erasmus  Haworth,  and  W.  R.  Crane.    1904.  83 
pp.,  1  pl. 

PP  32.  Geology  and  underground  water  resources  of  the  central  Great  Plains,  by  N.  H.  Darton.  1905.  433  pp.,  72  pis. 
WS  1 10.  Contributions  to  hydrology  of  eastern  United  States,  1904;  M.  G.  Fuller,  geologist  in  charge.  1905.  211  pp.,  5  pis. 
B  242.  Geology  of  the  Hudson  Valley  between  the  Hoosic  and  the  Kinderhook,  by  T.  Nelson  Dale.  1904.  63  pp.,  3  pis. 
PP  34.  The  Delavan  lobe  of  the  Lake  Michigan  Glacier  of  the  Wisconsin  stage  of  glaciation  and  associated  phenomena,  by 

W.  C  Alden.    1904.    106  pp.,  15  pis. 
PI'  35.  Geology  of  the  Perry  Basin  in  southeastern  Maine,  by  G.  O.  Smith  and  David  White.    1905.    107  pp.,  6  pis. 
B  243.  Cement  materials  and  industry  of  the  United  States,  by  E.  C.  Eckel.   1905.   395  pp.,  15  pis. 
B  246.  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  northeastern  Illinois,  by  H.  F.  Bain.    1904.   56  pp.,  5  pis. 
B  247.  The  Fairhaven  gold  placers  of  Seward  Peninsula,  Alaska,  by  F.  H.  Moffit.   1905.   85  pp.,  14  pis. 
B  249.  Limestones  of  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  by  F.  G.  Clapp.    1905.   52  pp.,  7  pis. 

B  250.  The  petroleum  fields  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  Alaska,  with  an  account  of  the  Bering  River  coal  deposit,  by  G.  C.  Martin. 

1905.  65  pp.,  7  pis. 

B  251.  The  gold  placers  of  the  Fortymile,  Birch  Creek,  and  Fairbanks  regions,  Alaska,  by  L.  M.  Prindle.    1905.   89  pp.,  16  pis. 
WS.  118.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  a  portion  of  east-central  Washington,  by  F.  C.  Calkins.    1905.   96  pp.,  4  pis. 
B  252.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  water  resources  of  central  Oregon,  by  I.  C.  Russell.   1905.    138  pp.,  24  pis. 
PP  36.  The  lead,  zinc,  and  fluorspar  deposits  of  western  Kentucky,  by  E.  O.  Ulrich  and  W.  S.  Tangier  Smith.   1905.   218  pp., 
15  pis. 

PI'  38.  Economic  geology  of  the  Bingham  mining  district  of  Utah,  by  J.  M.  Boutwcll,  with  a  chapter  on  areal  geology,  by 

Arthur  Keith,  and  an  introduction  on  general  geology,  by  S.  F.  Emmons.    1905.   413  pp.,  49  pis. 
PP  41.  The  geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  Alaska,  by  W.  C.  Mendenhall.  1905. 

B  254.  Report  of  progress  in  the  geological  resurvcy  of  the  Cripple  Creek  district.  Colorado,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren  and 

F.  L.  Ransome.    1904.    36  pp. 
B  256.  The  fluorspar  ueposits  of  southern  Illinois,  by  H.  Foster  Bain.    1905.    75  pp.,  6  pis. 

K  256.  Mineral  resources  of  the  Elders  Ridge  quadrangle,  Pennsylvania,  by  R.  W.  Stone.   1905.   85  pp.,  12  pis. 

B  257.  Geology  and  paleontology  of  the  Judith  River  beds,  by  T.  VV.  Stanton  and  J.  B.  Hatcher,  with  a  chapter  on  the 

fossil  plants,  by  F.  H.  Knowlton.    1905.    174  pp.,  19  pis. 
PP  42.  Geology  of  the  Tonopah  mining  district,  Nevada,  by  J.  E.  Spur.    1905.    295  pp..  24  pis. 

Ws  123.  Geology  and  underground  water  conditions  of  the  Jornada  del  Muerto,  New  Mexico,  by  C.  R.  Keyes.  1905. 
42  pp..  9  pis. 

WS  136.  Underground  waters  of  Salt  River  Valley,  Arizona,  by  W.  T.  Lee.    1905.    196  pp.,  24  pis. 

PP  43.  The  copper  deposits  of  the  Clifton-Morenci  district,  Arizona,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren.    1905.   372  pp.,  25  pis. 

B  265.  Geology  of  the  Boulder  district,  Colorado,  by  N.  M.  Fenneman.    1905.    101  pp.,  5  pis. 

B  267.  The  copper  deposits  of  Missouri,  by  H.  Foster  Bain  and  E.  O.  Ulrich.    1905.    52  pp.,  1  pl. 

PP  44.  Underground  water  resources  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  by  A.  C.  Veatch,  C.  S.  Slichter.  Isaiah  Bowman,  W.  O. 
Crosby,  and  R.  E.  Horton.   1906.   394  pp.,  34  pis. 


SERIES  LIST.  HI 

SERIES  O.  UNDERGROUND  WATERS. 

WS    4.  A  reconnaissance  in  southeastern  Washington,  by  L  C.  Russell.   1897.   M pp.,  7 pit    i  Out  of  stock.) 

WS    6.  Underground  waters  of  southwestern  Kansas.  I>y  Erasmus  Haworth.    lsyT.    iWS  pp..  12  pis.    I ( tut  of  stock.) 

WS    7.  Seepage  waters  of  northern  Utah,  hy  Samuel  Fortier.    1897.   SO  pp.,  8  ph.    i  (  nit  of  stock.  > 

WS  12.  Underground  waters  of  southeastern  Nebraska,  by  X.  H.  Darton.    1898.   56  pp..  21  pis.    (Out  of  stock. ) 

WS  _>1.  Wells  of  northern  Indiana,  by  Frank  Leverett.    1899.   82  pp..  2  pis. 

WS  26.  Wells  of  southern  Indiana  i continuation  of  Xo.  21),  by  Frank  Leverett.    1899.   64  pp. 

Ws  30.  Water  resources  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  by  A.  C.  Lane.    1899.   97  pp..  7  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 

WS  31.  Lower  Michigan  mineral  waters,  by  A.  ('.  Lane.    1899.   97  pp.,  4  pis. 

WS  34.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  a  portion  of  southeastern  South  Dakota,  by  J.  E.  Todd.    1900.   34  pp..  19  pis. 
WS  58.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  Xez  Perces  County,  Idaho.  Pt.  I,  by  I.  C.  Russell.    1901.   86  pp.,  10  ph, 
WS  54.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  Xez  Perces  County.  Idaho.  Pt.  II.  by  I.  C.  Russell.    1901.   H7-H1  pp 
WS  55.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  a  portion  of  Yakima  County,  Wash.,  by  G.  ().  Smith.    1901.   68  pp.,  7  pis. 
WS  57.  Preliminary  list  of  deep  borings  in  the  United  States,  Pt.  I,  by  X.  H.  Darton.    1902.   60  pp.    .Out  of  stock,  i 
WS  59.  Development  and  application  of  water  in  southern  California.  Pt.  I,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott.    1902.   95  pp.,  11  pis.  rOut 
of  stock.) 

WS  60.  Development  and  application  of  water  in  southern  California.  Pt.  II,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott.   96-140  pp.    (Out  of 
stock.) 

WS  61.  Preliminary  list  of  deep  borings  in  the  United  States,  Pt.  II.  by  X.  H.  Darton.    1902.   67  pp.    (Out  of  stock.) 
WS  67.  The  motions  of  underground  waters,  hy  C.  S.  Slichter.    1902.    106  pp..  8  pis. 

B    199.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  the  Snake  River  Plains  of  Idaho,  by  I.  C.  Russell.    1902.    192  pp.,  25  pis. 
WS  77.  Water  resources  of  Molokai.  Hawaiian  Islands,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren.    1903.    62  pp.,  4  pis. 

WS  78.  Preliminary  report  on  artesian  basins  in  southwestern  Idaho  and  southeastern  Oregon,  by  I.  C.  Russell.  1903. 
51  pp..  2  pis. 

WS  90.  Geology  and  water  resourcesof  part  of  the  lower  James  River  Valley.  South  Dakota,  by  J.  E.  Todd  and  C.  M.  Hall. 

1904.  45  pp..  23  pis. 

WS  101.  Underground  waters  of  southern  Louisiana,  by  G.  D.  Harris:  with  discussions  of  their  uses  for  water  supplies  and 

for  rice  irrigation,  by  M.  L.  Fuller.    1904.   98  pp.,  11  pis. 
WS  102.  Contributions  to  the  hydrology  of  eastern  United  States,  1903.  by  M.  L.  Fuller.    1904.   522  pp. 
WS  104.  The  underground  waters  of  Gila  Valley,  Arizona,  by  Willis  T.  Lee.   1904.   71  pp..  5  pis. 
WS  106.  Water  resources  of  the  Philadelphia  district,  by  Florence  Bascom.    1904.   75  pp.,  4  pis. 

WS  110.  Contributions  to  the  hydrology  of  eastern  United  States.  1904;  M.  L.  Fuller,  geologist  in  charge.  1904.  211  pp.,  5  pis. 
PP   17.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  water  resources  of  Nebraska  west  of  the  one  hundred  and  third  meridian, 

by  X.  H.  Darton.   1903.   69  pp.,  43  pis. 
PP   32.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  underground  water  resources  of  the  central  Great  Plains,  by  X.  H.  Darton. 

1905.  433  pp.,  72  pis. 

WS  111.  Preliminary  report  on  underground  waters  of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes.    1905.    85  pp.,  1  pi. 
WS  112.  Underflow  tests  in  the  drainage  basin  of  Los  Angeles  River,  by  Homer  Hamlin.    1905.   55  pp.  7  pis. 
WS  114.  Underground  waters  of  eastern  United  States,  by  M.  L.  Fuller  and  others.    1905.   285  pp.,  18  pis. 
WS  118.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  east-central  Washington,  by  F.  C.  Calkins.   1905.   96  pp.,  4  pis. 
B    252.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  water  resources  of  central  Oregon,  by  L  C.  Russell.   1905.    138  pp..  24  pis. 
WS  120.  Bibliographic  review  and  index  of  papers  relating  to  underground  waters  published  by  the  United  State*  i, co- 
logical  Survey.  1879-1901.  by  M.  L.  Fuller.    1905.    128  pp. 
WS  122.  Relation  of  the  law  to  underground  waters,  by  D.  W.  Johnson.    1905.   55  pp. 

WS  123.  Geology  and  underground  water  conditions  of  the  Jornada  del  Muerto.  New  Mexico,  by  C.  R.  Keyes.   1905.   42  pp., 
9  pis. 

WS  136.  Underground  waters  of  Salt  River  Valley.  Arizona,  by  W.  T.  Lee.    1905.   1%  pp.,  23  pis. 
B    264.  Record  of  deep-well  drilling  for  1904,  by  M.  L.  Fuller.  E.  F.  Lines,  and  A.  C.  Veateh.    1905.   106  pp. 
PP    44.  Underground  water  resources  of  Long  Island.  New  York,  by  A.  C.  Veatch.  C.  S.  Slichter.  Isaiah  Bowman.  W.  O. 
Crosby,  and  R.  E.  Horton.   1906.   394  pp.,  34  pis. 
The  following  papers  also  relate  to  this  subject:  Underground  w  aters  of  Arkansas  Valley  in  eastern  Colorado,  by  < ..  K. 
Gilbert, in  Seventeenth  Annual,  Pt.  II:  Preliminary  report  on  artesian  waters  of  a  portion  of  the  Dakotas,  by  X.  II.  Darton. 
in  Seventeenth  Annual.  Pt.  II:  Water  resources  of  Illinois,  by  Frank  Leverett.  in  Seventeenth  Annual,  Pt.  II:  Water 
resources  of  Indiana  and  Ohio,  by  Frank  Leverett,  in  Eighteenth  Annua'..  Pt.  IV:  Xew  developments  in  well  boring  and 
irrigation  in  eastern  South  Dakota,  by  N.  H.  Darton.  in  Eighteenth  Annual.  Pt.  IV;  Rin  k  waters  of  Ohio,  by  Edward 
Orton,  in  Xineteenth  Annual.  Pt.  IV;  Artesian  well  prospects  in  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain  region,  by  X.  H.  Darton. 
Bulletin  No.  138. 

Correspondence  should  be  addressed  to 

The  Director, 

United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

February,  1906. 


o 


U.S  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PROFESSIONAL  PAPER  NO  44  PL 


MAP  SHOWING 

THE  POSITION  OK  THE  MAIN  GROUND  WAtIeR  TABLE  ON 
LONG  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK 

COMPILE!)  PROMA  MAP  OP  THE  NEW  YOKK  CITY  COMMISSION  ON 
ADDITIONAL  WATEH  SUPPLY,  LONG  1SI.ANH  DIVISION.  1903 


\ 


MAP  OF 

LONG  ISLAND.  NeW  YORK 

SHOWING  LOCATION  0¥\  WELLS 

DATA  COMPILED  BY 
A.GVEATCH,  ASSISTED  BY  ISAIAH  BOWMAN 
1903 
Scale 

GonOMir  InUrvol  20  IVoi 
ISO* 


list  wells  of  iho  Now  York  i 
*     I  on  Additional  Water  Supply 

■  |  Waterworks  pumping  Htatio; 
I  rf^K.  !  "roups  of  walls 


Lines  of  tunnels  or  other 


NbM    ffgurm  eoampud    fJ>""  UfuUt  h/u*A  //"  « 

HI*  iflVnflHrf  i/l  llir  tO&U  ntnrih  rni.t  ilrjmyill  I  i 


30  20 


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